Name: Eman Al Hammoud Block: 2 Date: Feb 22

Chemistry 11 Trends Activity Assignment

Atomic Radius: the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outer most electrons in an
atom.

Ionic Radius: the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outer most electrons in an ion.

Ionization Energy: the energy needed to remove an electron.

First ionization energy is the energy needed to remove the first electron from an
atom. The first ionization energy is always the lowest.

Electronegativity: the ability to attract an electron in a chemical bond.

Most commonly measured with the Pauling Scale, where 0 represents the least
ability and 4 is the greatest ability to attract electrons in chemical bonds.

Electron Affinity: the energy change associated with gaining an electron.

Effective Nuclear charge (Zeff): a measure of the pull of the protons in the nucleus on the valence
electrons in an atom/ion.
Zeff = atomic number – shielding electrons
Note: shielding electrons for our purposes are the inner electrons that block some
of the pull of the nucleus on the electrons that are farther out.

Example: Oxygen

Zeff = atomic number – shielding electrons

Zeff = 8 – 2
Zeff = +6
Use the provided periodic table to answer the questions below.
1. a) As you go from hydrogen down a column, what happens to the atomic radius?
Increases/decreases

b) Draw Bohr diagrams for hydrogen, lithium and sodium. Calculate the effective nuclear
charge for each atom and use this information to explain the atomic radius trend.

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a) the atomic radius increases.
b)
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2. a) As you go from lithium across a row what happens to the atomic radius?
Increases/decreases

b) Draw Bohr diagrams for lithium, beryllium and boron. Calculate the effective nuclear
charge for each of the three elements and use these values to explain the atomic radius
trend.

a) the atomic radius decreases.

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kilojoules per mole
3. What unit is ionization energy measured in? ___________________________________

4. a) As you go from hydrogen down a column, what happens to the ionization energies?
Increases/decreases

b) Using your Bohr diagrams from question #1, explain this trend.
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a ) the ionization energies decrease.
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 5. a) As you go from lithium across a row what happens to the ionization energies?
Increases/decreases

b) Using your Bohr diagrams from question #2, explain this trend.
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a) the ionization energies generally increase.
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The noble gas family(18)

6. Which family of elements has the highest ionization energy? ______________________

The halogen family(17)

7. Which family of elements has the highest electronegativities? ______________________

8. a) Which family of elements doesn’t have electronegativity values listed?

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noble gases (18)

b) Explain why this family wouldn’t have electronegativity values (Hint: draw the Bohr
diagram for Neon and calculate the Zeff to help you answer this.)

Noble gases, like Neon, don't usually have electronegativity values because they're very stable. If we look at
Neon's structure, it has 10 electrons and 10 protons. In Neon's Bohr diagram, there are 2 electrons in the first
shell and 8 electrons in the second shell, making it have a full outer shell. This full outer shell gives noble
gases like Neon stability, so they don't want to gain or lose electrons in reactions. When we calculate the
effective nuclear charge (Zeff) for Neon, it's relatively low because the outer electrons are well-shielded by
the filled inner shells. This means that the attraction for additional electrons is weak, leading to low
electronegativity______________________________________________________
values. So, noble gases don't usually have electronegativity values because they're already
happy with their______________________________________________________
full outer shells and don't need to grab or share electrons like other elements do.
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electronegativity.
9. a) Which property follows the same trend as ionization energy? ____________________

b) Explain why these two trends should be connected.

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These two trends are connected because both relate to how strongly atoms hold onto their electrons.
Ionization energy measures the energy needed to remove an electron, while electronegativity measures
how much atoms attract electrons in a bond. Both increase as you move across the periodic table because
atoms have more protons, making them better at holding onto electrons. Conversely, both decrease as you
move down the table because electrons are farther from the nucleus and experience weaker attraction. So,
the trends in ionization energy and electronegativity follow a similar pattern due to the influence of atomic
structure on electron attraction.
10. a) Compare the atomic radii for metals and the ionic radii for their positive ions. Are the
radii for the ions or atoms larger?
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The atomic radii for metals are generally larger than the ionic radii for their positive ions.

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b) Explain the above trend
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11. a) Compare the atomic radii for non-metals and the ionic radii for their negative ions. Are
the radii for the ions or atoms larger?
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The atomic radii for non-metals are generally larger than the ionic radii for their negative ions

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Non-metal atoms have small atomic radii due to their strong attraction for electrons.
However, when non-metal atoms gain electrons to form negative ions (anions), the additional electrons cause the electron cloud to expand, resulting in
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larger ionic radii for the anions compared to the atomic radii of the parent non-metal atoms.
.

b) Explain the above trend

Non-metal atoms have small atomic radii due to their strong attraction for electrons.
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12. On the periodic table below, draw arrows on the sides (going up or down and left or
right) to summarize the trends of atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity, and
metallic character.
Do the next 3 questions using your own periodic table – based on the trends – not the values
listed on the provided periodic table.

13. Indicate which atom in each pair would have larger atomic radius.
a. Li or K e. Cl or Br
b. Ca or Ni f. Be or Ba
c. Ga or B g. Si or S
d. O or C h. Fe or Au

14. Indicate which ion in each pair would have smaller ionic radius.
a. K+ or O2- d. K+ or Cs+
b. Ba2+ or I- e. Fe2+ or Fe3+
c. Al3+ or P3- f. F- or S2-

15. Indicate which atom or ion in each pair would have larger ionization energy.
a. Na or O e. I or Ne
b. Be or Ba f. K or V
c. Ar or F g. Ca or Fr
d. Cu or Ra h. W or Se

16. Explain why there would be a large jump in ionization energy between the second and
third ionization energies for magnesium. (Draw a Bohr diagram to help you!)
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