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Lecture Slide Week 1 20222 PDF

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MUHAMMAD LUQMAN HAKIMI MOHD ZAMRI
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43 views19 pages

Lecture Slide Week 1 20222 PDF

Uploaded by

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN HAKIMI MOHD ZAMRI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to engineering calculations

1.1 Units and dimensions


1.2 Conversion of units
1.3 Systems of units
1.4 Force and weight
1.5 Numerical calculation and estimation
1.6 Dimensional homogeneity and dimensionless quantities

(Chapter 2 of the Text Book)


1.1 Units and dimensions
q Dimension: properties that can be measured such as
length, time, mass .…
q Unit: scale of dimension

Example : 2 meters
Dimension : length
value : 2
unit : meter
1.2 Conversion factors
Ratio of conversion from 1 unit to another unit of certain
dimension.
Example : conversion
1g of 1 g to mg 1
→ the conversion factor is
1000 mg 1000

Example : conversion from 1 cm/s2 to km/yr2

1cm 3600 2 s 2 24 2 h 2 365 2 day 2 1m 1 km


x x x x x = 9.95 x10 9 km / yr 2
s2 12 h 2 12 day 2 12 yr 2 10 2 cm 10 3 m

Ref : Factor for unit conversions in THE TABLE OF CONVERSTION OF UNITS


CONVERSION OF UNITS
1.3 SYSTEMS OF UNITS

q Base units – mass (kg), length (m), time(hr), temperature (oC)


q Multiple unit – multiple or fraction of base unit ( mega (M) = 106)
q Derived units – compound units (multiplying and dividing base)
cm2, ft/min, kg.m/s2
q System International (SI) system
q CGS system
q American engineering system

Note: Refer Table 2.3-1


Table 2.3-1: SI and CGS Units
Based Units
Quantity Unit Symbol
Length Meter(SI) m
Centimeter(CGS) cm
Foot (U.S system) ft
Mass Kilogram (SI) kg
Gram(CGS) g
Pound mass (U.S system) Ibm
Moles Gram-mole mol or gmol or
Ibmol
Time Second s
Temperature Kelvin K
Electric Current Ampere A
Light Intensity Candela cd
Multiple Units
• Tera (T) = 1012
• Giga (G) = 109
• Mega (M) = 10 6
• Kilo (k) = 103
• Centi (c) = 10-2
• Milli (m) = 10-3
• Micro (μ) = 10-6
• Nano (n) =10-9
Derived Units

Quantity Unit Symbol Base unit

Volume liter L 0.001 m3


1000 cm3

Force Newton (SI) N 1 kg.m/s2


Dyne (CGS) 1 g.cm/s2

Pressure Pascal (SI) Pa 1 N/m2

Energy, work Joule (SI) J 1 N.m = 1 kg.m2/s2


erg (CGS) 1 dyne.cm = 1 g.cm2/s2
gram-calorie Cal 4.184J = 4.184 kg.m2/s2
Power watt W 1 J/s = 1 kg.m2/s3

Note: Refer Table of Conversion units for US System


Refer Example 2.3-1 (text book)
1.4 Force, weight and mass
Force = mass × acceleration
Weight = mass (m) x gravity force (g) = mg
Units of force: newton (SI) ; dyne (CGS); pound-force (US)
1 N ≡ 1 kg.m/s2
1 dyne ≡ 1 g.cm/s2
1 lbf ≡ 32.174 lbm.ft/s2
g = acceleration due to gravity
= 9.8066 m/s2
= 980.66 cm/s2
= 32.174 ft/s2
Refer Example 2.4-1 (Text book)
1.5 Numerical calculation and estimation

vScientific notation – 123,000,000 = 1.23 x 108


vSignificant figures – 2300
2.3 x 103 ( two significant figure)
2.300 x 103 ( four significant figure)
v rounded-off number
1.35 ~ 1.4
1.6 Dimensional homogeneity and dimensionless quantities

q Dimensional homogeneity

For valid equation both sides of the equation have to


be dimensionally homogeneous i.e. similar dimension

u (m/s) = uo(m/s) + g (m/s2 )t(s)

Dimension – length/time
q Dimensional homogeneity
Example 2.6-1 (Text book)
D(ft) = 3t(s) + 4
What are the dimensions of constants 3 and 4?
What are the units of 3 and 4?
Derive an equation for distance in meters and time in minutes.
Solution:
D(length) = 3(length/time)t(time) + 4(length)
Dimension for 3 = length/time = unit (ft/s)
Dimension for 4 = length (ft) = unit (ft)

Derive D’(m) and t’(min)


D(ft) = D’(m) x [3.2808 (ft)/1 (m)] = 3.28D’
t(s) = t’(min) x [60 (s)/1 (min)] = 60t’
3.28D’ = 3(60t’) + 4 ;
D’(m) = 55t’(min) + 1.22 (simplified equation)
v Dimensionless quantity
Exponents (2 in x2)
Transcendental functions (exp, log, sin, cos..)
Argument of transcendental functions (x in sin x..)
v Dimensionless quantity
 mol   20 ,000 
k   1 . 2 x 10 5
exp  
 cm 3
. s   1 . 987 T 
END OF
INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING CALCULATION

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