EE-111 Linear Circuit Analysis

03 Voltage and Current Laws

1
 Introduction
• Chapter 2 introduced basic components
– Dependent, independent sources, resisters
– Ohm’s law
• Circuits must be analysed to determine a complete
set of voltages and currents.
• Circuits laws are required for complete analysis of
circuits.
– Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
– Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)
• Circuit laws are simply restatements of charge and
energy conservation
2
 Nodes, Paths, Loops, and Branches
• Network topology means the ups and downs or the
characteristics of the network.
• A point at which two or more elements have a common
connection is called a node.
• If no node was encountered more than once then the set of
nodes and elements that we traverse is called a path.
– If the node at which we started is the same node at which we
ended, then the path is, by definition, a closed path or a loop.
• A branch is defined as a single path in a network,
composed of one simple element and the node at each end
of that element. (No element : no branch)
• A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops
within it.

3
 Nodes, Paths, Loops, and Branches
• Two or more elements are in series if they are cascaded or
connected sequentially and consequently carry the same (not
identical) current.
• Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the
same two nodes & consequently have the same voltage across
them.

Ideal approach of zero resistance wires to be followed

4
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• Kirchhoff was a German
professor (1824 – 1887).
ia
id

• Ohm’s Law alone could not ib

solve all issues pertaining to
circuit analysis. ic

• Kirchhoff, in 1847, stated 𝒊𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃 + −𝒊𝒄 + 𝒊𝒅 = 𝟎

that “algebraic sum of all the
currents entering a node (or a id ia
closed boundary) is equal to ia
id
zero.” ib
ib ic
• This law is based on the law ic
𝑵
of conservation of charge. ෍ 𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎
𝒏=𝟏

5
 Law of conservation of Charge
• Charge can be transferred from one object to
another. The algebraic sum of charge on the two
objects will be the same before and after the
transfer. This is sometimes called the Law of
Conservation of Charge, discovered by Benjamin
Franklin (1706 – 1790).

6
 Practice 4
Determine the current labeled I3

-47A

7
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• Kirchhoff also stated that algebraic
sum of all the voltages around a
closed path (or loop) is equal to zero.
• This law is based on the law of V2
conservation of energy. A + -
• The energy required to move a unit
charge from point A to point B in a + -
circuit is independent of the path
taken from A to B. V3
V1
• Conventions of KVL: -
+
B
– Follow a clockwise direction.
-V1 + V2 –V3 = 0
– Write down the voltage of each
element whose positive terminal
is entered. N
∑ Vn = 0
– Write down negative of every n=1

voltage first met at the negative

sign.

8
 Law of Conservation of Energy
It states that the total inflow of energy into a
system must equal the total outflow of energy
from the system, plus the change in the energy
contained within the system. In other words,
energy can be converted from one form to
another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

(German surgeon Mayer in 1842 and Joule in

1843 discovered the law)

9
 Practice 7
• If iX = 5 A find v1 and iY

10

iX
v1
+ -

10 iY
10 10
iS

10
 The Single Loop Circuit
• Consider the following circuit:
R1
_

+
vS2 Note: no additional
+ R2
information like current
vS1 through a particular
_
element etc. is given.

• Series or parallel?
– All of the elements in a circuit that carry the same current
(not equal) are said to be connected in series.
• Analyze this single loop circuit for following:
– Determine voltage across each element
– Determine current through each element and
– Power absorbed by each element
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 The Single Loop Circuit ..
• Step 1 : Arbitrarily select a clockwise current I
• Step 2 : Where current enters the element, label the
terminal as positive.
• Step 3 : Apply KVL (again clockwise direction):
- vS1 + vR1 + vS2 + vR2 = 0
• Applying Ohm’s Law to resistive elements :
vR1 = R1 i and vR2 = R2i
• So we get:
𝑣𝑠1 − 𝑣𝑠2 + R1 - _
𝑖=

+
𝑅1 − 𝑅2 i vS2
+

• Voltage and Power can be + v i

R2
S1
found by _
-
v = Ri , p = vi or p = i2R
12
 The Single Node - Pair Circuit
• In a single node – pair circuit, any number of simple
elements are connected between the same pair of
nodes.
• Note: Elements in a circuit having a common voltage
across them are said to be connected in parallel.

• Step 1 : Assume a voltage across any element

assigning an arbitrary polarity.
• Step 2: Having chosen voltage polarity, currents
across resistive elements are labeled from positive to
negative.
13
 Practice 10
• Find the labelled currents

i1
0.2v1 10Ω 2.5 A
V1 _ 100 Ω
+

A B
C
D
25 Ω

i2

14
 Series & Parallel Connected Sources
• Several voltage sources in series may be
replaced by an equivalent voltage source v +_ 1

having a voltage equal to the algebraic sum

of individual sources. v
+
_
2

• Ideal voltage sources in parallel are

permissible only when each has the same _
v
terminal voltage (not for extended period 3
+
of time).
OR
• In case of two sources in parallel, each will
supply half the current.
• And large current flows in closed loop +
for different voltage sources (due to v + v – v _
1 2 3

low 0.05 ohm resistance of each) in

parallel.
15
 Series & Parallel Connected Sources ..
• Several current sources in parallel may be replaced
by an equivalent current source having a current
equal to the algebraic sum of individual sources.
• Ideal current sources in series are permissible only
when each has the same current and direction.

i1 i2 i3 OR i1 - i2 + i 3

16
 Practice 13
Find V1 after combining current sources?

+ + 1 mA
12 mA 1 kΩ
10 kΩ V1 Vx
3.5 mA
.03 Vx A - 3 mA
_ _

17
 Resistors In Series
• For circuit analysis, complicated resistor
combinations can be replaced by a single resistor.
• Consider the following circuit :
R1 R2
i
_ _
+ v1 + v2
+
+ v3 R3
_ vS
_

• Step 1: Apply KVL vS = v1 + v2 + v3

• Step 2: Apply Ohm’s Law vS = iR1 + iR2 + iR3
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 Resistors In Series ..
R1 R2
i
+ v1 _ + v2 _
+ i

+ v3 R3 vS _+ Req
_ vS
_

• Taking vS = iReq
• iReq = iR1 + iR2 + iR3
• Therefore Req = R1 + R2 + R3
• Generalizing Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + …… RN
• Resistors in series are simply added together to
determine equivalent resistance.
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 Resistors In Parallel
iS
+ +
i1 i2 i3
iS V Req
v R2 R3
iS R1
_

_
Equivalent to single-node pair
• Step 1 - Apply KCL: iS = i1 + i2 + i3
• Step 2 - Apply Ohm’s Law
𝒗 𝒗 𝒗
𝒊𝒔 = + + Note that the reciprocal of
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
𝒗 𝒗 𝒗 𝒗 the equivalent resistance is
𝒊𝒔 = = + +
𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑 equal to the sum of the
Geq = G1 + G2 + G3 reciprocals of the individual
𝟏 𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 resistances connected in
• R1 // R2 = + =
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟐 parallel.
20
 Practice 14
• Find Rab for the circuit? All resistances are in ohms.

20
8
a
5
18 20 1
9
b 2

21
 Practice 15
• Find Rab for the circuit? All resistances are in ohms.

6
5

10 8
a b

20 3

22
 Voltage Division
• This is another useful tool for circuit analysis.
• Voltage division is used to express the voltage across one
of several series resistors in terms of the voltage across the
combination.
• Applying KVL : R1
v = v1 + v2 = iR1 + iR2 = i (R1 + R2) i
𝑣 +
• 𝑖= + v1 _
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 +
• Voltage across R2 is
𝑣 v v2 R2
• 𝑣2 = 𝑖𝑅2 = 𝑅
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 2
𝑅2 𝑅1 _
• 𝑣2 = 𝑖𝑅2 = 𝑣 and 𝑣1 = 𝑣 _
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
• Generalizing :
𝑅𝑘
𝑣𝑘 = 𝑣
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝑅𝑁 where R1 through RN are
resistances in series

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 Voltage Division ..
• Using the fact that total power supplied is equal to
total power absorbed, show that:
𝑅2
𝑣𝑅2 = 𝑣𝑠
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
I R1
– VSI = I2R1 I2R2
+
+
– Or VS = IR1 + IR2 (dividing by I)
– So, I = VS /(R1 + R2) + v R2
– Now VR2 = IR2 _ S
– Hence VR2 can be determined.
-

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 Current Division
• Current division is used to express the current
through one of several parallel resistors in terms of
the current through the combination.
• Find current through R2 i
+
𝑣
• 𝑣 = 𝑖2 𝑅2 → 𝑖2 = i1 i2
𝑅2 v R1 R2
𝑅1 𝑅2
• 𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅 = 𝑖 _
𝑅1 +𝑅2
1 𝑅1 𝑅2 1
• 𝑖2 = 𝑣 =𝑖
𝑅2 𝑅1 +𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑅1
• 𝑖2 = 𝑖
𝑅1 +𝑅2
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