BASIC TECHNOLOGY LESSON NOTE.

GRADE NINE ( J S Three )

BY

IKUSIKA O.V
 SECONDTERM SCHEME OF WORK

WEEKS TOPICS
1 MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM. FRICTION,
DEFINITION AND CAUSES OF FRICTION, EFFECTS OF
FRICTION.
ADVANTAGES AND DIADVANTAGES OF FRICTION.
REDUCTION OF FRICTIONAL EFFECTS.
2 MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – DRIVE MECHANISM
(GEARS AND CHAIN DRIVE)
3. MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – MOTION IN
ENGINEERING SYSTEMS. TYPES AND CONVERSION
4. MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – AIR FLOW,
APPLIANCES BASED ON AIR(PNEUMATICS)
5 SIMPLE ELECTRIC WIRING – SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT (SERIES AND PARALLEL)
6 SIMPLE ELECTRIC WIRING – WIRING TOOLS AND MATERIALS.
7 MID – TERM BREAK
8 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION – FOUNDATION, TYPES AND USES,
TYPES OF WALLS AND FLOORS.
9 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION – DOORS AND WINDOWS, ROOF
TYPES AND USES.
10 REVISION AND EXAMINATION
WEEK ONE

DATE: JANUARY, 2024

TOPIC : MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.

BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:

 define friction.
 state two advantages.
 mention two disadvantages of friction.
 explain the function of a lubricant.

MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.

FRICTION AND ITS APPLICATIONS

When two solids slide over each other the resistance produced is called friction. Friction is
always required in engineering. For example, a car must maintain friction between its tyres and
the road to be able to move forward while friction is also required to bring the car to a stop by
applying brakes. Friction is required in most of the things we do. To be able to run, friction is
responsible for this, to sit, to grip also.
If you rub the palms of your hands together after a while it will become hot this means that friction
generates heat. It can be deduced that;
(i) the rougher the surfaces rubbing against each other, the more the friction,
(ii) the smoother the surfaces rubbing against each other, the less the friction.
To increase or create friction, the rubbing surfaces should be made rougher and to reduce, the
rubbing surfaces should be made smoother. When you strike a match or sharpening pencil,
friction is required.
1. What is friction?
2. Mention five applications of friction.
Bikers Vehicle tyres thread Car in motion

How To Reduce Friction

Application of oil, grease, ball bearings, use of pulleys.
Rub your fingers on a plain metal or glass, first, without oil, then with some oil on your fingers.
What difference did you feel in the resistance to the motion of your fingers over the surface?
Certainly, it was when the oil was applied. It then means that oil, when introduced between
sliding surfaces, reduces friction.

Disadvantages of Friction
(1) When one solid part of a machine rubs constantly against another solid part, there is always
heat created as a result of friction. Friction leads to wear and tear.
(2) When a tool is sharpened on the grinding wheel, it gets hot and if not allowed to cool, it can
lead to total burning of the cutting edge of the tool.
(3) In drilling operations, the metal chips rub over the lips of the drill and heat is caused as a
result of friction between the chips and the lips of the tool. This heat may weaken the drill. A
cutting fluid is applied and this takes away the heat from the lips of the drill making it strong and
lasting.

What is a lubricant?
A lubricant is an oily substance, example includes; oil, grease, or other material, that makes
surfaces smooth and slippery, thereby reducing heat, wear, friction and vibration caused when
two or more surfaces rub together.

3. Mention three ways to reduce friction.

4. State three disadvantages of friction.

Copy the link below and paste on your browser:

https://www.toppr.com/ask/content/video/friction-and-its-effects-english-123410/
WEEK TWO

DATE: JANUARY, 2024

TOPIC : MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – DRIVE MECHANISM

BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:

i. mention three uses of belt and chain drive.

ii. mention 3 types of belt and pulleys.
iii. mention 5 materials for making belts.
iv. explain what gears are.
v. to calculate gear ratios.

MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – DRIVE MECHANISM

Belt and Chain Drives

are used to:

1. transmit energy from one shaft to another when both shafts are separated by a distance
greater than that required for gears.
2. change the speed of a pulley.
3. change the running direction of a pulley.
4. carry materials as conveyors from one point to another.

Belts are made of rubber and materials whose length and nature change with temperature.
So the rotation of the shafts cannot be guaranteed to remain in the same fixed ration. In belt
and chain drives, friction is greatly needed, as it is the sustaining factor. If friction is lacking, it
is possible for the belt, particularly, to slip over its drum or pulley. Common examples of belt
drives are seen in sewing machines, corn and rice grinders, record players, turn-tables,
radio and air-conditioners.

Types of belts and pulleys

Open belt: An open belt connecting two pulleys makes them run in the same direction.

Crossed belt: A crossed belt changes the direction of the pulleys.

V-belt: V-belts run on V-pulleys, both the pulley and belts are V-shaped. V-belts are most
often made of a combination of rubber, cord and canvas. A common use of the V-belt and V-
pulley is the fan belt of an automobile. For heavy loads, several V-belts are often used side
by side.

Chain belt: A chain belt is a gear type pulley. Example of chain drive is seen in bicycle chain
and sprocket.

Materials used for making belts

Belts are made of the following materials:

a. Leather

b. Rubber
 c. Special composition materials

d. Canvas (strong clothing material)

e. Rope

f. Chain

i. Mention any three uses of chain and belt drives.

ii. Mention any three types of belt drive.

iii. Mention any four materials used for making belt drive.

Gears

Gears are metallic wheels with teeth. They are used to:

i. transmit power or energy from one shaft to another.

ii. change the speed of shafts to either high or low speed.

iii. Change the running direction of a shaft.

The picture below shows some examples of gear

Types of gears

There are various types of gears, namely:

i. Spur gears: These are used for transmitting drive between parallel shafts.

ii. Bevel gears: These are used for transmitting power/drive between shafts at
angles. Bevel gears have conical cross-sections to help them achieve their
purpose.

iii. Rack and pinion gear: These gears are used for converting rotary motion of the
pinion to linear motion of the rack. i.e. steering wheel of a vehicle.

Calculating the speed of gears

The speed of rotation of a gear is directly proportional to the number of teeth of the gear.
This speed can be calculated. For example, the speed of a 5 – tooth gear will be twice the
speed of a 10 – tooth gear.

Example 1

A gear has 90 teeth. Its speed of rotation is 10rpm. The gear drives another gear with 60
teeth. Determine the speed of the 60 tooth gear.

Solution:

Driver gear X speed of rotation of driver gear

Driven gear X speed of rotation of the driven gear

90 teeth x 10 rpm = 60 teeth x yrpm

y rpm = 90 teeth x 10 rpm

60 teeth

y = 15 rpm

Example 2

Determine the speed of rotation of a 80 – tooth gear when it is driven by a 120 tooth gear
and rotating at 240 rpm.

Solution

120 teeth x 240 rpm = 80 teeth x y rpm

y rpm = 120 teeth x 240 rpm

 80 teeth

y = 360 rpm

Calculating the gear ratios

It is possible to calculate gear ratios. It is important to note first, that gear ratios depend on or
vary according to the vehicle and engine size, ratio of the axle to the wheel and tyre size.
When a small gear drives a larger gear, the result is gear rreduction. Gear reduction
produces an increase in torque/ power and a decrease in speed. On the other hand, when a
large gear drives a small gear, the result is a decrease in torque/ power and an increase in
speed.

Example 1

If a gear with 15 teeth is used to drive a gear with 30 teeth, the ratio is 2:1.

Driven = 30 2

Driver 15 1

Ratio = 2:1

Example 2

If a gear with 15 teeth is driven by a gear with 30 teeth, the ratio is 1:2

= Driven = 15 1

Driver 30 2

Ratio = 1:2

EVALUATION

1. Determine the speed of rotation of a 40 tooth gear if it is being driven by

a 80 tooth gear and rotating at 120 rpm.

2. Determine by calculation the number of teeth that a gear has if its speed
rotation is 30 rpm if it is being driven by another gear with 50 tooth and
speed of rotation of 60 rpm.

Copy the link below and paste on your browser:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oS4VuXM0SGc
WEEK THREE

DATE : JANUARY, 2O24

MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – MOTION IN ENGINEERING SYSTEMS. TYPES
AND CONVERSION

BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:

(i) mention two types of motion in engineering system.

(ii) mention examples of object that performs linear motion.
(iii) mention some devices that perform rotary motion.
(iv) mention objects that can perform reversible rotary motion.

MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – MOTION IN ENGINEERING

SYSTEMS. TYPES AND CONVERSION

Motion basically means movement. There are various types of motion. So motion may either be
linear or rotary.

Linear Motion

Linear motion could be horizontal or vertical. In engineering, it is possible to arrange mechanisms

such that motion in a straight line is achieved. This can be done through the use of slots, slides,
levers and linkages. Examples of linear motion include: a moving car, the jaws of a bench vice,
linear motion of piston in an engine block, motion of an object in a slot etc.

i. Define motion?

ii. Define linear motion and mention four examples of devices that perform

linear motion.

Rotary Motion

Rotary Motion, unlike linear motion, is a kind if motion that takes place in a rotating form (3600).

However, in some cases, rotary motion is not completely 3600, but 900 or more, but less than
3600. A typical example of 900 or more rotary motion is the handle or lock of a door. There are
mainly two types of rotary motion:
1. One – way rotary motion; and

2. Reversible rotary motion

One – way Rotary Motion

Mechanism or components that rotate in one direction either clockwise or anti – clockwise, are
regarded as one-way rotary motion components. Examples of such include the rotation of electric
fans, grinding machines and milling machines. Circular woodsaw is another example

Reversible Rotary Motion

Mechanisms or components that can rotate in a clockwise direction or in an anti – clockwise

direction, carry out reversible rotary motion. Reversible motion has its advantages. For instance
in cassettes and tapes, rotation in one direction is used for playing the cassette, while rotation in
the reverse direction is used for rewinding. The wheels of most cars, forklifts, lorries and trains
are able to perform reversible rotary motion because of the change from forward to reverse
gears.

Conversion of rotary motion to linear motion is possible through the use of lever arms, linkages,
cams, pins, clutches, threads and springs.
WEEK FOUR

DATE: FEBRUARY, 2024

MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – AIR FLOW, APPLIANCES BASED ON

AIR(PNEUMATICS)

BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:

(a) mention some characteristics of air.

(b) mention the device used for checking the speed of air.

(c) mention some technological applications of air.

(d) mention some devices based on air.

(e) explain aeroplane flight principle.

MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – AIR FLOW, APPLIANCES BASED ON

AIR(PNEUMATICS)

The speed of air in motion can be determined by using cup anemometer while the direction of the
air is determined by the use of wind vane.

The difference between air and wind is that wind is air on the move. A body is said to be in
motion when it changes its position with time. For a body to move away from its static position it
must be impelled by a net force. So we can say that a body moves when it is subjected to a force
great enough to overcome the resistance of the body to move from its static position.

Pb>Pa
Punch a hole in an inflated balloon, the air moves out very fast, because the air pressure in the
balloon is much higher than the air pressure outside the balloon. Thus, at the outlet through the
hole, air inside the balloon exerted a much greater force than that exerted on the outlet point by
the outside air, hence the air moves from higher pressure to the low-pressure side till Pb = Pa
(Pressure in balloon = Pressure of atmosphere)

The following works with air mechanism objects like kite, vacuum cleaners air craft.

Lift

Thrust Drag

Gravity

Aeroplane Flight Principle

An aeroplane’s flight can be explained using the four forces usually acting on an object. The
weight acting forward is due to the weight of the plane, i.e. the materials used in making the
plane, the luggage the plane is carrying and people who are on board the plane. All these must
be overcome by lift. For a plane to be lifted, the pressure on the bottom surface must be greater
than the pressure on the top surface. As a result, the entire wing has net upward pressure ; that
is, the bottom pressure minus the top pressure.

Since pressure is force per unit area of the wing surface, the upward force is obtained by
multiplying the net pressure by the wing area of the two wings of the aeroplane. It is this total
force, caused by the motion of the wing in the air, that must overcome the total weight of the
plane. For an aeroplane to fly at a constant height, the lift must be equal to the total weight.

ASSIGNMENT

1. Mention three advanced appliances based on air. Explain briefly their mode of
operation. (Good drawings will be an added advantage)
WEEK FIVE

DATE: FEBRUARY, 2024

SIMPLE ELECTRIC WIRING – SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT (SERIES
AND PARALLEL)

BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:

(i) mention then two major consumer of electricity.

(ii) describe the connection of circuit in series.
(iii) describe the connection of circuit in parallel.
(iv) mention some household devices that uses electricity.
(v) state the electrical ratings of some household electrical
appliances.
(vi) name the three different methods of house wiring.

SIMPLE ELECTRIC WIRING – SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

(SERIES AND PARALLEL)

There are two main classes of electrical consumers;

(i) domestic consumers
(ii) industrial consumers.
The domestic consumers, e.g. private houses, like bungalows and multi – storey
buildings, which are not for commercial purposes, utilize less electric power
than commercial, industrial or institutional premises where the demand for
electricity is much higher due to more electricity consuming activities.

COMMON HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES UTILIZING ELECTRIC POWER

 Electric pressing Used for smoothing out clothes.
iron

Electric kettle Used for boiling water for tea, pap, etc.

Air conditioner Used for cooling rooms, offices,

libraries etc.

Toaster Used for turning bread slices into hot,

hard brown toast.

Mixer Used for mixing flour and other pastes

for bread, cake, akara, ukpo, fura, etc.

Power ratings of appliances

It is necessary to determine the power consumption of each appliance to be

used in a place, in order to determine the total current demand. This is
necessary in the selection of appropriate (suitably rated) final sub – circuit,
fuses, size and length of cables, types and sizes of accessories, e.g. 5A (5 amps)
or 13A or 15A. If these are not properly determined, there is the danger of
overloading the circuit and this may result in frequent burning out of the sub-
circuit fuse or cable thereby leading to fire outbreak.

POWER RATINGS OF SOME HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

Assumed Average Power in

Power Power in Kilowatts
Factor Watts Assuming
Unity P.F

Electric bulb 1.0 100 0.10

 Single fluorescent 0.8 80 0.08
tube

Electric iron 1.0 1000 1.00

Electric fan 0.8 100 0.10

Room-type air 0.8 1000 1.00

conditioner

Refrigerator 0.6 150 0.15

Grinder liquidizer 0.8 400 0.40

Television 0.8 80 0.08

Water heater 1.0 1500 1.50

POWER CONSUMPTION BY A SMALL FACTORY

Item Rating No. Total Power

(Watts)

Production 2,000 10 20,000

machines

General lighting 100 100 10,000

Air conditioners 1,500 10 15,000

Total 45,000

WIRING SYSTEMS

A wiring system consists of the conductor, its insulation, mechanical protection

and the accessories. The type of mechanical protection adopted for a wiring
system determines the name of the system, e.g. PVC sheathed system has the
cable’s mechanical protection; metal conduit system has a metal tubing (like
water pipes) enclosing insulated wires, i.e. the conduit is the mechanical
protection.
The following points are considered when selecting a wiring system for a
building or environment.
(i) Neatness of finished wiring
(ii) Durability of installation.
(iii) Possible future extension or alteration.
(iv) Safety and completion period.
(v) Suitable for special conditions, e.g. fumes, wetness, heat, etc.

CONDUIT WIRING SYSTEM SURFACE WIRING

SYSTEM

SAFETY REGULATIONS/ GUIDE TO GOOD WORKMASHIP IN HOUSE WIRING

In order to avoid the risk of electric shock, fire or other possible dangers from
electrical wiring, the following rules should be observed.

1. Always obey all safety rules and procedures laid out in manufacturers’
handbooks.
2. Always use well – insulated tools. Never attempt to remove wire insulation
with your teeth.
3. Avoid working on live circuits. Always switch off before touching live parts of
a circuit.
4. Do not expose current – carrying conductors where insulations are expected.
5. Joints in electrical conductors must be properly done to permit good
mechanical and electrical continuity.
6. Use appropriate sizes and types of accessories, e.g. fuses, cables, switches,
etc. For all wiring.
 EVALUATIONS

1. State four precautions to be observed during house wiring.

2. Show with the aid of a good diagram using three lighting bulbs:
(i) Parallel circuit connection.
(ii) Serial circuit connection.

WEEK SIX

DATE: FEBRUARY, 2024

SIMPLE ELECTRIC WIRING – WIRING TOOLS AND MATERIALS.

BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:

(i) identify, select and use appropriate tools, materials and

accessories for simple house wiring;
(ii) draw and differentiate between series and parallel circuits;
(iii) draw simple wiring diagrams;
(iv) demonstrate the wiring of a simple houses; and
(v) observe basic electrical wiring rules when wiring a house.

SIMPLE ELECTRIC WIRING – WIRING TOOLS AND MATERIALS(CTND)

Electrical wiring tools, materials and accessories

Electrical wiring requires three classes of resources. These are tools, materials and
accessories/fittings.

Tools for electrical wiring

The common tools used for electrical wiring include: the hammer, plier, knife, gimlet,
screwdriver, hacksaw, fishing tape, cutter, spirit level, pipe-bending machine, tester,
and the ohmmeter.

Hammer

The hammer is used to drive in wiring nails which holds the clips into the wall.

Plier

Pliers are used to hold or twist cables during wiring. The combination plier is the most
popular pair of pliers with electricians. This is because, in addition to holding and
twisting, it is also used for cutting, especially cables.
Knife

Knives are used to cut open the mechanical protection of cables when there is a need
to expose the wire. The cutting is done along the length of the cable and care is taken
to ensure that the cutting does not get through to the wire or insulator.

Gimlets

Gimlets are boring tools used to bore holes in wooden blocks or other wooden
surfaces. It is useful to bore holes in wooden blocks before inserting and driving in
screws to hold them on a wall. Holes are also bored in wooden blocks for wires to pass
through.

Screwdriver

Screwdrivers are used to drive in screws to hold accessories onto surfaces. The
screwdriver’s tip can be flat or star-shaped. It is better to use star screwdriver to drive
in star-headed screws.
Hacksaw

Hacksaws are used to cut pipes in conduit wiring, or to make webs in wooden blocks.
A web is an opening cut along the underneath length or width of a wooden block to
ensure that the wooden block does not rest on cables laid on walls or ceilings.

Fishing tape

A fishing tape is used to draw wires through conduit pipes. In conduit wiring, the
conduit pipes are first laid before the wires are drawn through them with fishing
tapes. Care should be taken when using the fishing tape because it can easily break.

Cutter

In the absence of a pair of combination pliers, a cutter is used to cut cables and wires.
Cutters should not be used to scrape wires.
Spirit level

Builders use the spirit level to check the straightness of walls. In electrical wiring, it is
used to check the straightness of laid cables, especially in surface wiring. To add
beauty to electrical wiring, it is important that cables be laid straight and where there
is a bend, it must be done at angle 900.

Materials for electrical wiring

Whereas tools can be used and re-used in electrical wiring, materials are used only
once. The following are the main materials used in electrical wiring:

1. Cables

2. Nails

3. Clips

4. Conduits

5. Screws

Accessories/fittings

Accessories and fittings in electrical wiring are the fixtures to which the cables are
connected. From the accessories, electrical power is obtained to operate electrical
appliances and equipment. Accessories commonly used in wiring domestic houses
include:

1. Switches

2. Socket outlets
 3. Joint boxes

4. Lampholders

5. Ceiling roses

6. Distribution boxes

7. Cooker control units

8. Lamps

Electric circuit

An electric circuit is an arrangement of conductors for the purpose of carrying current.

Before electric current can flow in a circuit, two conditions must be fulfilled. These are
as follows:

1. There must be a source of electromotive force (emf) to overcome the resistance

of the circuit, and so drive the current round it. Electromotive force is measured
in volts (V).

EVALUATIONS

1. Mention four house wiring accessories.

2. Mention any three tools used during house wiring and state their use.

HOME WORK
1. Briefly discuss the three methods of house wiring systems.
2. Mention at least four tools you need when wiring a house.
WEEK SEVEN

DATE: FEBRUARY, 2024

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION – FOUNDATION, TYPES AND USES, TYPES OF SOIL WALLS

AND FLOORS.

BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:

(i) mention five types of foundation.

(ii) state how and where each foundation mentioned above can be used.
(iii) mention five building components.
(iv) mention five different types of doors.
(v) mention five different types of roofs.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION – FOUNDATION, TYPES AND USES, TYPES OF SOIL
WALLS AND FLOORS.

There are so many operations involved in the construction of a building.

Starting from the site preparation, to trench excavation and laying of
foundation and laying of foundation. Provision of shelter has been the major
concern of building engineers all over the world which makes building
construction a technology on its own. It combines the knowledge of
properties of soil and materials of construction together with the use of
labour saving machines to give man the desired shelter he needs.
The following are basic operations in the construction of a good edifice.
(i) Choice of building type; skyscraper, bungalow, duplex, twin duplex,
detached, mansion.
(ii) Production of working drawing and prototype model of the building.
(iii) Site preparation.

BUILDING COMPONENTS:
These are parts of building brought together and these are walls, windows,
floors, roofs, doors, etc.

FLOOR: This is the horizontal part of the building, there are two major types
they are solid floors and suspended floor. Floors can be constructed using
different materials, solid floors are constructed using concrete the floor
found above ground level are called superstructure.
Re-enforcements in concrete floor slab makes the floor strong for the
purpose it was built. Re-enforced because the iron bars that are added
during its construction.
 ASSIGNMENT
(1) Mention any three types of foundation and state where it can be used.
(2) List any five types of roofs.

Home work
1. Mention any four building components.
2. Mention three types of roofs three types of doors.