LBDQBC \BMJ QOYKBGEKEM

M. Ioramsmrgmd ogsporekod / porlbimmd

Yukus ymd` ae`udmgmd udtug kod`cetud` hukjmc gmjbr iejm gmjbr amre gmjbrekotor
aemimegmd mamjmc soim`me ioregut.

q ; k x l x ΑQ

Dmkud, iejm gmjbr amre gmjbrekotor

gmjbrekotor aeporcetud`gmd,
aeporcetud`gmd, rukusdym kodhmae 8

q ; (k x l x ΑQ) + (L x ΑQ)

Gotormd`md 8

q ; gmjbr romgse (H)

k ; kmssm zmt( `)

l ; gmjbr hodes zmt (H/` bL mtmu H/`G)

ΑQ ; poruimcmd sucu ( bL mtmu G)

L ; gmpmsetms gmjbr zmt (H/ bL mtmu H/G)

Lbdtbc sbmj

=. => ` DmBC aekmsuggmd

aekmsuggmd go amjmk gmjbrekotor ymd`
ymd` iorese =?> ` mer. Hegm gmjbr
gmjbr
b b
hodes mer ; 1,9 H/` L amd sojesec sucu soiojuk amd sosuamc romgse
r omgse ? L , kmgm
cetud`jmc8

m. Gmjbr pojmrutmd DmBC, iejm hukjmc gmjbr amre gmjbrekotor aemimegmd.

i. Gmjbr pojmrutmd DmBC,

DmBC, iejm kod``udmg
kod``udmgmd
md iohmdm mjukedeuk amd tmdpm
kod`mimegmd imdymgdym gmjbr amre gmjbrekotor (gmpmsetms gmjbr amre gmjbrekotor ;
5,= gH/ bL)

^odyojosmemd 8

Aegotmcue 8 Kmssm DmBC ; => `

Kmssm C9B ; =?> `

Kmssm jmrutmd ; =6> `

l ; 1,9 H/` bL

L ; 5,= gH/ bL

ΑQ ; ? >L

Aetmdymgmd 8 q.

Hmwmimd 8

m. Iejm gmjbr amre gmjbrekotor aemimegmd, kmgm 8

q ; k x l x ΑQ ; =6> ` x 1,9 H/` bL x ? bL ; <<6> H

Hmae, gmjbr pojmrutmd DmBC mamjmc <<6> H.

i. q ; q jmrutmd DmBC
DmBC “ q gmjbrekotor.

Gmrodm amjmk pojmrutmd DmBC torhmae godmegmd sucu, kmgm sestok kojopmsgmd
gmjbr. Bjoc gmrodm etu, tmdam udtug jmrutmd DmBC do`mtef, soced``m8

q ; - (q jmrutmd + q gmjbrekotor)

q ; - (k x l x Αt jmrutmd + L x ΑQ gmjbrekotor)

q ; -((=6> ` 1,9 H/` bL x ? bL) + (5,= gH/ bL x ? bL))

; <<6> H+ 1??>> H
; 1336> H

Hmae, gmjbr pojmrutmd DmBC mamjmc 1336> H.

9. Iormpmgmc hukjmc gmjbr ymd` aetorekm = g` mer ie jm aepmdmsgmd amre sucu 9> >L
iejm
kodhmae <> bL2 (aegotmcue gmjbr hodes mer ; 1,9 H /` bL)

Aegotmcue 8

k ; = g` ; =>>> `

Q; (<>-9>) bL ; => bL

l ; 1,9 H/` bL

Aetmdymgmd 8 q.

Hmwmimd 8 q ; k x l x ΑQ ; =>>>` x 1,9 H/` >L x => bL ; 19 gH

Hmae, gmjbr ymd` aetorekm = g` mer soiosmr 19 gH.

<. ?> kJ DmBC >,= K aeromgsegmd aod`md ?> ?> kJ LC<LBBC >,= K amjmk
gmjbrekotor ymd` toriumt amre mjukedeuk (aod`md gmjbr hodes mjukedeuk ; 5,> gH/
b
godmegmd sucu 1 bL . Iejm gmjbr ymd` aesormp mjukedeuk
L) Yomgse ede kod`mjmke godmegmd
aemimegmd, cetud`jmc gmjbr romgsedym (Iormt hodes jmrutmd aemd``mp = `/kJ, l ; 1,=3
H/` bL)

Aegotmcue 8

V DmBC ; ?> kJ

WDmBC[ ; >,= K

V LC<LBBC ; ?> kJ

WLC<LBBC[ ; >,= K

L gmjbrekotor ; 5,> gH/ bL

ΑQ ; 1 bL

ύ jmrutmd ; = `/kJ
gmjbr ymd` aesormp mjukedeuk aemimegmd.

Aetmdymgmd 8 q.

Hmwmi 8

Vtbtmj ; ?> kj + ?> kj ; =>> kj

k ; Vtbtmj ; = `/kJ x =>> kJ ; =>> `

q ; k x l x ΑQ

; =>> ` x 1,=3 H/` bL x 1 bL

; =609 H

Hmae, gmjbr romgsedym soiosmr =609 H.

I. Ioramsmrgmd Cuguk Coss

Qeamg sokum romgse gekem iorjmd`sud` amjmk smtu tmcmp, lbdtbcdym romgse
pokiumtmd iojormd` (imeg
(imeg kojmjue prbsos gbdtmg kmupud
kmupud gmkmr tekimj) amd romgse
pokiumtmd iose amre iehe
iehe iose. Dmkud, kodurut Coss
Coss iormpm pud tmcmp romgsed
romgsedym,
ym,
hegm imcmd mwmj amd
amd cmsej mgcerdym smkm, mgmd ko
kokioregmd
kioregmd poruimcmd odtm
odtmjpe
jpe ymd`
smkm. ^orcmtegmd lbdtbc ioregut.

Lbdtbc 8
=. Yomg
Yomgsse jmd`
jmd`su
sud
d`8

\(s) + </9 B9(`) ↙ \B<(`) ΑC ; - <5?,09 gH

Yomgse tmg jmd`sud`, 9 tmcmp8

\(s) + B9(`) ↙ \B9(`) ΑC ; -956,3= gH

\B9(`) + » B9(`) ↙ \B<(`) ΑC ; - 53,56 gH

Iejm aehukjmcgmd8

\(s) + </9 B9(`) ↙ \B<(`) ΑC ; -<5?,09 gH

^orsmkmmd romgse torsoiut ampmt aedymtmgmd amjmk aem`rmk ted`gmt odor`e mtmu
aem`rmk segjus, soporte pmam `mkimr 8

Aem`rmk ae mtms hu`m ampmt ae`mkimrgmd soim`me ioregut.

Lmrm kod`cetud` odtmjpe ioramsmrgmd Cuguk Coss ampmt aeporcmtegmd jm`e.

9. Qodtugmd cmr`m odtmjpe amre romgse 8

L(s) + 9C9(`) + » B9(`) ↙ LC<BC(`)

Iejm aegotmcue 8

E. LC<BC(`) + </9 B9(`) ↙ LB9(`) + 9C9B(`) ΑC ; - 061 gH

EE. L(s) + B9(`) ↙ LB9(`) ΑC ; - <5<,? gH

EEE. C9(`) + » B9(`) ↙ C9B(`) ΑC ; - 91=,3 gH

EE. L(s) + B9(`) ↙ LB9(`) ΑC ; - <5<,? gH.

EEE. 9 C9(`) + B9(`) ↙ 9 C9B(`) ΑC ; - 13<,6 gH ( romgse EEE x9 )

E. LB9(`) + 9C9B(`) ↙ LC<BC(`) + </9 B9(`) ΑC ; + 061 gH (romgse E aeimjeg)

L(s) + 9 C9(`) + =/9B9(`) ↙ LC<BC(`) ΑC ; + ==<,= gH

 <. Ae
Aego
gotm
tmcu
cuee 8 9C9(`) + B9(`) 9C9B(lmer) ΑC ; -=<6 Ggmj

C9(`) + B9(`) C 9B9(lmer) ΑC ; -11,3 Ggmj

Cetud` ΑC udtug romgse 8

9C9B9(lmer) 9C9B + B9
Hmwmi 8

9C9 + B9 9C9B ΑC ; -=<6 Ggmj

9C9B9 9 C9 + 9B9 ΑC ; +35,6 Ggmj

9C9B9 9C9B + B9 ΑC ; -16,1 Ggmj

1. Aegotmcue 8
E. L+B LB ΑC ; - 51 Ggmj
9 9
EE. C + » B C B ΑC ; - 63 Ggmj
9 9 9
EEE. 9L + <C L C ΑC ; - 9> Ggmj
9 9 6
Aetmdymgmd 8 iormpm x pmam romgse 8
L C + 0/9 B 9LB + <C B ΑC ; x Ggmj
9 6 9 9 9

Hmwmi 8
E. 9L + 9B 9LB ΑC ; -=33 Ggmj (romgse E x9 )
9 9
EE. <C + </9 B <C B ΑC ; - 9>1 Ggmj (romgse EE x< )
9 9 9
EEE. L C 9L + <C ΑC ; 9> Ggmj (romgse EEE
9 6 9
aeimjeg)

L9C6 + 0/9 B9 9LB9 + < C9B ΑC ; -<09 Ggmj

ΑC ; - <09 Ggmj, kmgm x ; -<09 Ggmj.

L. Ioramsmrg
Ioramsmrgmd
md Odtmjpe ^okiodtugmd \tmdamr

Amtm amre odtmjpe pokiodtugmd stmdamr ampmt hu`m ae`udmgmd udtug kod`cetud` C
romgse (ΑCY). Xmt-zmt poromgse kod`urme kokiodtug udsur-udsurdym, gokuaemd
udsur-udsur cmsej urmemd torsoiut kokiodtug zmt imru. Yukus ymd` ae`udmgmd
mamjmc 8

ΑCY ; ά ΑCf cmsej romgse “ ά ΑCf poromgse

^orcmtegmd lbdtbc porcetud`md ioregut.

Lbdtbc \bmj 8

=. LC1(`) + 9B9(`) ↙ LB9(`) + 9 C9B(j) ΑC ; - 3>9 gH.

Ioramsmrgmd odtmjpe
odtmjpe pokiodtugmd stmdamr, cetud`j
cetud`jmc
mc ΑCf LC1(`).

Hmwmimd 8

ΑCY ; W= ΑCf LB9 + 9 ΑCf C9B[ “ W ΑCf LC1 + < ΑCf B9)

- 3>9 gH ; W=(- <5<,?=) + 9 (-93?,3<)[ “ W ΑCf LC 1 + < . >[ gH

- 3>9 gH ; W- <5<,?= + (-?0=,66)[ gH “ W ΑCf LC1[ gH

ΑCf LC1 ; - =6<,=0 gH

Hmae, odtmjpe pokiodtugmddym mamjmc - =6<,=0 gH.

 9. Aegotmcue odtmjpe pokiodtugmd DC1DB<(`), D9B(`) amd C9B(`)
iorturut-turut ; - <6?,6 gH7
gH7 + 3=,6 gH7 amd - 91=,3 gH.
gH. Cetud`jmc odtmj
odtmjpe
pe
rlmgse amre8

DC1DB<(`) ↙ D9B (`) + 9C9B(`)

^otudhug 8
_imcjmc pordymtmmd amjmk gmjekmt ae mtms kodhmae porsmkmmd torkbgekem, Xmt
ymd` aeiodtug = kbj aetujes ae rums gmdmd, aeildtug amre udsur-udsurdym.

^odyojosmemd 8

Aegotmcue 8

^okiodtugmd DC1DB<(`)

Yomgse E 8 D9(`) + 9C9(`) + </9 B9(`) ↙ DC1DB<(`) ΑC ; - <6?,6 gH (E)

^okiodtugmd D9B(`)

Yomgse EE 8 D9(`) + =/9 B9(`) ↙ D9B(`) ΑC ; +3=,6 gH (EE)

^lkiodtugmd C9B(`)

Yomgse EEE 8 C9(`) + =/9 B9(`) ↙ C9B(`) ΑC ; -91=,3 gH (EEE)

Aetmdymgmd 8

ΑC amre DC1DB<(`) ↙ D9B(`) + C9B(`)

Hmwmimd 8

E. DC1DB<(`) ↙ D9(`) + 9C9(`) + </9 B9(`) ΑC ;- <6?,6 gH (romgse aeimjeg)

EE. D9 (`) + » B 9(`) ↙ D9B(`) ΑC ; + 3=,6 gH (romgse totmp).

EEE. 9C9(`) + B9(`) ↙ 9C9B (`) ΑC ; - 13<,6

13<,6 gH (romgse aegmjegmd
aegmjegmd 9)

DC1DB<(` ↙ D9B(`) + 9C9B(`) ΑC; - 060,6 gH.

 <. Qod
Qodtug
tugmd
md od
odtmj
tmjpe
pe pokimg
pokimgmrm
mrmd
d amre C9\(`), iejm odtmjpe pokiodtugmd C9\,
C9B, amd \B9, iorturut-turut ; 9>,6 gH/kbj7 - 91=,3= gH/kbj7 amd “ 956,3=
gH/kbj.

^okimcmsmd 8

Yomgse pokimgmrmd C9\ mamjmc 8

C9\(`) + » B9(`) ↙ C9B(`) + \B9(`)

ΑCY ; WΑCf C9B(`) + ΑCf \B9(`)[ “ WΑCf C9\ + ΑCf B9[

; W- 91=,3= + (- 956,3=)[ gH “ W(-9>,6) + >[ gH

; ?=3,>9 gH
Hmae, odtmjpe pokimgmrmddym mamjmc ?=3,>9 gH

A. Ioramsmrgmd Odor`e Egmtmd

Odor`e egmtmd mamjmc odor`e ymd` ae`udmgmd udtug kokutusgmd egmtmd gekem amre =
kbj sodymwm ymd` ioriodtug `ms kodhmae mtbk-mtbk `ms pmam gomammd stmdamr.
Kesmjdym udtug kokutusgmd egmtmd = kbj bgse`od aeporjugmd odor`e soiosmr 153,<
gH/kbj. Mrtedym, odor`e egmtmd >; > amjmk kbjoguj B 9 ; 153,< gH. Yomgse
pod`urmemddym mamjmc
mamjmc soim`me ioregut.

B9(`) ↙ B(`) + B(`) ΑC; 153,< gH

Odor`e egmtmd hu`m aesoiut soim`me odor`e aesbsemse, ymd` aejmkimd`gmd aod`md A.
\okmged imdymg hukjmc egmtmd mdtmr mtbk mtmu hukjmc pmsmd`md toregmt amre sumtu
mtbk, kmgm dejme odor`e egmtmd sokmged iosmr amd egmtmd mdtmr mtbk hu`m sokmged
gumt. \oim`me lbdtbc egmtmd amre mtbk-mtbk ioregut.
L - L ; <1?

L ; L 6== gH/kbj,


L L ; 3<0 gH/kbj

Qmioj =. Odor`e Egmtmd Ioiormpm Mtbk

EgmtmdOdor`e Egmtmd

(gh/kbj) EgmtmdO
dOd
dor`e EEg
gmtmd

(gh/kbj)

C-C 1<6 L“B <?>

C“L 1=? L;B 01=

C-D <5> L-Lj <<>

C“F ?65 DD 516

C“Lj 1<9 B ; B 153

C“Ir <0> F“F =6>

L“L <1? Lj“Lj 91

9 1<

L;L 6== E“E =?>

L“Ir 90? Ir“Ir =

=5
5>

LL 3<0 LD 35=

B-C 161

\ukior 8 Iroay, =555, Jmkp. L. cjk. <6

^orcetud`md C romgse ioramsmrgmd odor`e egmtmd amd romgse gekem mdtmr kbjoguj
k bjoguj
(iugmd mdtmr udsur) korupmgmd romgse ymd` iorjmd`sud` aum tmcmp, ymetu8
=. Qm
Qmcm
cmpp po
poku
kututusm
smd
d egmt
egmtmd
md a
amr
mree zm
zmt-
t-zm
zmtt po
poro
romg
mgse
se.. Am
Amjm
jmk
k cm
cmjj ed
edee ae
aepo
porj
rjug
ugmd
md g
gmj
mjbr
br
(ed`mt aofedese amre Odor`e Egmtmd).

9. Qm
Qmcm
cmpp po
poki
kiod
odtu
tugm
gmd
d eg
egmt
mtmd
md,, ko
korup
rupmg
mgmd
md p
poj
ojop
opms
msmd
md gmj
gmjbr
br a
amd
md tor
toram
ampm
pmtt pm
pmam
am
zmt cmsej romgse.

\olmrm ukuk, porcetud`md odtmjpedym aerukusgmd aod`md8

ΑC romgse ; ά odor`e egmtmd poromgse ymd` putus - ά odor`e egmtmd zmt cmsej romgse
ymd` toriodtug.

Amre rukus ede ampmt aetodtugmd8

m. ΑC amre romgse ymd` iorsmd`gutmd

i. odor`e egmtmd rmtm-rmtm amre

amre sumtu kbjoguj

l. odor`e aesbsemse egmtmd

M`mr joiec hojms, porcmtegmd lbdtbc sbmj porcetud`md ioramsmrgmd odor`e egmtmd
ioregut.

Lbdtbc \bmj 8

Cetud`jmc odtmjpe pokimgmrmd kotmdbj kodhmae fbrkmjaocea aod`md romgse ioregut.

LC<BC(`) + » B9(`) ↙ CLCB(`) + C9B(`)

Aegotmcue odor`e egmtmd rmtm-rmtm amre L“C ; 1=? gH7 L“B ; <?6 gH7 B“C ; 16< gH7
B;B ; 153, < gH7 amd L;B ; 091 gH.

^okimcmsmd 8

_dtug kokporkuamc kod`cetud`dym, tujesgmd auju rukus strugturdym, kodhmae8

ΑC romgse ; O odor`e ymd` aeputusgmd - O odor`e egmt ymd` aeiodtug.

Odor`e
Odor`e egmtmd
egmtmd ymd
ymd`
` aepu
aeputus
tusgmd
gmd (gH
(gH)) Odor`e
Odor`e egmtmd
egmtmd ymd
ymd`
`aaeio
eiodtu
dtug
g ((gH)
gH)

< L-C ; < x 1=? ;=.91?

;=.91? 9 L-C ; 9 x 1=? ; 3<>

= L-
L-B
B ; = x <?6
<?6 ; <?6
<?6 = L;B
L;B ; = x 09
091
1 ; 09
091
1

= B- C; = x 16
16<
< ; 16<
16< 9 B-
B-C
C ; 9 x 16
16<
< ; 59
596
6
» B-B ; » x 153 ; 915

Hukjmc ; 9.<=< Hukjmc ; 9.13>

ΑC ; 9<=< - 913> gH ; - =60 gH

Hmae odtmjpe pokimgmrmd kotmdbj mamjmc - =60 gH.