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76 views4 pages

CAT

Uploaded by

aroridouglas880
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MMA 208-INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS

SIT IN CAT II SOLUTIONS

(a) Consider the following functions defined on R,

f (x) = tan x, g(x) = e−x , h(x) = x2 .

Give the range of each of the above functions. [3 marks]

Solution.

ˆ Range(f ) = R or (−∞, ∞)
ˆ Range(g) = (0, ∞)
ˆ Range(h) = [0, ∞)

Solution.

(b) Let S = [−10, −1) ∪ (0, 1) ∪ (1.5, 3) ∪ {3}. Show that S is neither closed nor open.

Observe that

ˆ Int(S) = (−10, −1) ∪ (0, 1) ∪ (1.5, 3) ̸= S. ⇒ S is not open.


ˆ S̄ = [−10, −1] ∪ [0, 1] ∪ [1.5, 3] ̸= S. ⇒ S is not closed.

[3 marks]

(c) Show that the set [−1, 1] is not a neighbourhood of the points −1 and 1. [2 marks]

Solution. For each ε > 0, the open interval (−1 − ε, −1 + ε) contains an


element −1 − 2ε ̸∈ [−1, 1] and (1 − ε, 1 + ε) contains an element 1 + 2ε ̸∈ [−1, 1].
Therefore, no open interval that contains −1 or 1 is fully contained in [−1, 1].

(d) Show that lim 9x − 3 = 15. [4 marks].


x→2

Solution. Let f (x) = 9x − 3, c = 2 and l = 15. We show that, ∀ε > 0, ∃δ > 0


such that |f (x) − l| < ε, whenever |x − c| < δ.
Let ϵ > 0 be given. Then |f (x) − l| < ε. Observe that,

|f (x) − l| = |(9x − 3) − 15| = |9x − 18| = |9(x − 2)| = 9|x − 2| < ε


ε
⇒|x − 2| < = δ.
2

1
(e) Show that the set of all integers (Z) is not a field. [2 marks]

Solution. Since the only nonzero integers with a multiplicative inverse are 1
and −1.

(f) Let x, y ∈ R. Prove that, if |x| < δ, δ > 0, then −δ < x < δ. [2 marks]

Solution. By definition, |x| = max{−x, x}. Thus, −x < δ and x < δ. If


we multiply both sides of the former by −1 we obtain that −δ < x. Therefore,
−δ < x and x < δ obtains −δ < x < δ.

(g) Write any 4 nontrivial partitions of the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. [4 marks]

[Not part of the solution: There are many partitions for this set, in fact the
total number of partitions for this set is 4140 so we will just list a few random
partitions:
Solution.

ˆ P1 = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5}, {6, 7, 8}}


ˆ P2 = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}, {7, 8}}
ˆ P3 = {{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, {6, 7, 8}}
ˆ P4 = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}}
ˆ P5 = {{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, {8}}

(h) Define a relation R on a set X = {a, b, c, d} defined by

R = {(a, b), (b, a), (c, a), (d, a)}.

Determine whether or not R defines a function. [2 marks]

Solution. Since every element of X is assigned to one and only one image in
X, we can say that R is a function.

(i) Let E denote the set of all even numbers and f : E → Z defined by
n+2
f (n) = .
2
Show that f is both one to one and onto. [4 marks]

2
Solution. To show that f is 1-1, Let a, b ∈ E be such that f (a) = f (b). Then

a+2 b+2
f (a) = = = f (b), ⇔ a + 2 = b + 2, ⇔ a = b
2 2
Therefore, f is 1-1.
To show f is onto we need to find an inverse of every integer n. Suppose that k
is such inverse of n, then f (k) = n. It suffices to show that k is even.

k+2
f (k) = = n, ⇔ k + 2 = 2n, ⇔ k = 2n − 2 = 2(n − 1).
2
For any integer n, the number k = 2(n − 1) is an even integer.

(j) Show that the open interval (a, b), a, b ∈ R is an open set. [4 marks]

Solution. We show that (a, b) is a neighborhood of each of its points. Let


x ∈ (a, b) be an arbitrary point of (a, b) and let 0 < ε < min{x − a, b − x}. Then
x ∈ (x − ε, x + ε) ⊂ (a, b). Therefore, (a, b) is a neighborhood of each of its points.

(k) Let Consider the function



1,


0<x<1
x, 1<x<2
f (x) =


 −1, 2<x<3
x ≥ 3.

0,

(i) Sketch the graph of f (x). [3 marks]

Solution.
4

0
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1

−2

(ii) Determine whether or not, lim f (x) exists. [3 marks]


x→1

3
Solution. Observe that

lim f (x) = 1 = lim+ f (x)


x→1− x→1

Therefore since the two limits exist and are equal, limx→1 f (x) exists and is
equal to 1.

(iii) Discuss the continuity and discontinuity of f (x). [3 marks]

Solution. The function f is continuous everywhere on the interval (0, ∞)


except at x = 1, 2, 3.
At x = 1, f has a removable discontinuity, at x = 2 and 3 f has a disconti-
nuity of the first kind.

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