AP WORLD HISTORY - YEAR REVIEW PACKET, Part 2

UNIT 3: Land-Based Empires 1450-1750

3.1 Empires Expand

Identify on the map: (1) The Manchu empire in Central and East Asia, (2) the Mughal Empire in South and Central Asia,
(3) the Ottoman empire in Southern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (4), the Safavid Empire in the Middle
East, (5) the Aztec Empire in the Americas, (6) the Inca empire in the Americas, (7) the Songhai Empire in West Africa,
and (8) the Russian Empire

3.1 Continued
Describe the diffusion of gunpowder technology, going back to time period 1.

 Gunpowder invented in China around 9th century AD

 Spread along trade routes (Silk Road)
 Reached Europe in 13th century and transformed warfare

Describe how gunpowder technology was adapted to large scale warfare, i.e. describe an effective weapon that used
gunpowder technology in warfare.

 Cannons emerged as powerful weapons of mass destruction.

 Altered battlefield dynamics drastically.
 Naval artillery became pivotal in shaping maritime dominance.

Give one example of an empire using gunpowder to expand and a specific battle it was used in.
  Ottoman Empire used gunpowder to expand.
 Siege of Constantinople in 1453.
 Cannons broke city walls, leading to Ottoman victory.

Why did gunpowder give the land-based empires a military advantage and the ability to expand?

 Gunpowder provided superior firepower.

 Allowed for armies to be easily trained instead of hand to hand combat
 It allowed for rapid expansion
 It allowed empires to conquer fortified cities.
 Enhanced mobility and conquest capabilities.

1.2 Empires: Administration

Pick two of the land-based empires above and fill in the chart accordingly.
EMPIRE Use of bureaucracy/ Development of military Use of religion to Methods of tax
Recruitment of bureaucratic professionals (soldiers) & an legitimize power collection to forward
elites to help maintain gov’t. example of conflict/expansion state power/expansion
It doesnt let me edit the picture so I will be answering it down here below
Empire| Ottomon Empire
 The Ottoman Empire employed a structured bureaucracy, drawing bureaucratic elites from the devshirme
system to efficiently govern. This system contributed to stability through effective administration and military
organization.
 The Ottoman Empire trained soldiers through a system called Janissaries, where young boys were taken, trained,
and loyal to the empire. One example of expansion is the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, where the
Ottomans used their trained soldiers and advanced weaponry to capture the city, expanding their territory and
influence.
 The Ottoman Empire used religion, specifically Islam, to legitimize its power by portraying the rulers as
defenders of the faith and caliphs.
 Jizya, a tax on non-Muslim subjects was a method used by the Ottoman Empire. It provided a significant source
of revenue, strengthening the state financially and funding military campaigns. Additionally, the imposition of
jizya helped to assert Ottoman control over conquered territories and maintain social order by distinguishing
between Muslim and non-Muslim subjects, reinforcing the empire's authority and dominance.

Russian Empire
 The Russian Empire maintained its government through a bureaucratic system. Bureaucratic elites, appointed by
the Tsar, managed administrative tasks, ensuring efficient governance and centralized control.
 The Russian Empire developed its military professionals through the creation of a hierarchical system known as
the Table of Ranks, which allowed for promotion based on merit and service rather than nobility. An example of
conflict and expansion is the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774, where Russia expanded its territory into the Black
Sea region, through military conquest and diplomatic maneuvers.
 The Russian Empire utilized Orthodox Christianity to legitimize its power, portraying the Tsar as the divinely
ordained ruler and protector of the faith. The Tsar's close association with the Orthodox Church reinforced his
authority as a sacred figure, fostering obedience and loyalty among the populace.
 Russia employed various methods of tax collection, including land taxes known as "obrok" and "barshchina,"
where peasants paid a portion of their produce or labor to the state or landowners. Additionally, the Russian
Empire collected taxes on trade, property, and customs, generating revenue to fund government activities and
maintain state power.

In the space below, identify each example of art and monumental architecture and answer the questions.

Identify

Taj Mahal

Associated Empire

Mughal Empire

How was it used to legitimize a ruler’s power?

The Taj Mahal, with its architecture and luxurious design,

showcased the Mughal Empire's wealth and influence. Its
cultural and religious symbolism reinforced the rulers'
connection to Islamic heritage
 Identify

Qing Imperial Portraits

Associated Empire

Qing Dynasty

How was it used to legitimize a ruler’s power?

The Qing imperial portraits were used to legitimize

power by visually connecting the emperors to Chinese
tradition, asserting divine mandate through Confucian
beliefs, and reinforcing dynastic authority through public
display.

Identify

The Palace of Versailles

Associated Empire

French Empire

How was it used to legitimize a ruler’s power?

The Palace of Versailles legitimized rule by showcasing

royal wealth and power, hosting elaborate ceremonies
that emphasized the monarch's authority, serving as an
administrative hub, and exerting cultural influence.

Identify

Florentine Codex

Associated Empire

Aztec Empire

How was it used to legitimize a ruler’s power?

Provided accounts of their lineage, conquests, and

achievements, which rulers may use to bolster their
 claims to authority. Additionally, such records can help
establish a sense of continuity and tradition, reinforcing
the legitimacy of a ruler's position within their society.

Identify

Portrait of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman

Associated Empire

How was it used to legitimize a ruler’s power?

The portrait of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman, also known as

Suleiman the Magnificent, portrays him as a powerful
and authoritative ruler. Suleiman's facial expression is
stern and dignified, reflecting his firm leadership style.

3.3 Empires: Belief Systems

Define the Protestant Reformation and describe of its Define the Catholic Reformation/Jesuits and describe of its
effects. effects (including how it will affect interactions in Unit 4)

The Catholic Reformation was a time when the Catholic

Church made changes because of Protestant ideas. They
The Protestant Reformation was a 16th-century
got stronger and made the Jesuits, who spread
religious movement that split Christianity into
Catholicism around the world.
Catholicism and Protestantism.

Effects

Religious division: Christianity split into Catholicism and

Protestantism, causing religious conflicts and wars.

Social and political changes: Decline of Catholic Church

power, rise of nation-states, and rulers seizing church
lands.

Describe Sikhism and how it relates to religious Describe the Sunni and Shi’a split (from World History I).
interactions. The Sunni-Shi'a split originated from a disagreement over
who should lead the Muslim community after the death
Sikhism emerged as a blend of different religious of the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century.
influences in the Punjab region of India. It combined
elements of Hinduism, such as karma and reincarnation,
with Islamic monotheism and Sufi mysticism. Sikhism
also introduced new concepts, like the belief in one God Explain how political rivalries between empires intensified
and the rejection of caste distinctions. This mixture of the split between Sunni and Shia.
traditions resulted in a unique religious identity that
emphasizes equality, community, and service to others. Political rivalries among empires worsened the Sunni-
 Describe the role that religious tolerance had on empire Shia split by using religious differences for their own gain,
building (give an example, i.e. Akbar in Mughal Empire or fueling conflicts and tensions between the two sects.
Jews in Ottoman Empire)

Religious tolerance in empire building promoted

stability and prosperity. The Mongol Empire under
Genghis Khan practiced religious tolerance, allowing
freedom of worship for all faiths within their vast
territories. This policy facilitated the empire's
administration by reducing religious strife and fostering
cooperation among diverse populations.

Research and summarize one of the following religious disputes that led to rivalries and conflicts between states:
Safavid-Mughal conflict or Songhai-Moroccan conflict:

The Safavid-Mughal conflict was a series of wars and disputes between the Safavid Empire of Persia and the Mughal
Empire of India in the 16th and 17th centuries. It arose from territorial disputes, competition for trade routes, and
religious differences—the Safavids were Shia Muslims, while the Mughals were Sunni Muslims. Key conflicts
occurred over control of regions like Kandahar. This rivalry weakened both empires and had lasting effects on the
region's political and religious dynamics.

Unit 4: Transoceanic Empires 1450-1750

4.1 Technological Innovations from 1450-1750
What is “Southernization” and how did it lead to cross- Why were knowledge of tides and wind
cultural exchange of ideas and technology? patterns (in Indian Ocean and Atlantic)
important for Unit 4?
Southernization is the spread of innovations and
technologies originating from South Asia to other parts Maritime trade, crucial from 1450 to
of the world between 1450 and 1750. This process 1750, connected distant regions,
facilitated cross-cultural exchange by enabling the exchanging goods and ideas. It relied on advanced ships,
diffusion of ideas and technologies through trade navigation tools, and key trade hubs. This trade fueled
networks, migration, and cultural interactions. economies, spread cultures, and drove colonial expansion,
shaping global history. Knowledge of tides and wind
patterns in the Indian Ocean and Atlantic was crucial for
maritime activities between 1450 and 1750. It enabled
sailors to navigate safely, trade efficiently, explore new
territories, and expand empires by utilizing favorable
winds and currents.

What is this European technological development? (shown in the photo to the right):

Lateen sail

European adoption of the lateen sail was influenced by cross-cultural interactions with the
Islamic and Asian worlds. They encountered the sail's efficiency in maneuverability and wind
adaptation through trade in these regions, prompting its adoption and integration into
European ship designs, enhancing maritime capabilities.

Explain how European use of this technology was influenced by cross cultural interactions with the Classical, and/or
Islamic and/or Asian Worlds

What is this technological development (shown in the photo to the right?)?

Compass

The compass revolutionized European navigation, but its development was influenced by cross-
cultural interactions. Initially invented in China, it spread through Islamic trade routes to Europe. During the Age of
Exploration, they combined compass technology with astrolabes from Islamic and Asian civilizations, enabling global
exploration. These interactions enriched European navigation and spurred exploration, trade, and cultural exchange.

Explain how European use of this technology was influenced by cross cultural interactions with the Classical, and/or
Islamic and/or Asian Worlds.

4.2 Explorations: Causes and Events from 1450-1750

Identify and describe the MEANS (the how) Identify and describe the MOTIVES
for European exploration. (the why) for European exploration.
(3 Gs)
European exploration was made possible by
advancements in shipbuilding, navigation, God: Religious zeal motivated
and cartography. Innovations like the caravel European explorers to spread
ship, improved compasses, astrolabes, and Christianity to new lands. They
better maps enabled sailors to venture believed it was their divine mission
further into uncharted waters. Additionally, to convert indigenous peoples to
financial support from monarchs and trading Christianity and "save" their souls.
companies provided the necessary resources
Gold: Economic incentives drove
for expeditions.
exploration, including the desire for
valuable resources like gold, silver,
spices, and other trade goods.
Europeans sought new trade routes
to bypass the expensive and
dangerous overland routes
controlled by Middle Eastern and
Mediterranean powers.

Glory: National pride and

competition among European
powers fueled exploration.
Monarchs and explorers sought
fame, glory, and recognition for
discovering new territories,
establishing colonies, and expanding
their empires.
Use the Jesuits as a specific historical example for the religious motivations that led to
European Exploration (i.e. define them and describe their influence).

They played a significant role in European exploration due to their missionary

efforts. Jesuit missionaries accompanied explorers to newly discovered lands,
aiming to convert indigenous peoples to Christianity. They established missions,
schools, and churches in the Americas, Asia, and Africa, integrating religious
teachings with education and cultural assimilation.

Explain how Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

Columbus’s voyages key figure in the early days of the Age of Exploration during
could be an example the 15th century. He never actually participated in any
of state-sponsored voyages himself, but he sponsored and encouraged
transoceanic exploration along the west coast of Africa, leading to
maritime exploration significant advancements in navigation, cartography, and
maritime technology.
in this era.

Columbus's voyages
exemplify state-
sponsored
transoceanic
maritime
exploration in the Describe what the Portuguese trading post empire was
era of European . The Portuguese trading post empire was a network of
expansion, as they fortified trading posts and settlements established by
Portugal along coastlines and strategic locations in Africa,
were funded and
Asia, and the Americas during the Age of Discovery, These
supported by the
trading posts served as hubs for trade, commerce, and the
Spanish monarchy, exchange of goods
Ferdinand and
Isabella, aiming to
expand their
empire, spread
Christianity, and
compete with other
European powers
for wealth and
influence.
 How did Portugal change trade in the Indian How did Indian Ocean trade remain
Ocean? the same (continuity) despite
Portugal changed trade in the Indian Ocean Portugal’s incursion?
by establishing control over key maritime Indian Ocean trade retained
routes and dominating the spice trade continuity through the adaptation of
through military conquest and the existing trade networks, the
establishment of fortified trading posts. continued involvement of
indigenous merchants and traders,
and the resilience of established
maritime routes that connected
diverse regions and facilitated the
exchange of goods and ideas.

4.3 Columbian Exchange

What was the Columbian exchange?

The Columbian Exchange refers to the widespread exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the
Americas and the rest of the world

On the Map below, draw some of the notable things exchanged.

Cant draw but some examples are

Cows

Tobacoo

Smallpox

Horses

Pigs

Maize

potatoes
 What demographic effect of the In contrast, how did the Columbian
Columbian Exchange is shown in this Exchange positively affect Afro-Eurasia
chart? demographics?
Significant decline in the Amerindian Introduced new food crops from the
population due to the introduction Americas, such as maize, potatoes,
of Old-World diseases such as tomatoes, and peppers, which
smallpox, measles, and influenza contributed to increased agricultural
following the Columbian Exchange. productivity and improved nutrition.

What is a cash crop and give two examples of How did cash crops lead to plantation economies? Why did plantation
cash crops grown in the Americas. economies use coerced labor?
Cash crops led to the development of plantation economies due to
A cash crop is a crop grown primarily for sale their high demand and profitability. Plantation owners focused their
agricultural efforts on cultivating these crops on a large scale to
Two examples of cash crops grown in the maximize profits. To meet the labor demands of these plantations,
Americas are: plantation economies relied heavily on coerced labor, including
African slaves and indentured servants.
Tobacco
Sugar

4.4 Maritime Empires Were Established

Identify the maritime empires of the (1) Portuguese, (2) the Spanish, (3) the Dutch, (4) the French and (5) the British,
as well as the expanded (6) Asante and (7) Kongo states (use google or the Unit PowerPoint to identify these
locations. Can use color.
Describe the process that evolved into a global trade in silver (all players in the process).
The global trade in silver evolved as Spanish colonization of the Americas led to the
extraction of vast silver deposits, which were then traded to Asia, particularly through
the Manila Galleons, for valuable goods like silk and spices. Silver became a crucial
medium of exchange in global commerce, facilitating trade between Europe, Asia, and
the Americas.
How did Europeans impact existing How did colonial economies use the What is chattel slavery and how did
trade routes in the Indian Ocean in this preexisting mit’a system in the colonial economies rely on it?
era? Americas? Chattel slavery is a system in which
Europeans impacted existing trade Colonial economies in the Americas individuals are treated as property
routes in the Indian Ocean by utilized the preexisting mit'a system and can be bought, sold, or inherited.
establishing trading posts, disrupting by coercing indigenous peoples to Colonial economies heavily relied on
traditional networks, introducing new work in mines, farms, and other chattel slavery by forcibly bringing
commodities, and integrating the colonial enterprises for the benefit Africans to the Americas to work on
region into global trade networks. of European authorities and plantations, mines, and other labor-
landowners. intensive enterprises.

What is indentured servitude? What is the encomienda/hacienda How did increased trade intensify the
Indentured servitude was a labor system? demand for peasant and artisan labor
system in colonial times where in many regions (i.e. China and India)
individuals worked for a specified The encomienda/hacienda system Increased trade in regions like China
period in exchange for passage to the was a colonial labor system in the and India boosted demand for
New World, food, shelter, and eventual Americas where Spanish landowners peasant and artisan labor by
freedom, differing from chattel slavery exploited indigenous labor for expanding markets, requiring more
as servants were not considered economic gain, either through grants goods for trade both domestically
property. of land and labor (encomienda) or and internationally, leading to
large agricultural estates increased production and
(haciendas). specialization in various industries.

This map shows what kind of empire? Pick either Ming China or Tokugawa Japan and describe its
Ming China or Tokugawa japan empires restrictive or isolationist trade policies.
Tokugawa Japan implemented a policy known as sakoku, or
"closed country,". This policy aimed to restrict foreign
influence and trade by severely limiting contact with foreign
countries. The only exceptions were limited trade with the
Dutch and Chinese through designated ports
 The map to the left shows the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade.

Describe one demographic change that occurred in Africa.

Due to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, Africa experienced a

significant decrease in population as a result of the mass
capture and forced transportation of Africans.

Describe one demographic change that occurred in the

Americas.

the slave trade led to a notable increase in the proportion of

African-descended populations, shaping the demographics
and cultures of regions throughout the Americas.

Describe one cultural change in the Americas from this Describe one social change in the Americas from this unit.
unit. establishment of hierarchical social structures based on
cultural change in the Americas through the blending of race, leading to the marginalization and oppression of
African, European, and indigenous traditions, resulting indigenous and African-descended populations while
in new forms of music, art, religion, and cuisine that privileging European-descended elites.
reflected the diverse backgrounds of the populations.

4.5 Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed

Define mercantilism. Explain how mercantilist polices were Explain how mercantilist polices were
Mercantilism: Economic theory used by Europeans to benefit their used by Europeans to control their
emphasizing wealth accumulation economies. colonial economies.
for national prosperity.

Mercantilist policies: Promoted Controlled colonial economies: Imposed

exports, restricted imports, strict regulations, monopolies, restricted
accumulated wealth. trade.
Explain how joint stock companies made it easier for Explain how European competition furthered colonial
rulers and merchants to finance exploration. expansion.

European competition: Drove colonial expansion,

Joint stock companies: Pool resources, spread risk, established dominance, fueled conflicts and wars.
finance exploration.

From Wikipedia: A charted company (joint stock) is an association with investors or shareholders and incorporated
and granted (often exclusive) rights by royal charter (or similar instrument of government) for the purpose of trade,
exploration, and colonization.

What is an example of one and describe how they functioned in this unit?

An example of a chartered company is the British East India Company. It functioned by receiving a royal charter
granting it exclusive trading rights and authority to govern territories in India.

TRIANGULAR TRADE Define the Triangular Trade or Trans-Atlantic Trade System

(Choose one term to use on the AP Test).
Trans-Atlantic Trade System: Network of trade routes
between Europe, Africa, and the Americas during the colonial
period.

What went from Europe to Africa?

From Europe to Africa: Manufactured goods, weapons,
textiles, and rum.

From Africa to the Americas?

From Africa to the Americas: Enslaved Africans.

From the Americas to Europe?

From the Americas to Europe: Raw materials such as sugar,

cotton, tobacco, and precious metals.

From Europe to the Americas?

From Europe to the Americas: Manufactured goods, textiles,

firearms, and luxury items.
 Describe the growth of some African Kingdoms/states in regard to Triangular Trade (i.e. Asanta or Congo).

The Asante Kingdom in Ghana and the Kingdom of Kongo in Central Africa prospered through supplying slaves and
resources in the Triangular Trade, resulting in wealth and power.

“The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor—including What was the African Diaspora?
slaves—and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and Include at least one specific example
peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis. . . . In some of a result of this.
cases, the increase and intensification of interactions between newly
connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of
existing religions, and contributed to the development of syncretic belief
systems and practices.” The African Diaspora refers to the
dispersion of African peoples and
Describe a specific piece of evidence that could be used to support anything cultures throughout the Americas
from this passage. and other parts of the world due to
the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. One
specific example of where Africans
A specific piece of evidence to support the passage could be the spread of were dispersed after the Columbian
Christianity among enslaved Africans in the Americas. Despite the oppressive Exchange is the Caribbean region,
conditions they faced, many enslaved Africans embraced Christianity, which where large numbers of enslaved
was often introduced to them by European colonizers. This adoption of Africans were transported to work
Christianity represents the mixing of cultures on sugar plantations.

4.6 Internal and External Challenges to State Power from 1450-1750

Describe any one of the illustrative examples of local Describe one example of a slave resistance/rebellion.
resistance.

One form of slave resistance in the 1800s was the Creole One example of a slave resistance/rebellion is the
Rebellion of 1841 in the United States. Enslaved Africans Haitian Revolution (1791-1804), where enslaved
aboard the Creole ship revolted, gaining control of the Africans in Haiti rose up against French colonial rule,
vessel and sailing it to the Bahamas, where they sought leading to the establishment of the first independent
asylum and freedom. black republic in the Western Hemisphere.

4.7 Changing Social Hierarchies from 1450 to 1750

How could you compare Qing elites taking top political positions in China to Spanish Peninsulares taking top political
positions in Spanish America?
 Define the casta system:
The casta system was a hierarchical social classification in
colonial Latin America based on racial ancestry.

Pick the 2 terms in the illustration to the right that you are
least sure of and define them for further studying.
a) Creoles were people of European descent who
were born in the colonies of the Americas during
the colonial period.
b) Peninsulares were people of Spanish or Portuguese
descent who were born in Spain or Portugal,
respectively, and held high positions of authority in
the colonial administration of the Americas.
Forward thinking: How did the role of Creoles in the Casta System eventually lead to their desire for a revolution
against the Spanish crown?

The role of Creoles in the Casta System eventually led to their desire for revolution against the Spanish crown due to
their growing resentment towards the privileged position of the peninsulares

Skill: Change and Continuity

You can use one or more empires as evidence for the following question: How did gunpowder transform the process of
empire building from 1450 to 1750?
Gunpowder transformed the process of empire building from 1450 to 1750 by significantly altering the
dynamics of warfare and military strategy. In China, the invention and widespread use of gunpowder
weapons, such as cannons and firearms, enabled the Ming and Qing dynasties to consolidate power and
expand their territories. These weapons gave Chinese rulers a significant military advantage over their rivals,
allowing them to conquer new territories, suppress rebellions, and defend against external threats more
effectively. As a result, gunpowder played a crucial role in the growth and stability of Chinese empires during
this period, demonstrating how military technology influenced the process of empire building.
Mention at least 2 societies in the answer to this question: How did the Columbian Exchange transform societies globally
from 1450 to 1750?