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Module 2 Fluid Statics - Manometers

This document discusses manometers, which are devices used to measure pressure differences based on fluid properties and heights. It defines manometers, provides examples of how to calculate pressure using single and multi-fluid manometers, and discusses differential manometers. Key concepts covered include how pressure varies in fluids based on height and density, and how to set up equations to solve for unknown pressures.

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andrewmerafuentes
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72 views8 pages

Module 2 Fluid Statics - Manometers

This document discusses manometers, which are devices used to measure pressure differences based on fluid properties and heights. It defines manometers, provides examples of how to calculate pressure using single and multi-fluid manometers, and discusses differential manometers. Key concepts covered include how pressure varies in fluids based on height and density, and how to set up equations to solve for unknown pressures.

Uploaded by

andrewmerafuentes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluid Statics

MODULE 2

M FLUID
ECHANICS
Module 2 - Manometers
MANOMETERS
What is a Manometer?
A device based on the principle of pressure variation used
to measure small and moderate pressure differences.

Refer to Fig. 1. Since the pressure in a fluid does not vary


in the horizontal direction within a fluid, the pressure at
point 2 is the same as the pressure at point 1, 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 .

And, 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ Eq. 1

The cross sectional area of the tube has no effect on the


pressure. However, the diameter of the tube should be
large enough (more than a few millimeters) to ensure that
Figure 1. The basic Manometer
the surface tension effect and capillary rise is negligible.

Gravitational effects of gases are negligible. The


pressure anywhere in the gas tank has the same value.
M FLUID
ECHANICS
MANOMETERS Module 2 - Manometers

EXAMPLE 1
A manometer is used to measure the pressure in a tank. The fluid
used has a specific gravity of 0.85, and the manometer column
height is 55 cm, as shown. If the local atmospheric pressure is 96
kPa, determine the absolute pressure within the tank.
Solution

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 96 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝜌 = 0.85 𝑥 1000 = 850 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

From Eq. 1,

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
Figure 2. Example 1
1 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 96 𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 850 𝑘𝑔𝑚3 (9.81 𝑚𝑠 2 )(0.55 𝑚)
1000 𝑁/𝑚2
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟔 𝒌𝑷𝒂 (𝑨𝒏𝒔. )

Note that the gage pressure in the tank is 4.6 kPa.


M FLUID
ECHANICS
MANOMETERS Module 2 - Manometers

Multiple Immiscible Fluids


In analyzing such systems remember these principles:

1. The pressure change across the fluid column of height h is ∆𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ.

2. The pressure increases downward and decreases upward.

3. Two points at the same elevation in a continuous fluid at


rest are the same pressure.

From Fig. 3, the pressure at point 1 can be determined by:

𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌1 𝑔ℎ1 + 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ2 +𝜌3 𝑔ℎ3


Figure 3. Stacked-up fluid layers

M FLUID
ECHANICS
Module 2 - Manometers
MANOMETERS
Differential Manometers
In analyzing differential manometers, follow these steps.

1. Start at point 1 where the value of pressure is 𝑃1 .

2. Move along the tube adding the 𝜌𝑔ℎ terms as you


move down, and subtracting as you move up.

3. Set the result equal to 𝑃2 .

𝑃1 + 𝜌1 𝑔 𝑎 + ℎ − 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ − 𝜌1 𝑔𝑎 = 𝑃2
Simplifying,
Figure 4. Differential manometers are used to measure
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝜌2 − 𝜌1 𝑔ℎ Eq. 2 pressure drop across a flow section.

Pressure drop occurs due to frictional forces


acting on a fluid as it flows through a tube.
M FLUID
ECHANICS
MANOMETERS Module 2 - Manometers

Note that the distance a has no effect on the result, but


must be included in the analysis. Also, when the fluid
flowing in the pipe is a gas, then 𝜌1 ≅ 𝜌2 and Eq. 2
simplifies to:
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ

Another way to solve this manometer is by dividing it to two


parts as shown, and equating the pressure on both sides.

𝑃1 + 𝜌1 𝑔 𝑎 + ℎ = 𝑃2 + 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ + 𝜌1 𝑔𝑎

This is only applicable for a single U-tube manometer.

Figure 4. Differential manometers are used to measure


pressure drop across a flow section.

Pressure drop occurs due to frictional forces


acting on a fluid as it flows through a tube.
M FLUID
ECHANICS
MANOMETERS Module 2 - Manometers

EXAMPLE 2
The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is
measured by a multifluid manometer as shown. The tank is
located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m where the
atmospheric pressure is 85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in
the tank if ℎ1 = 0.1 𝑚, ℎ2 = 0.2, ℎ3 = 0.35 𝑚. Take the densities of
water, oil, and mercury to be 1000, 850, and 13600 kg/m3,
respectively.
Solution
Starting from 𝑃1 we move along the tube by adding as we go
down and subtracting as we move up. Then equating the result
to 𝑃2 which is equal to 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 .

𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔ℎ1 + 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔ℎ2 − 𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑔ℎ3 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚


Figure 5. Example 2

M FLUID
ECHANICS
MANOMETERS Module 2 - Manometers

EXAMPLE 2
Solving for 𝑃1 and substituting:
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔ℎ1 − 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔ℎ2 + 𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑔ℎ3
= 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑔(𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ1 + 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 ℎ2 − 𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 ℎ3 )

= 85,600 − 9.81 [1000 0.1 + 850 0.2 − 13600 0.35 ]

= 𝟏𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂 (𝑨𝒏𝒔. )

Figure 5. Example 2

M FLUID
ECHANICS

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