PRINCETON COLLEGE

SURULERE LAGOS

CIVIC EDUCATION NOTE

FOR
GRADE 9

SECOND TERM
2023/2024 SESSION
 SCHEME OF WORK

WEEKS TOPICS SUB-TOPICS

1 Right attitude to work: Meaning and attributes of right attitude
to work
Rewards
2 Right attitude to work ii Importance of right attitude to work
Consequences of not having the right
attitude to work
3 Right attitude to work cont.
4 Negative behaviours: Meaning and examples of negative
behaviour
Explanations
5 1st CA Test
6 Drug abuse Meaning of drug abuse
effects of drug abuse
7 Midterm break
8 Examination malpractice Meaning and types of examination
malpractices
Examination malpractices and its effect
9 Common crimes and National Theft, Rape, Drug trafficking etc.
security
10 Common crimes and National Human trafficking, Advance fee fraud,
security cont. etc
11 Revision/ Examination
 WEEK ONE
RIGHT ATTIUDE TO WORK
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, Students should be able
to:
a. Explain the meaning of right attitude to work.
b. State the attributes of right attitude to work.
c. Identify rewards for right attitude to work.
Teaching Aids: Civic Education text book, videos and PowerPoint presentation
CONTENT

Click on the links below for more information on this topic

https://youtu.be/QxOBgyitHek?t=31
https://youtu.be/XBcYVKn6RKg
https://youtu.be/wVKUB0-ZHvM

The right attitude to work generally refers to possessing a positive and proactive
mindset, along with a strong work ethic, that contributes to personal and
professional success.
Attitude to work is any behaviour that could be right or wrong, good or bad,
favourable or unfavourable.
The right attitude to work refers to the positive behaviour or actions we exhibit
hen carrying out our duties as individuals for the promotion and development of
an organisation.
 The Attributes of right attitude to work
1. Positive Outlook: Maintaining a positive attitude, even in challenging
situations, can help foster resilience and problem-solving skills. It
involves focusing on solutions rather than dwelling on problems.
2. Proactiveness: Taking initiative and being proactive in identifying and
addressing tasks or challenges demonstrates a commitment to excellence.
A proactive attitude often leads to increased productivity and efficiency.
3. Adaptability: Being open to change and flexible in various work
situations is crucial. The ability to adapt allows individuals to stay
relevant and contribute effectively to a dynamic work environment.
4. Team Collaboration: A positive attitude towards collaboration and
teamwork is essential. Being supportive, cooperative, and respectful of
colleagues fosters a healthy work environment and often leads to
increased creativity and productivity.
5. Accountability: Taking responsibility for one's actions, admitting
mistakes, and learning from them are essential components of a positive
work attitude. It builds trust and credibility in the workplace.
6. Time Management: Effectively managing time and prioritizing tasks
demonstrate a commitment to meeting deadlines and achieving goals. It
reflects a disciplined and organized approach to work.
7. Continuous Learning: Embracing a mindset of continuous learning and
improvement is vital. Staying curious and updating skills and knowledge
contributes to personal and professional growth.
8. Resilience: Facing setbacks with resilience and maintaining a determined
attitude in the face of challenges is crucial. Resilient individuals bounce
back from difficulties, learning and growing from their experiences.
9. Ethical Conduct: Demonstrating integrity, honesty, and ethical behaviour
in all work-related activities is fundamental to building trust with
colleagues, clients and superiors.
10. Passion for Excellence: Striving for excellence and delivering high-
quality work showcases dedication and commitment. It involves going
above and beyond the minimum requirements to achieve outstanding
results.
 THE REWARDS FOR A POSITIVE WORK ATTITUDE
A positive work attitude can bring various rewards and benefits, both on a
personal and professional level.
The following are some of the rewards associated with maintaining a positive
attitude at work:
 Career Advancement: Employees with a positive attitude are often
noticed by supervisors and managers. They are more likely to be
considered for promotions and career advancement opportunities because
their mindset and work ethic contribute to a productive and harmonious
work environment.
 Increased Productivity: Positivity is linked to increased motivation and
energy. When employees approach their work with enthusiasm, they tend
to be more focused and productive, leading to the accomplishment of
tasks and goals in a timely manner.
 Stronger Relationships: A positive attitude fosters better interpersonal
relationships with colleagues, clients, and superiors. Team members are
more likely to collaborate effectively when there is a positive and
supportive atmosphere, enhancing overall team cohesion.
 Enhanced Problem-Solving Skills: Positive individuals often approach
challenges with a solution-oriented mindset. This can lead to better
problem-solving skills, as they are more likely to see opportunities in
difficulties and find creative ways to address issues.
 Improved Health and Well-being: A positive work attitude is associated
with lower stress levels and better overall well-being. Reduced stress can
have positive effects on both physical and mental health, contributing to a
healthier and more balanced lifestyle.
 Increased Job Satisfaction: A positive attitude contributes to a sense of
fulfilment and satisfaction in one's work. When individuals enjoy their
work and have a positive outlook, they are more likely to find meaning
and purpose in their professional endeavours.
 Recognition and Appreciation: Positivity often attracts recognition and
appreciation from colleagues and supervisors. Being known for a positive
attitude can lead to acknowledgment and praise, further boosting morale
and job satisfaction.
 Enhanced Communication Skills: Positive individuals tend to
communicate more effectively. They are generally approachable, open to
feedback, and skilled at maintaining constructive and collaborative
conversations, which can improve overall communication within the
workplace.
  Increased Job Security: Employers value employees with positive
attitudes because they contribute to a harmonious work environment. In
times of organizational changes or challenges, individuals with a positive
work attitude are often seen as assets, enhancing their job security.
 Personal Growth and Development: A positive attitude is often linked to
a growth mindset, encouraging continuous learning and development.
Individuals with this mindset are more likely to seek out opportunities for
self-improvement, expanding their skills and knowledge.
Key point
Cultivating a positive mindset not only benefits the individual but also
contributes to a positive and thriving workplace culture.
Evaluation
 Explain the term ‘right attitude to work’
 State five right attitude to work.
Assignment
 Highlight five rewards for a positive work attitude.

For further reading, see: African Resource Civic & Security Education Book 3
by M.O. BIOBAKU Chapter 7, Pages 16-24.
 WEEK TWO/THREE
IMPOTANCE OF RIGHT ATTITUDE TO WORK
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of this class, student should be able to:
Identify the right attitude to work
Identify importance for right attitude to work
Discuss the consequences of not having the right attitude to work
Teaching Aids: Civic Education Textbook (African Resource Civic Education
Junior Secondary School 3) Videos, Pictures and PowerPoint presentation and
pictures

CONTENT

Click on the links below for more information on this topic

https://youtu.be/UIYmPg6rfhM
https://youtu.be/ylAlwtNBopY
The Importance of right attitude to work
 Right attitude to work promotes individuals and increases their status in
the society.
 It leads to respect and recognition of individuals and organisations in the
society
 It leads to effective and high productivity of goods and services by the
organisation.
 it leads to unity, cooperation and healthy competition among individuals,
organisations and countries for effective economic and political
development
 It enhances the efficiency of a worker.
 The Consequences of not having the right attitude to work
When the right attitude to work is lacking in members of staff of an
organisation, the workers and the entire organisation is bound to suffer the
following:
 There will be a decline in the production of goods and services of the
organisation.
 There will be high level of truancy, laxity and immorality in the
workplace. This will hinder the organisation from achieving its set goals
and objectives
 Lack of right attitude to work tarnishes the integrity and image of a nation
at the international community
 Careless attitude to work increases work hazard on the part of workers
 Lack of honesty, dedication, commitment, efficiency and transparency by
individual staff affect the economic, social, political growth and
development of the society at large.

EVALUATION
 Highlight five importance of right attitude to work.
ASSIGNMENT
 Enumerate five consequences of not showing right attitude to work.
For further reading, see: African Resource Civic & Security Education Book 3
by M.O. BIOBAKU Chapter 7, Pages 16-24.
 WEEK FOUR
Negative behaviour

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of this class, students should be able to:
Explain the meaning of negative behaviour
Identify various forms of negative behaviour
TEACHING AIDS: Civic Education Textbook (African Resource Civic
Education Junior Secondary School 3) Videos, Pictures and PowerPoint
presentation and pictures

CONTENT
https://youtu.be/5_IFz7FEZ9E
https://youtu.be/seDIq_hq-MQ
Negative behaviour refers to actions or conduct that is harmful, disruptive or
undesirable in a given context. It can manifest in various forms and across
different settings, including personal relationships, work environments, social
interactions or within oneself. Negative behaviour can have adverse effects on
individuals and the surrounding environment.
Negative behaviour is unethical. It is a deviant attitude that leads to destruction
and underdevelopment of a society. It refers to any act of behaviour that is
against norms and values of a given society or an organisation. Negative
behaviour can also be referred to as any unpleasant behaviour that can hinder
the achievement of set goals and objectives of the people who interact as a
unified entity.
The Forms of Negative behaviour
Aggression: Verbal or physical hostility towards others, including bullying,
threats, or acts of violence.
Dishonesty: Engaging in deceitful or untruthful behaviour, such as lying,
cheating, or stealing.
Disrespect: Treating others with contempt, rudeness, or disregard for their
feelings and opinions.
Manipulation: Using cunning or deceit to control or influence others for
personal gain.
Procrastination: Delaying or avoiding tasks, responsibilities, or commitments,
often leading to negative consequences.
Negativity: Constantly expressing pessimism, criticism, or a generally negative
attitude, which can impact the morale of those around you.
Self-destructive behaviour: Engaging in actions that harm oneself physically,
emotionally, or socially, such as substance abuse or self-harm.
Irresponsibility: Failing to fulfil obligations or neglecting duties, leading to
negative consequences for one self or others.
Defiance: Refusing to comply with rules, authority, or societal norms, often
resulting in conflict or disciplinary measures.
Gossiping: Spreading rumours or talking negatively about others, damaging
relationships and fostering a toxic environment.
Key point
Addressing negative behaviour typically involves self-reflection, open
communication, setting boundaries, and, in some cases, seeking professional
help. It's essential to promote positive behaviour and create an environment
where individuals feel supported in making constructive changes.

EVALUATION
 Define negative behaviour.
 list 3 types of negative behaviour.
ASSIGNMENT
 State any five ways you think we can promote positive behavioural
changes in Nigeria.
For further reading, see: African Resource Civic & Security Education Book 3
by M.O. BIOBAKU Chapter 3, Pages 25-33.
 WEEK SIX
DRUG ABUSE
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of this class, students should be able to
Define drug abuse
List the types of drugs
Explain the effect of drug abuse
Teaching Aids: Civic Education Textbook (African Resource Civic Education
Junior Secondary School 3) Videos, Pictures and PowerPoint presentation and
pictures

CONTENT
https://youtu.be/b6Dte96WdqM
https://youtu.be/ZyXJBoF6C4A?t=10

What is Drug?

A drug can be defined as a substance used for chemical purposes, either alone
or in a mixture. It is a chemical preparation for the diagnosis, prevention or
treatment of diseases or ailments. It can also be defined as any substance that
modifies biological, psychological and social behaviour. To a lay man, drug is
synonymous with medicine. Drug, when taken, if it changes the functioning of
the body for good e.g. healing an ailment or disease, it is called medicine, but if
the changes produce bad effect, it is referred to as drug abuse.
Drugs are taken based on Doctors prescription. Drugs when taken may have
other effects other than those needed. Such effects are generally known as side
effects

What is Drug Abuse?

It is misuse or improper way of using drug. It can be defined as the use of hard
drug. A drug is said to be abused when it is taken without medical prescription.
It also involves indiscriminate use of any drug.
Drug abuse can also be defined as the use of illegal drugs in such a way that it
may be harmful to the user or to others. It is also the habitual use of drugs to
alter one’s mood, emotion or state of consciousness. In addition, drug abuse
means an excessive or improper use of drugs, especially through self-
medication for non-medical purposes. Drug abuse could lead to addiction or
dependence, serious physiological damage or injury, (such as damage to
kidneys, liver, heart, brain, etc) or psychological harm (such as dysfunctional
behaviour patterns, hallucination, memory loss, etc or even death. Drug abuse is
also known as substance abuse.
Key Point
It is important to state that most of the drugs prescriptions are not abused but
rather “misused”
The National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) says that drugs are
abused when;
 Its use is not medically necessary or for non-medical purpose.
 Its use is legally prohibited and
 It is excessively and persistently self-administered.
 The Forms of Drug Abuse

 Taking medicine without doctor’s prescription.

 Misuse of prescription drugs
 Taking prohibited substances like hard drugs, (e.g. cocaine and heroin,
marijuana) to make them feel ‘high’.
 Excessive ‘social drinking’ of alcohol, etc.
 Heavy consumption of tobacco-cigarettes, cigars and snuff at a time.
 Excessive consumption of substances such as coffee, kola-nuts to stay
awake constitute drug abuse
 Taking or inhaling of certain substances to enhance performance in sports
or to become bold to face an audience, or to get inspiration for creativity,
is drug abuse
 Taking fake, expired and wrong doses of drug.
THE TYPES OF DRUGS THAT CAN BE ABUSED AND HOW THEY
ARE ABUSED
The types of drugs and how they are abused includes the following:
1. Alcohol: Alcohol is abused when taken in excess, making the person
insensible and intoxicated. Such alcohols include ogogoro (illicit
gin/unrefined spirit, beer, wine, brandy, whisky, palm wine, local
concussion, burukutu, etc. Alcohol is taken by drinking.
2. Stimulants: These are drugs that make one behave abnormally when
taken excessively. These drugs normally change one’s physiological
state, thereby affecting the normal functioning of the nervous system.
Examples of stimulating drugs include cocaine, caffeine, heroin,
cannabis, marijuana, amphetamine, and methamphetamine. Some
stimulants are either injected, or swallowed, or smoked or snorted.
3. Inducement drugs: These are drugs that change one’s looks and
behaviour and make one do things they could not do ordinarily. Sex
workers, destitute, armed robbers, are those who mostly use inducement
drugs. Also, inducement drugs can be used medically for patients
 undergoing surgery and can be used to induce sleep to aid quick recovery
from an ailment. Some inducement drugs are also stimulants such as
4. Cocaine: This is a whitish substance from cocoa leaves, when taken; it
increases the energy level and performance. It is usually swallowed.
5. Amphetamine: These are inducement drugs that cause increased
confidence, performance, talkativeness, energy abnormal quick response,
etc. they are injected or swallowed, smoked or snorted.
6. Cannabinoids: These are greenish leaves. When taken as tea or smoked,
increases internal stimuli, thereby making one intoxicated. Examples
include Marijuana, Hashish, etc.
7. Sedative Drugs: These are substances that induce one to sleep. They are
used medically for patients to make them sleep to quick recovery from
sickness. They can be swallowed or injected. Examples are Valium 5,
Amatol, Phenobarbital, Rohypnol, etc.
8. Anabolic steroids: These are mostly used by athletes to increase their
performance and gain advantage over others. Examples include Anadrol,
Oxendine, and Durabolium. They can be injected, swallowed or applied
to the skin. Steroids use has been banned worldwide and serious sanctions
are placed on athletes caught in using them.
9. Inhalants: These are substances when taken, alters the body functions or
behaviour such that one feels on top of the world-feels high. Such
substances include solvents, gasoline, glues, solution, aerosol, etc. these
are usually inhaled through the nose or mouth.

EVALUATION
 Define drug use and drug abuse
 List the types of drugs
ASSIGNMENT
 Explain FIVE effects of drug abuse
For further reading, see: African Resource Civic & Security Education Book 3
by M.O. BIOBAKU Chapter 3, Pages 25-33.
 WEEK EIGHT
EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of this class, students should be able to:
Define examination malpractice
State the effects of examination malpractice
Highlight the causes of examination malpractice

Teaching Aids: Civic Education Textbook (African Resource Civic Education

Junior Secondary School 3) Videos, Pictures and PowerPoint presentation and
pictures

CONTENT

EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE
Examination malpractice refers to any dishonest or unethical behaviour that
occurs during examinations or assessments, with the aim of gaining an unfair
advantage or manipulating the results.
Examination Malpractices are acts which do not make the evaluation or
assessment of the performances of those who write or sit for an examination
reliable. It is a serious issue in educational systems worldwide, and it
undermines the integrity of the examination process.
The following are some common forms of examination malpractice:
1) Cheating: Copying from another student's paper, using unauthorized
materials (such as notes or electronic devices), or communicating with others
during the exam are all forms of cheating.
2) Plagiarism: Presenting someone else's work or ideas as one's own without
proper citation is considered plagiarism. This can occur in written
assignments or projects.
3) Impersonation: Having someone else take the exam on behalf of the actual
candidate is a serious form of fraud.
4) Leakage of Exam Questions: Obtaining or sharing exam questions before
the scheduled examination is a form of cheating that undermines the fairness
of the test.
5) Use of Unauthorized Aids: Bringing unauthorized materials into the
examination hall, such as notes, textbooks, or electronic devices, is a
common way to cheat.
6) Bribery: Attempting to influence examiners, invigilators, or other individuals
involved in the examination process through bribery in order to gain an
advantage.
7) Forgery: Falsifying academic documents, such as certificates or transcripts,
to gain admission to an examination or academic program.
8) Collusion: Collaborating with others inappropriately on assignments or
exams when individual work is required.
9) Fabrication of Results: Altering or falsifying examination results or
transcripts to misrepresent academic achievements.

THE CAUSES OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICES

1) Pressure to Succeed: Intense competition and a high emphasis on
academic success can create a culture where students feel immense
pressure to excel. This pressure may drive some individuals to resort to
dishonest means to achieve better grades.
2) Lack of Preparation: Students who are inadequately prepared for exams
may feel compelled to cheat as a shortcut to obtaining satisfactory results.
3) Fear of Failure: The fear of failure and its potential consequences, such
as parental disappointment or societal judgment, can push students to
cheat to avoid the perceived negative outcomes.
4) Inadequate Teaching and Learning Environment: Poor teaching
methods, insufficient resources, and a lack of educational support may
contribute to students feeling unprepared for exams, leading them to
cheat.
 5) Parental and Societal Expectations: High expectations from parents and
society regarding academic performance can create a sense of desperation
in students, encouraging some to engage in malpractice.
6) Corruption in Educational Systems: Instances of corruption within
educational systems, such as leaked exam papers or bribery, can facilitate
and normalize malpractice.
7) Lack of Ethical Values: A lack of emphasis on ethical values and
integrity within the educational environment may contribute to a culture
where malpractice is not strongly discouraged.
The Effects of Examination Malpractices
1) Erosion of Academic Integrity: Examination malpractice undermines the
principles of honesty and fairness that form the basis of academic
integrity, eroding the credibility of educational institutions.
2) Diminished Learning: Students who engage in malpractice often miss
the opportunity to truly understand and learn the material, as they rely on
shortcuts instead of genuine effort.
3) Unreliable Assessment: Malpractice compromises the reliability of
assessments, making it difficult to accurately evaluate students'
knowledge and skills.
4) Loss of Trust: The prevalence of examination malpractice can lead to a
loss of trust in the education system, affecting the reputation of
educational institutions and the value of academic qualifications.
5) Inequitable Competition: Students who do not engage in malpractice
may find themselves at a disadvantage when competing with those who
cheat, creating an unfair environment.
6) Decreased Confidence in Certifications: Employers and other
institutions may lose confidence in the value of academic certifications if
they perceive a high risk of exam malpractice.
7) Legal Consequences: Those caught engaging in examination malpractice
may face legal consequences, including academic penalties, expulsion, or
legal action.
8) Negative Impact on Society: Graduates and professionals who obtained
their qualifications through malpractice may lack the necessary skills and
knowledge, negatively impacting society by producing inadequately
trained individuals.
Key Points:
Examination malpractice is a significant concern as it compromises the
credibility and fairness of the education system. Educational institutions,
examination boards, and regulatory bodies implement various measures to
detect and prevent malpractice, such as using secure examination procedures,
employing invigilators, and utilizing plagiarism detection tools for written
assignments. Additionally, there are often disciplinary consequences for those
found guilty of examination malpractice, ranging from academic penalties to
legal consequences.
Efforts to curb examination malpractice should address both the root causes and
the consequences to create a more ethical and effective educational system. This
involves fostering a culture of academic honesty, improving teaching and
learning environments, and implementing robust measures to prevent and detect
malpractice.

EVALUATION
 What is examination malpractice?
 Mention four causes of examination malpractice

ASSIGNMENT
 Mention five effects of malpractice on the country

For further reading, see: African Resource Civic & Security Education Book 3
by M.O. BIOBAKU Chapter 3, Pages 25-33.
 WEEK NINE
SECURITY EDUCATION
DEFINITIONS OF CRIME AND NATIONAL SECURITY

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the students should be

able to:
Define the concept of crime as it violates national security in the society
Define the concept of National security
List some common criminal offences in the society.
Teaching Aids: Civic Education text book, Civic Education Textbook (African
Resource Civic Education Junior Secondary School 3) Videos, Pictures and
PowerPoint presentation and pictures

CONTENT

CRIME

Crime generally refers to an act or the commission of an act that is forbidden or

the omission of a duty that is commanded by a public law and that makes the
offender liable to punishment by that law. It is a social and legal concept that
varies across cultures and legal systems, but it typically involves actions that
harm individuals or society as a whole and are deemed unacceptable within a
given jurisdiction.
Crimes are often classified based on the nature and severity of the offense. They
can range from minor offenses like petty theft to more serious crimes such as
murder or fraud. The legal systems of different countries have their own
definitions of what constitutes a crime and prescribe corresponding
punishments.
In addition to legal definitions, crime can also be considered from a sociological
perspective, examining the root causes, societal reactions, and efforts at
prevention. Criminology, a field of study, delves into the social, psychological,
and economic factors that contribute to criminal behaviour.

National security
Security means the activities involved in protecting a country, building or
person against attacks or dangers. National security refers to the security of
a nation state including its citizens, economy and institutions and is regarded as
a duty of government.
National security refers to the protection and preservation of a nation's
sovereignty, territorial integrity, citizens, and interests against internal and
external threats. It encompasses a broad range of concerns related to the well-
being and stability of a country and it involves measures taken by governments
to ensure the safety and security of their citizens, institutions and infrastructure.
National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values
and subjectively, the absence of fear that such values will be attacked

Security agencies
The security agencies in Nigeria include:
Nigeria Police Force (NPF): The Nigeria Police Force is the primary law
enforcement agency in the country responsible for maintaining public order and
safety.
Department of State Services (DSS): The DSS is the country's domestic
intelligence agency, responsible for providing intelligence and protecting the
internal security of Nigeria.
Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC): The NSCDC is a
paramilitary organization charged with the responsibility of protecting critical
national infrastructure and maintaining civil order.
National Intelligence Agency (NIA): The NIA focuses on foreign intelligence
and is responsible for gathering information that may affect Nigeria's national
security.
State Security Service (SSS): The SSS is responsible for intelligence gathering
within Nigeria and is distinct from the DSS, though there has been some
restructuring that may have affected these agencies.
Armed Forces of Nigeria: The Nigerian Armed Forces consist of the Nigerian
Army, Nigerian Navy, and Nigerian Air Force. They are responsible for
defending the country from external threats.
National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA): The NDLEA is tasked
with combating drug trafficking and abuse in Nigeria.
Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC): While primarily responsible for road
safety, the FRSC also plays a role in maintaining order on the nation's roads.
Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC): The EFCC is focused
on investigating and prosecuting economic and financial crimes in Nigeria.
Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission
(ICPC): The ICPC is mandated to combat corruption and related offenses in the
public sector.

List of Criminal offences in the society

 Aggravated Assault
 Animal Cruelty
 Arson
 Drug Distribution
 Elder Abuse
 Felony Assault
 Grand Theft
 Kidnapping
 Manslaughter
 Manufacturing of drugs
 Murder
 Rape
 Tax Evasion
 Treason
 Illegal bunkering/Oil theft
 Pipeline vandalism
 Examination malpractice
 Drug abuse
 Human trafficking etc.
EVALUATION
 What is crime?
 Define National security
ASSIGNMENT
 List five criminal offences you know.

THE CRIME THAT AFFECTS NATIONAL SECURITY

The crimes that affect national security include:
 Pipeline Vandalization
 Drug trafficking
 Human trafficking
 Oil theft
 Terrorism
 Arson
 Importation of expired foods and drugs

The occurrence of these crimes in the society brings about social instability. It
affects the economy of a nation in adverse ways and offences such as terrorism,
arson and looting affect political stability. Where these offences occur, foreign
investors are not always interested in establishing industries or investing their
money in such places.
THE EFFECTS OF CRIMES ON NATIONAL SECURITY
Crimes are like epidemic diseases. If not prevented spreads widely to affect
individuals and the entire nation. Crimes have the following consequences on
individuals and the national security:
 Crimes threaten the lives and properties in a nation
 It devastates the economic growth of a country
 It does not allow foreign investors to invest in a country for the fear of
losing their capital and even lives.
 It threatens the international reputation of a country
 Crimes make the citizens of a country dwell in fear
 THE WAY FORWARD OR RECOMMENDATIONS
 The Federal Government (FG) should formulate and effectively
implement policies and programs capable of addressing the root causes of
insecurity in Nigeria –such as poverty, unemployment, environmental
degradation, dearth of infrastructural facilities, uneven development,
among others.
 The FG should reorganize the country’s intelligence system and build a
capable and more proactive security apparatus in Nigeria. This will add
more values in checking incessant bombings, robbery, kidnapping and
violent crimes/crises by hoodlums in the country.
 The government should phase out the National Poverty Eradication
Programme (NAPEP) and establish a more viable and result-oriented
agency capable of addressing the problem of abject poverty among large
population of Nigerians, particularly those residing in the rural areas.
 The government should resuscitate the National Directorate of
Employment (NDE) and reposition the agricultural sector so as to play
active role in job creation for Nigerian youths.
 There is the need for collective security arrangement by the federal, state
and local governments in Nigeria. This arrangement should produce a
committee at village, community, local, state and federal levels with the
responsibility of providing sensitive security information for security
agencies at their areas of operation. This will ultimately assist in
identifying criminals, their sponsors and hideouts in the country.
 The issue of citizenship or who is qualified to be an indigene of a
particular community or state should be urgently reviewed by the federal
government. This is important because, a Nigerian who has lived up to 20
years in a given community should not be regarded and treated as a non-
indigene in the area. This step will ultimately reduce discrimination and
crisis in many parts of Nigeria
EVALUATION
 State two crimes affecting the Nigerian economy
 State three effects of crimes in the society
ASSIGNMENT
 Suggest any five ways to curb insecurity in the Nigerian society

For further reading, see: African Resource Civic & Security Education Book 3
by M.O. BIOBAKU Chapter 3, Pages 5
 WEEK TEN
KIDNAPPING
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of this class, students should be able to:
Define examination malpractice
State the effects of examination malpractice
Highlight the causes of examination malpractice

TEACHING AIDS: Civic Education Textbook (African Resource Civic

Education Junior Secondary School 3) Videos, Pictures and PowerPoint
presentation and pictures

CONTENT
https://youtu.be/SguIkhhQWqYT

https://youtu.be/nGbtJSMECJI

KIDNAPPING
Kidnapping is a criminal act that involves the unlawful abduction or taking
away of an individual against their will, often involving the use of force, threats,
or deception. The primary purpose of kidnapping is typically to demand a
ransom, exert control over the victim, or commit other criminal activities such
as extortion or human trafficking.
Kidnapping is considered a serious offense in most legal systems, as it violates
an individual's basic rights and poses a significant threat to their safety and
well-being. Laws and penalties for kidnapping vary from jurisdiction to
jurisdiction, but the act is universally condemned as a violation of personal
freedom and security.
THE TYPES OF KIDNAPPING
Traditional Kidnapping:
Involves abducting a person with the intent to demand a ransom or achieve
some other specific goal.
Express Kidnapping:
A type of kidnapping where the victim is abducted for a short period, often to
extort money quickly. The perpetrators may demand a small ransom or force the
victim to withdraw money from an ATM.
Political Kidnapping:
Kidnapping carried out for political motives, such as to advance a political
agenda or to put pressure on a government or organization.
Parental Kidnapping (Family Abduction):
Involves one parent taking a child without the consent of the other parent, often
as a result of a custody dispute.
Tiger Kidnapping:
A form of kidnapping where the perpetrator forces a person, typically an
employee, to assist in a crime, such as robbing their own workplace or
providing access to secure areas.
Virtual Kidnapping:
Involves convincing the victim, often through a phone call, that a loved one has
been kidnapped, even though they have not. The goal is to extort money from
the victim quickly.
Sexual Kidnapping:
Kidnapping with the intent to commit sexual assault or other forms of sexual
violence against the victim.
Child Abduction:
The unlawful taking of a child by an individual, typically not related to the
child, without the consent of the child's legal guardians.
Human Trafficking:
Involves the abduction and transportation of individuals for the purpose of
forced labour, sexual exploitation, or other forms of exploitation.
Opportunistic Kidnapping:
Involves kidnapping without a predetermined plan, often a crime of opportunity
where the perpetrator seizes the chance to abduct a person.
Expressive Kidnapping:
Kidnapping committed to express a strong emotion, such as revenge or hatred,
rather than for financial gain.
EVALUATION
 What is kidnapping?
 List the types of kidnapping

ASSIGNMENT
 What punishment can be given to the perpetrators?

For further reading, see: African Resource Civic & Security Education Book 3
by M.O. BIOBAKU Chapter 3, Pages 53-58

PIPELINE VANDALISM
Definition of pipeline vandalism
Pipeline vandalism refers to the wilful or deliberate act of damaging petroleum
pipelines with the sole aim of stealing crude oil and associated petroleum
products. In the Nigerian oil &gas industry, the effects of pipeline vandalism
among others include huge economic losses from pipeline & plant shutdown,
environmental pollution, fire outbreaks usually resulting in loss of lives.
Scarcity & shortage of petroleum products as well as decrease in electricity
supply with the attendant socio-economic problems can also be attributed to
pipeline vandalism.
In Nigeria petroleum and associated products are transported through extensive
network of pipelines that run across different locations throughout the country
from remote to populated areas. These pipelines are however poorly secured
thereby making them targets of repetitive attacks by vandals. Various steps have
been taken by government for efficient service delivery but the problems appear
to be on the increase.

Who are these Pipeline Vandals?

The vandals are not the street urchins commonly called Area Boys; they are
well heeled criminals often armed with information, technical data, skill and
sophisticated weapons. They are people who can afford to hire tankers and
barges. The vandals and thieves of Nigeria oil are also found among some
members of the Petrol (Tanker Drivers branch of the National Union of Petrol
Tanker Natural Gas Workers (NUPENG), some products marketers, some
security agents and some Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC)
personnel.

ILLEGAL BUNKERING AND OIL THEFT

Illegal bunkering refers to a situation or the act of people illegally storing crude
oil which belongs to the government in large quantities in order to make selfish
gains, mainly enriching themselves to the detriment of the government and the
generality of the citizens
THE SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM
 Youths in areas where the pipelines passes through and those on the
creeks are in better position to protect the pipelines since they know the
corners and are familiar with the terrain than the security agents.
 There is mass unemployment among youths, many youths would be
willing to do the surveillance, hence be contracted for the job.
 Traditional rulers, and other community leaders know their people, they
should be made to account for any disruption on oil pipelines – their
certificate and stipends withdrawn if oil theft is recorded in their domains.

EVALUATION
 Define illegal bunkering
 What are the effects of illegal bunkering/oil theft on the national
economy and security of Nigerian society?

ASSIGNMENT
 State five solutions to the problems of oil theft and illegal bunkering in
Nigeria.
 INSURGENCY
Insurgency refers to the ongoing and often violent conflict involving various
militant groups or factions within the country. These groups typically operate
with the aim of challenging the established government, seeking political
power, or advancing specific ideological, religious, or ethnic agendas.
Insurgency in Nigeria has been a complex and multifaceted issue, with different
groups pursuing distinct objectives in different regions of the country.
As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, several insurgent groups have
been active in Nigeria, contributing to the overall security challenges faced by
the nation. Some of the notable insurgent groups include:
Boko Haram:
Boko Haram is an Islamist militant group that originated in north-eastern
Nigeria. The group has been responsible for numerous acts of violence,
including bombings, abductions, and attacks on both civilian and military
targets. Boko Haram's goal is to establish an Islamic state based on its
interpretation of Sharia law.
Fulani Herdsmen Insurgency:
There have been conflicts between Fulani herdsmen (nomadic pastoralists) and
farming communities in various parts of Nigeria. These conflicts often involve
disputes over land, resources, and religious differences. While not a single,
unified insurgency, the clashes have led to significant violence and
displacement.
Niger Delta Militancy:
Militant groups in the Niger Delta region have historically engaged in acts of
sabotage, kidnapping, and attacks on oil facilities. Their grievances often
include issues related to resource control, environmental degradation, and
economic marginalization.
 MEANING TERRORISM
Terrorism, the calculated use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a
population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective.
Terrorism involves the use of threat of violence and seeks to create fear, not just
within the direct victims but among a wide audience.
The goal of terrorism generally is to destroy the public’s sense of security in the
places most familiar to them.
The Reasons for insurgency and terrorism
Insurgency and terrorism are complex phenomena influenced by a variety of
factors, and the reasons behind them can vary across different regions and
contexts. Understanding the motivations for insurgency and terrorism involves
considering a combination of political, economic, social, and cultural factors.
Here are some common reasons:
 Political Grievances:
Insurgent groups may emerge due to perceived political injustices,
government corruption, or lack of political representation. Grievances
related to power-sharing, governance structures, and political
marginalization can fuel the desire for change through violent means.
 Ethnic and Religious Tensions:
In many cases, insurgency is driven by ethnic or religious tensions.
Differences in ethnicity, language, or religious beliefs can contribute to
social divisions, leading some groups to pursue violent means to address
perceived grievances or to assert their identity.
 Economic Inequality:
High levels of economic inequality, poverty, and lack of access to
resources can create conditions conducive to insurgency. Some
individuals may be drawn to militant groups as a means of addressing
economic grievances or seeking better opportunities.
 Social Injustice and Discrimination:
Social injustice, discrimination, and human rights abuses can contribute
to feelings of anger and frustration, prompting individuals or groups to
turn to insurgency as a way to challenge perceived injustices and promote
social change.
 Foreign Intervention and Occupation:
Insurgency can be a response to foreign intervention, occupation, or
perceived interference in domestic affairs. Resistance against external
forces can give rise to armed groups seeking to reclaim sovereignty or
resist what they view as foreign aggression.
  Failed Governance and State Weakness:
Weak governance, corruption, and a lack of effective state institutions can
create an environment where insurgent groups find it easier to operate.
The absence of responsive governance may lead some individuals to
support alternative power structures.
 Ideological Motivations:
Some insurgencies are driven by ideological or extremist beliefs. This can
include religious extremism, political ideologies, or nationalist sentiments
that justify the use of violence as a means to achieve specific goals.
 Criminal Enterprise:
Insurgent groups may engage in criminal activities, such as drug
trafficking, arms smuggling, or extortion, to fund their operations.
Economic motivations can be a significant driver for the continuation of
violence.
 Lack of Education and Opportunities:
Limited access to education and economic opportunities can contribute to
the recruitment of individuals into insurgent groups. Vulnerable
populations, especially young people, may be more susceptible to
radicalization.

The Effect of Insurgency and Terrorism

Insurgency and terrorism have profound and far-reaching effects on individuals,
communities, and entire societies. The impact of these phenomena is
multifaceted and can manifest in various ways, including social, economic,
political, and psychological consequences. Here are some key effects:
Loss of Life and Human Suffering:
The most immediate and tragic consequence of insurgency and terrorism is the
loss of human lives. Attacks often result in fatalities and injuries, causing
immense pain and suffering for individuals and their families.
Displacement and Refugees:
Insurgency and terrorism frequently lead to forced displacement, as people flee
their homes to escape violence and insecurity. This displacement can strain
resources, create refugee crises, and contribute to the breakdown of social
structures.
Economic Impact:
Terrorism and insurgency can have significant economic repercussions.
Infrastructure may be damaged or destroyed, disrupting economic activities.
Investment and tourism can decline, and the overall economic development of a
region may suffer.
Psychological Trauma:
Communities affected by terrorism often experience psychological trauma. The
fear of future attacks, the loss of loved ones, and the witnessing of violence can
result in long-lasting emotional and mental health issues for individuals and
communities.
Social Divisions and Polarization:
Insurgency and terrorism can exacerbate existing social divisions and contribute
to the polarization of communities. Ethnic, religious, or political differences
may be heightened, leading to increased tension and hostility among different
groups.
Undermining Rule of Law:
Persistent violence can undermine the rule of law and erode confidence in
government institutions. This may lead to a breakdown of governance
structures, further exacerbating the challenges of maintaining law and order.
Human Rights Abuses:
Insurgent groups and counter-terrorism measures can sometimes result in
human rights abuses. Civilians may be targeted, detained without due process,
or subjected to violence, contributing to a cycle of abuse and retaliation.
Impact on Education:
Insurgency can disrupt education systems, leading to the closure of schools and
limiting access to learning opportunities. The long-term consequences include a
generation with reduced educational attainment and diminished prospects for
economic and social development.
Global Security Concerns:
Terrorism is often transnational, with global implications. Acts of terrorism can
lead to increased security measures, strained international relations, and a
broader impact on global security dynamics.
Political Instability:
Insurgency can contribute to political instability, making it challenging for
governments to govern effectively. This instability may create power vacuums,
enabling the rise of militant groups or exacerbating existing conflicts.
Humanitarian Crises:
Prolonged insurgency can lead to humanitarian crises, with limited access to
basic needs such as food, water, and healthcare. Humanitarian organizations
may face challenges in providing assistance in conflict zones.
EVALUATION
 Define insurgency
 Define terrorism
 Mention four causes of this insecurity
ASSIGNMENT
 State three effects of insecurity on
I. On individual
II. On society
III. On nation

For further reading, see: African Resource Civic & Security Education Book 3
by M.O. BIOBAKU Chapter 6, Pages 53-58
 HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Human trafficking is the practice where people especially children and women
are taken away from their homes to provide domestic labour or sexual services
to other people either within or outside their country.
Women and children trafficking is a social vice. It is like slave trade. In Nigeria,
many of these children are used as domestic servants, hawkers etc. In other
countries they are used for inhuman and wicked activities like prostitution,
smuggling, drug trafficking etc.
THE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR HUMAN TRAFFICKING (WOMEN
AND CHILDREN)
 Poverty: The major cause of human trafficking is poverty which makes
people to look for means of survival thereby submitting to perpetrators of
this act either consciously or unconsciously.
 Poor economic situation of the country: that has brought poverty and
hardship to the people.
 Excess love for material wealth makes so many people to involve
themselves in this act
 Greed also makes some people to indulge in this social issue
 Peer influence also makes some people engage in this act
 Unemployment makes some people either become perpetrators or victims

THE CONSEQUENCES OR EFFECTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

 Physical consequences
 Psychological consequences
 Sociological consequences

Physical consequences

 Physical injuries: victims are wounded or injured on many occasions as a

result of beating and other forms of maltreatment meted out of them.
 Physical deprivation: Many of the victims are deprived of the basic
necessities of survival such as food (balanced diet, clothes, medical
attention, education and their fundamental human rights
  Rape and sexual assaults: Sometimes, traffickers rape their female
victims and expose them to all forms of sexual assaults, including
prostitution
 Diseases and death: as a result of maltreatment meted to them, sexual
assaults and exposure to violence becomes inevitable. Consequently,
many victims contract sexually transmitted diseases (STD) such as
HIV/AIDS, syphilis and gonorrhoea which could lead to untimely death.

Psychological consequences

Lack of trust and confidence: Victims of human trafficking seem not to trust or
have confidence in anybody after the experience.
Emotionally unstable: with all the violent acts, maltreatment and threats
experienced by the victims, they sometimes become emotionally unstable. They
are depressed, hopeless, and full of shame and have the feeling of inferiority.
Sexual addict: Having been exposed to different forms of sexual practices,
indiscriminate sexual engagements become their habit.
Nightmare: Often times, victims after flashing back, would become disturbed
by the nightmares of their past experiences.
Stigmatisation: Identified victims may be given unusual names in the society
upon their return. This may prevent them from living well and associating
freely with the people in their society.

The Ways to Curb Human Trafficking

Enactment of law: Government should enact laws with heavy penalty meted
out on the perpetrators of this illegal and anti-social business to discourage its
occurrence.
Public campaign against trafficking: The government and non- governmental
organisations and their agencies should rise up and intensify their effort to
enlighten the public about human trafficking.
Society and individual participation: The society should frown at this illegal
business. Individuals and society should not harbour the perpetrators of this act
but should report them to the law enforcement agencies.
EVALUATION
 What is human trafficking?
 What factors are responsible for human trafficking?

Assignment
 Suggest five ways of preventing human trafficking in the society.
 DRUG TRAFFICKING
Specific objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to
define drug trafficking
state four reasons why people engage in drug trafficking
list five dangers of drug trafficking
explain three ways by which drug trafficking can be prevented
CONTENT
Drug trafficking is the carrying of drugs, especially hard drugs like heroin,
cocaine and marijuana from where they are produced to where they are
consumed. It is the process and activity of illegally transporting these drugs
from one point to another.
Middle men and women engage in carrying these drugs for the major dealers
are called drug barons. Drug trafficking is a serious offence all over the world.
In some countries, it is a punishable offence by death.
The List of drugs that are trafficked
 Methamphetamine
 cocaine
 Marijuana
 Heroin
 Crack
THE REASONS FOR DRUG TRAFFICKING
 Poverty
 Unemployment
 Bad company
 Greed
 Ignorance
 Lack of personal discipline

THE DANGERS (CONSEQUENCES) OF DRUG TRAFFICKING

When drug traffickers are caught, they are often sentenced to long period of
imprisonment if not death sentence
Some countries subject them to shameful or horrible death like hanging.
Countries known for harbouring drug traffickers are avoided by other countries
It destroy the youth of a nation because it distracts them from pursuing useful
career since their believe is that it can give them easy money
Drug traffickers are regarded and treated as criminals so their conduct brings
shame to their families and the nation.
Drug traffickers are exposed to the risk of swallowing unimaginable quantities
of the drugs which might burst in their stomach and thereby resulting to their
untimely death.

THE MEASURES OF PREVENTING DRUG TRAFFICKING

Some of the measures that can be taken to prevent drug trafficking in a country
include:
 The Police, Immigration department and the National Drug Law
Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) must be well equipped to fight drug
trafficking.
 The arrested ones must be adequately punished.
 There must be employment opportunities provided by the government for
the youths.
 Poverty alleviation measures must be properly carried out.
 The citizens must be educated on the dangers of drug trafficking.
 There must be collaboration of the state with other nations of the world to
combat drug trafficking.
 There should be an intensive wide campaign against drug trafficking
carried out in the media by the three tiers of government.
Evaluation
 Define drug trafficking.
 List five types of drugs that are trafficked.

Assignment
 State five effect of drug trafficking on national security
 ARSON
Arson is the crime of intentionally, deliberately and maliciously setting fire to
buildings, wild land areas, abandoned homes, vehicles or other property with
the intent to cause damage or enjoy the act. Arson often involves someone
deliberately burning their own property, or having someone else do it, to
collect the insurance.
The Reasons for committing arson
 For excitement
 For political reasons: In the Apartheid era, arson was used by some
struggle activist to make a statement.
 As an act of vigilantism: Arson can be used as a form of intimidation to
typically send a message of social order.
 To vandalise: This form of vandalism is malicious and often driven by
peer-pressure.
 For profit: this arsonist aim to commit fraud for insurance and financial
benefit.
 In an attempt to conceal a crime scene: Criminals often commit arson to
remove or destroy damning forensic evidence.

The Effects of Arson on National security

 Injuries and death
 It endangers the lives of fire-fighters, family members and nearby
residents.
 Property damage is often magnified because arson fires frequently spread
to nearby dwellings
Arson often results in increased insurance premiums (consumers pay the price
when insurance companies investigate fraudulent claims), loss of business
revenue and decrease in property values.

The Ways to curb Arson in the society

 Invest in burglar and fire alarm systems
 Trim or remove shrubbery: Make sure to remove anything that obstructs
the view or walkway of your home.
 Lock your doors and windows
  Anti- social behaviour is often linked to arson. Report such behaviour
through your local neighbourhood policing team, neighbourhood watch
team.
 Be vigilant
Evaluation
 What do you understand by the term ‘arson’
 State five effect of arson on National security

Assignment
 Proffer five solutions to curb arson in the society