The Fibonacci sequence is named after its discoverer “Leonardo Pisano Bogollo”,

The book of Bogollo is Liber abaci

Fibonacci sequence - is an array of numbers that given two terms, the next term is determined by
adding the given terms
fn = fn – 1 + fn – 2

Ex: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610

GOLDEN RATIO – also known as phi (ⱷ), the ratio of consecutives Fibonacci numbers in the sequence
tend to approach Phi as the number het large.
-value of golden ratio is 1.618
- Harmony and balance

TYPES OF PATTERNS

 SYMMETRY - Butterfly wings, snowflake, starfish

 Trees/Fractals - tree branch, river networks
 Spiral -snails, tails
 Foam - mass of bubbles.
 Tessellation - honeycomb, fish scales
 Meanders - river , snakes
 Waves/dunes - ocean waves, dessert dunes
 Cracks - ground cracks
 Spots/Stripes - zebra, leopard

Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in natural world. This pattern

 BIOLOGICAL CONTRROL
 ECOLOGICAL CONTROL
 PHYSICAL CONTROL
 MATHEMATICAL CONTROL

Characteristics of the language of mathematics

PRECISE (able to make very fine distinctions)

CONCISE (able to say things briefly
POWERFUL (able to express complex thoughts with relative ease)
LANGUAGE
- Is a system of symbols used by humans to express themselves. It can be spoken, signed, or
written.

NOUN
- Is a word that names a person, place, thing, or animal in a sentence.

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION

- Is mathematical analogue of an English noun, a group of number or variable with or without

mathematical operation.

MATHEMATICAL SENTENCE
- Is an analogue of an English sentence, a complete thougth and makes a statemaent about
the expression, using either numbers, variables, or a combination of both which is separated
by an equal.

Expression
Ex: 10 , 3 + 7, 2/3

Sentence
Ex: 7 + 3 = 10

SETS
- Is a well-defined set means that it is possible to determine whether an object belongs to a
given set or not.

Real numbers – includes all the rational or rational numbers.

Rational numbers – any number that can be expressed as a fraction

Irrational – the sets of numbers whose decimal representations are neither terminating nor repeating.

Whole numbers – this is the set of all natural or counting numbers plus zero ( 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, …)

Integers - includes all the whole numbers and all negative numbers.

Natural numbers – also called counting numbers or all the positive integer. ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, …)
STATEMENTS
- A proposition is a declarative sentence which is either true or false

COMPOUND STATEMENT
- It is a statement that conveys two or more ideas.
- Formed by connecting simple statements with the connective end, or, if-then, if and only if.

NEGATION
- the logical opposite of a statement
- Negation of p denoted by ~ p is the statement (not p).
Ex:
“Today is Friday”
To negate this statement, introduce not into the sentence.
The negation is : “today is not Friday”

CONJUNCTION
- The compound statement formed by connecting statements with the word and is called a
conjunction.
Ex: “it is after 5 P.M. and they are not working”

DISJUNCTION “V”

- When the connective or appears, it means the inclusive or.

- if p and q represent two simple statements, then the compound statement “p and q”
means p or q or both.
- The compound statement formed by connecting statements with the word “or” is called a
disjunction.
Ex:
“the boll receives majority approval or the bill does not become a law “
In symbol, this statement is p v ~q

QUANTIFIERS
- Are words expression, or phrases that indicate the number of elements that a statemen
pertains to.
-
UNIVERSAL QUANTIFIERS
-it indicates that all the elements of given set satisfy a property. “use for all” or “given
any” and represent by Ɐ.

EXISTENTIAL QUANTIFIERS
 - it indicates that at least one element exist that satisfies a certain property. Use “there
exist” “at least one” or “for some” and represented by ⱻ.

INDUCTIVE REASONING
- The type of reasoning that forms a conclusion based on the examination of specific
examples is called inductive reasoning.
- Specific to general
- It can be done through the following:
 Observation
 Number sampling
 Analogical reasoning
 Pattern recognition
 Casual reasoning
 Statistical reasoning

Ex:
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
- Each successive number is 2 larger than the preceding number.

25, 27, 30, 34, 39, 45

- The first two numbers differ by 2. The second and the third numbers differ by 3. It appears
that the difference between any two numbers is always 1 more than the preceding
difference.

DEDUCTIVE REASONING

- Is the kind of reasoning in which, roughly, the truth of the input propositions (the premises)
logically guarantees the truth of the output propositions (the conclusion), provided that no
mistakes has been made in the reasoning.
- Deductive reasoning contrast with inductive reasoning, the kind of reasoning in which the
truth of the premises need not to guarantee the truth of the conclusion.
- General to specific

INTUITION

- Mathematical intuition is coming across a problem, glancing at it, and using your logical
instinct to pull out an answer without asking further questions.

PROOF

- Define a statement to be true in a quantitative measure using logical reasoning shows a

statement to be true using definitions, theorems, and postulates.
 Different types of proofs:

 Direct proof
 Proof by contradiction
 Proof by induction

CERTANTY

- The quality of being reliably true

- Mathematical knowledge consists of those mathematical propositions that are objectively
warranted as true or logically valid, hence, can be claimed to be known.