USA UK CANADA FRANCE

President Joseph Emmanuel Jean-Michel

Robinette Frédéric Macron
Biden Jr.
Vice-president Kamala Devi
Harris
King Charles III Charles III
Governor Mary Jeannie
general May Simon
Prime minister Rishi Sunak Justin Pierre
James Élisabeth Borne
Trudeau

USA

• The United States, under its Constitution, is a federal, representative, democratic republic, an
indivisible union of 50 sovereign States.

• Joe Biden is the 46th president of the United States (2021– ).

• Biden was born on November 20, 1942, in Scranton, Pennsylvania.

• He has a bachelor’s degree from the University of Delaware and a law degree from Syracuse
University.

• The basic structure of the American System of government is set forth in a written
constitution.

• The constitution of united states of America:

• The draft constitution became ready in 1787

• The constitution was ratified in 1788

• The constitution was implemented from 1789

• It is the oldest written constitution of the world.

• The constitution has been formally amended 27 times.

• The First ten amendments inserted a list of Fundamental Rights of Citizen to the Constitution

• These amendments collectively known as ‘Bill of Rights’

• 14th Amendment: it made National Citizenship legally superior to State Citizenship

• 13th Amendment: It made slavery illegal

• 15th Amendment: It gave Right to Vote to Former Salves

• 19th Amendment: it gave Right to Vote for Women

• 22nd Amendment: It gave a provision that a person can become President only twice.
 FEATURES OF US CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM

• Federalism

• Separation of Power

• Judicial Review

PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

• There is Constitutional Division of Government’s Power among separate Legislative, Executive

and Judicial Branch

– Article 1 : Gives Legislative Powers to Congress

– Article 2 : Gives Executive Powers to President

– Article 3 : Gives Judicial Powers to Federal Courts headed by Supreme Court

• The Three Branches are Separate from each other:

• According to Article 1 Section 6 :

– Each branch is operated by persons entirely distinct from those operating operating
other two branches.

– Persons heading each branch of the government are selected by different procedure
fro different terms

• House of Representatives:

– Members of the House are elected every two years and must be 25 years of age, a U.S.
citizen for at least seven years, and a resident of the state (but not necessarily the
district) they represent.

Senate:

– Lawmakers in the Senate are called Senators who are elected at large or nationwide by
qualified voters to a six-year term. Senators can serve for not more than two
consecutive terms.

President:

– Passed by Congress in 1947, and ratified by the states on February 27, 1951, the
Twenty-Second Amendment limits an elected president to two terms in office, a total
of eight years.

Federal Judges:

– All federal judges and members of Supreme Court are appointed by the President with
the Approval of majority of senate- Judges hold office for their entire life.

CHECKS AND BALANCES

• Each branch can control and limit the power of other branch.

– Each branch can keep the other branch from invading its constitutional power.

• Senate:

– It can disapprove top level presidential appointments and refuse to ratify treaties.

• The two chambers of the congress acting together can impeach the Presidential and Federal
Judges

• Without President’s sign in a Bill passed by the Congress can not become a Law.

• When the President receives a Bill from Congress he has three option :

– Sign it

– Veto it : Bill is Sent back to Congress. Congress has to pass it again with 2/3 rd majority

– Do nothing: This is Called Pocket Veto

The bill automatically becomes a law after ten days but is meanwhile if Congress is adjourned,
the Bill is killed forever.

SENATORS

 The U.S. Senate has 100 members. There are two members from each state. Senators represent
all people of the state.

 Senators are elected every six years.

JUDICIAL REVIEW

• There is nothing explicit about Judicial Review in the US Constitution.

– It was in the Marbury v. Madison (1803) case that the Supreme Court for the first time
asserted this power

• Judicial Review is the power of the court to declare a legislation null and void on the ground
that it violates the constitution.

• All American Courts, including the lower Federal Courts and all level of state courts exercise
this power.

– But the Final Decision about the constitutionality of a law is decided by the Supreme
Court

• Such decision of the Court can be overturned only by a constitutional amendment or by the
Court itself.

EVECUTIVE BRANCH OF THE US GOVERNMENT

• The executive branch carries out and enforces laws. It includes the president, vice president, the
Cabinet, executive departments, independent agencies, and other boards, commissions, and
committees.

• American citizens have the right to vote for the president and vice president through free,
confidential ballots.

• Key roles of the executive branch include:

• President—The president leads the country. He or she is the head of state, leader of the federal
government, and Commander in Chief of the United States armed forces. The president serves a
four-year term and can be elected no more than two times.

• Vice president—The vice president supports the president. If the president is unable to serve,
the vice president becomes president. The vice president can be elected and serve an unlimited
number of four-year terms as vice president, even under a different president.

• The Cabinet—Cabinet members serve as advisors to the president. They include the vice
president, heads of executive departments, and other high-ranking government officials. Cabinet
members are nominated by the president and must be approved by a simple majority of the
Senate—51 votes if all 100 Senators vote.

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH OF US

• The legislative branch drafts proposed laws, confirms or rejects presidential nominations for
heads of federal agencies, federal judges, and the Supreme Court, and has the authority to
declare war. This branch includes Congress (the Senate and House of Representatives)
and special agencies and offices that provide support services to Congress. American citizens
have the right to vote for Senators and Representatives through free, confidential ballots.

HOW THE SUPREME COURT WORKS

UNITED KINGDOM

• United kingdom of great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the united
kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in the Europe, off the north-western coast of
the continental mainland. It comprises England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.

• The united kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic ocean, the north sea, the English channel,
the Celtic sea and the Irish sea. The total area of the united kingdom is 242,495 square
kilometers ( 93,628 sq mi), with an estimated 2020 population of more than 67 million people.

• The capital and largest city is London.

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

• The united kingdom is a unitary state under a constitutional monarchy.

• The constitution of he united kingdom is uncodified and consist mostly of a collection of

disparate written sources, including statutes, judge-made case law and international treaties,
together with constitutional conventions.

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

• Chief of the state

- King Charles III

since September 8, 2022

Head of the Government

Prime Minister Liz Truss

since September 6, 2022

- The cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the

prime minister

- Head of the Government

Rishi Sunak is a British politician who has served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of
the Conservative Party since 2022. The first British Asian prime minister, he previously held two cabinet
positions under Boris Johnson, lastly as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 2020 to 2022.

ELECTION AND APPOINTMENTS

• Elections/Appointments:

The monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or
majority coalition usually becomes the prime minister; election last held on 12 December 2019 (next to
be held by 2 May 2024).

• Chief of state includes the name, title, and beginning date in office of the titular leader of the
country who represents the state at official and ceremonial functions but may not be involved
with the day-to-day activities of the government.

• His main functions as head of the state are to appoint the Prime Minister, and all the other
ministers; to open new sessions of parliament; and to give royal assent to bills passed by
parliament, signifying that they have become law.

• The King also chairs monthly meetings of the Privy Council, to approve Orders in Council; she
receives incoming and outgoing ambassadors; she makes a host of other appointments, such
as the senior judges,

• He has a weekly audience with the Prime Minister, and receives daily boxes of state papers for
her signature, and for information. She also has regular meetings with senior officials of all
kinds.

• The monarch is also head of the nation

To the public the king is more visible in her wider role as head of the nation. In this representative role
the Sovereign acts as a focus for national identity, unity and pride; gives a sense of stability and
continuity; officially recognizes success and excellence; and supports the ideal of voluntary service.
The Queen fulfils this role through speeches such as her address to the nation.

Prime minister is the Head of government includes the name, title of the top executive designated to
manage the executive branch of the government, and the beginning date in office.

• Advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs of the cabinet
and select its ministers.
• - As a modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the
confidence of the house of commons, they sit as members of Parliament.

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH