Grammar Walkthrough

Subject-Verb Agreement: This fundamental grammar rule is consistently tested,

with questions focusing on singular and plural subjects, verb tenses, and agreement
between subjects and verbs in complex sentences.
Pronoun Usage: Proper pronoun usage, including subject pronouns, object
pronouns, possessive pronouns, and reflexive pronouns, is another frequently tested
area. Questions assess pronoun case, agreement with antecedents, and pronoun
placement in sentences.
Verb Tenses: Understanding and applying verb tenses accurately is crucial for
Penalaran Bahasa Inggris. Questions test the correct usage of past, present, and
future tenses, as well as verb tenses in conditional sentences and reported speech.
Adjective and Adverb Usage: The proper use of adjectives and adverbs to modify
nouns and verbs is often tested in Penalaran Bahasa Inggris. Questions assess
adjective placement, comparative and superlative forms, and the distinction between
adjectives and adverbs.
Preposition Usage: Prepositions play a vital role in connecting words and phrases
within sentences. Questions test the correct usage of prepositions to indicate
location, time, direction, and other relationships.
Modal Verbs: Modal verbs, such as can, could, may, might, should, and would, are
frequently tested in Penalaran Bahasa Inggris. Questions assess the correct usage
of modal verbs to express ability, possibility, obligation, and permission.
Relative Clauses: Relative clauses, also known as adjective clauses, are often used
to modify nouns. Questions test the ability to form and use relative clauses correctly,
including identifying the appropriate relative pronouns and constructing grammatically
sound clauses.
Gerunds and Infinitives: Gerunds (verbs used as nouns) and infinitives (verbs used
as nouns or adjectives) are frequently tested in Penalaran Bahasa Inggris. Questions
assess the correct usage of gerunds and infinitives in various sentence structures.
Simplified Summary :
Tenses
● Simple Tenses
○ Present Simple: Habits, facts, and general truths.
■ Subject + verb (base form) (e.g., She eats breakfast at 7 am.)
○ Past Simple: Completed actions in the past.
■ Subject + verb (past tense) (e.g., They traveled to Europe last
summer.)
○ Future Simple: Actions that will happen in the future.
■ Subject + will/shall + verb (base form) (e.g., I will visit my friend next
week.)
● Continuous Tenses:
○ Present Continuous: Actions happening now or around now.
■ Subject + be (am/is/are) + verb (+ing) (e.g., We are watching a
movie.)
○ Past Continuous: Actions happening at a specific time in the past.
■ Subject + was/were + verb (+ing) (e.g., She was working when I
called.)
○ Future Continuous: Actions that will be ongoing at a specific time in the future.
■ Subject + will be + verb (+ing) (e.g., They will be studying at 5pm.)
● Perfect Tenses:
○ Present Perfect: Actions completed at some unspecified time before now, with
a connection to the present.
■ Subject + has/have + past participle (e.g., I have eaten lunch already.)
○ Past Perfect: Actions completed before another past action.
■ Subject + had + past participle (e.g., By the time I arrived, they had
already left.)
○ Future Perfect: Actions that will be completed before another future action.
■ Subject + will have + past participle (e.g., She will have graduated by
next year.)
● Perfect Continuous Tenses:
○ Present Perfect Continuous: Actions that began in the past and continue up to
the present.
■ Subject + has/have been + verb (+ing) (e.g., They have been
working on this project for weeks.)
○ Past Perfect Continuous: Actions that began in the past, continued for a
while, and ended before another past action.
■ Subject + had been + verb (+ing) (e.g., She had been studying for
hours before the exam.)
Pronoun
Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns in a sentence. They help us avoid
repetition and make our sentences flow more smoothly. There are seven main types of
pronouns:
● Subject Pronouns: These pronouns act as the subject of the sentence, performing
the action. (e.g., I, you, he, she, it, we, they)
● Object Pronouns: These pronouns receive the action of the verb. (e.g., me, you,
him, her, it, us, them)
 ● Possessive Pronouns: These pronouns show ownership. (e.g., mine, yours, his,
hers, its, ours, theirs)
● Reflexive Pronouns: These pronouns refer back to the subject, emphasizing the
action is done to oneself. (e.g., myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, themselves)
● Demonstrative Pronouns: These pronouns point to specific things. (e.g., this, that,
these, those)
● Interrogative Pronouns: These pronouns are used to ask questions. (e.g., who,
what, which, whom, whose)
● Indefinite Pronouns: These pronouns refer to unspecified things or amounts. (e.g.,
someone, something, everything, everyone, many, any)
Contoh Penggunaanya :
● Subject Pronoun : She sings beautifully.
● Object Pronoun : The teacher gave the book to him.
● Possessive Pronoun : My book is on the table.
● Reflexive Pronoun : She hurt herself.
● Demonstrative Pronoun : This is the answer I was looking for.
● Interrogative Pronoun : Who wants pizza?
● Indefinite Pronoun : Everyone brought a dish to the party.

Conditional Sentences
● Zero Conditional: These sentences express general truths or scientific facts, and
don't rely on specific conditions.
○ (If + present simple, present simple)
○ Example: If you mix oil and water, they separate. (A fact or truth)
● First Conditional: These sentences discuss potential future situations based on a
realistic condition.
○ (If + present simple, will/can + base verb)
○ Example: If you study tonight, you can pass the exam tomorrow. (Ada
kemungkinan terjadi berdasarkan keadaan yang sama-sama realistik)
● Second Conditional: These sentences explore hypothetical situations that are
unlikely in the present but grammatically possible.
○ (If + past simple, would/could + base verb)
○ Example: If I knew French, I could get a job at that company. (Situasi dimana
tidak mungkin namun secara grammar bisa terjadi.Subject usually don’t)
● Third Conditional: These sentences deal with situations that did not happen in the
past because of a different past condition.
○ (If + past perfect, would have + past participle)
○ Example: If I had studied harder last semester, I would have gotten a better
grade. (Kedua kejadian telah berlalu. Menjelaskan situasi yang tidak terjadi)

Verb Phrases
● Simple Verb Phrase (Main Verb Only): Focuses on present understanding
● Verb Phrase with Helping Verb (Tense): She has been studying for the exam
all week. (Highlights continuous action in the past)
● Verb Phrase with Modifier (Adverb): They walked slowly down the path. (Adds
detail about the manner of walking)
 ● Verb Phrase with Infinitive: I hope to travel the world someday. (Uses infinitive
to travel to express hope)
Conjunctions
● Coordinating Conjunction (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) (FANBOYS)
○ Connecting Words: They bought both milk and eggs.
(menghubungkan 2 nouns)
○ Connecting Phrases: She enjoys reading or watching movies.
(menghubungkan 2 verb phrases)
○ Connecting Independent Clauses: I studied hard, so I aced the test.
(Connects two independent clauses - consequence)
○ Connecting Independent Clauses (Contrast): He likes coffee, but she
prefers tea. (Menghubungkan 2 klausa independent - contrast)
● Subordinating Conjunction
Subordinating
Function Example Sentence
Conjunction
● I got a good grade because I studied hard.
because, since, ● Since it's raining, the game is canceled.
Cause & Effect as ● She smiled as she opened her birthday present.
● Although I was nervous, I gave a good presentation.
although, even ● Even though we lost the game, we played well.
Contrast though, while ● We had fun while we were waiting in line.
● When the teacher arrived, the class quieted down.
● After I finish my homework, I can watch TV.
when, after, ● Before you leave, please turn off the lights.
before, until, as ● Until we meet again, take care.
Time soon as ● As soon as the phone rings, answer it.
● If you study regularly, you will succeed.
if, unless, ● I won't go swimming unless the weather gets warmer.
Condition provided that ● Provided that you listen carefully, you will understand the instructions.
● She whispered how a secret should be kept.
Manner how, as if ● He danced as if nobody was watching.
● Go where the wind takes you.
Place where, wherever ● Wherever you go, remember to call home.

Preposition

Category Preposition Example Sentence

The pen is in the box. (Inside container)
The presentation is on the screen. (Displayed on surface)
The meeting starts at 9 am. (Specific time)
in, on, at, under,
over, above, below, My phone is under the pillow. (Covered by something)
Position
beside, between, The bird is flying over the trees. (Higher than something)
behind, in front of
The trophy is above the fireplace. (Located higher)
The basement is below the ground floor. (Located lower)
 Sit beside me. (Next to something)
The answer is between options A and B. (Located in the middle)
The museum is behind the library. (Located at the back)
The stage is in front of the audience. (Located at the forefront)
She is walking to school. (Moving towards a destination)
The train arrived from London. (Point of origin)
They ran towards the beach. (Moving in a certain direction)
to, from, towards, He jumped into the swimming pool. (Entering something)
Direction into, out of, across,
through, along They walked out of the building. (Exiting something)
We traveled across the country. (Moving from one side to another)
The car drove through the tunnel. (Passing entirely within something)
Walk along the river. (Moving parallel to something)
The class starts at 8 am. (Specific time)
In December, it's usually cold. (Month)
The test is on Friday. (Day of the week)
I studied for two hours. (Duration)
at, in, on, for, since,
Time during, before, Since I woke up, I've been busy. (Starting from a point in time)
after, until
We played games during the break. (Within a period)
Before the exam, I will review my notes. (Prior to something)
We'll meet after work. (Following something)
Wait until the teacher arrives. (Up to a specific point in time)
She solved the problem by following the instructions. (Means of achieving
something)
by, with, without, I wrote the essay with a pen. (Using an instrument)
Manner
according to
He can't go to the party without an invitation. (Lack of something)
We did the experiment according to the instructions. (Following a method)

Modal Verbs
Modal Verb Meaning Example Sentence
Can Ability (present) I can speak English fluently.
Could Ability (past) When I was younger, I could run very fast.
May Permission (asking politely) May I use your calculator for the exam?
Might Possibility (low degree) It might rain later today, so bring an umbrella.
Must Obligation (strong) You must study hard to succeed in UTBK.
Should Advice You should review your notes before the test.
Would Habit (past) He would always finish his homework before playing games.
Will Prediction The lecture will start at 9 am sharp.
 Relative Pronouns, Main Clause and Relative Clauses

Relative
Refers to Function Example Sentence
Pronoun
People (singular or The student who gets the highest score will win
Who plural) Defines a noun (person) the scholarship.
Defines a noun (person) The professor whom we admire is giving a lecture
People (objective case)
Whom in the objective case today.
Possession (people or
Whose things) Indicates possession. I have a friend whose mum is a doctor.
Defines a noun (thing or The course which focuses on grammar is most
Things or animals
Which animal) helpful for exam preparation.
Let's go to a theme park where there are lots of
Places
Where Defines a place. rollercoasters.
The day when the results are announced is
Time
When Defines a time. approaching.
The reason why I chose this university is its
Reason
Why Defines a reason. strong academic reputation.
That (Less People, things, or Less common than The book that I borrowed from the library is
Common) animals who/which missing (can also be a non-defining clause).
Exercise
Practice - Tenses

Choose the answer that best completes 6. They _________ their vacation
the sentence! photos yet.
1. She _________ a novel when the a. haven't printed (present
doorbell rang. perfect)
a. writes b. don't print (present simple)
b. is writing c. printed (simple past)
c. has written d. are printing (present
d. had written continuous)
e. was writing e. will print (simple future)
2. By the time the train arrives, I 7. She _________ the news every
_________ my homework. morning before work.
a. will do a. watches
b. am going to do b. is watching
c. will have done c. has watched
d. have done d. watched
e. had done e. will watch
3. He _________ English for five 8. We _________ to the movies next
years before he moved to Canada. weekend if the weather is nice.
a. studied a. go
b. has studied b. are going
c. had been studying c. have gone
d. was studying d. went
e. will study e. will be going
4. If I had known you were coming, I 9. By the time I get home, my brother
_________ dinner _________ dinner.
a. would cook a. cooks
b. cooked b. is cooking
c. will cook c. will have cooked
d. would have cooked d. had cooked
e. had cooked e. has cooked
5. _________ you ever been to 10. If we leave now, we _________ the
Thailand? rush hour traffic
a. Do a. miss
b. Are b. are missing
c. Have c. will miss
d. Had d. missed
e. Does e. would miss

11. The news article states that the government _________ a new environmental policy
by next year. However, critics argue that this timeline is unrealistic and the policy
_________ be implemented sooner
a. will introduce / could have been
b. has introduced / should be
c. had introduced / needs to be
 d. introduces / will be able to be
e. is introducing / might be

12. A historical fiction novel opens with a scene describing a character who _________
a letter by candlelight. As the story progresses, the narrative shifts to the present day,
where a historian _________ through the same letter, analyzes its contents.
a. was writing / researches
b. wrote / is researching
c. had written / has researched
d. writes / will research
e. has written / researched

13. A scientific report claims that a new material _________ invented that can withstand
extreme temperatures. However, upon further investigation, it is revealed that the
material _________ already existed for several years under a different name.
a. has been / did
b. was / had
c. will be / has
d. is being / does
e. had been / was

14. An advertisement for a fitness program reads, "By the end of the program, you
_________ ten pounds and _________ more confident about your body."
a. will lose / will feel
b. lose / feel
c. have lost / felt
d. are losing / are feeling
e. had lost / would feel

15. A literary critic argues that a famous author's writing style _________ changed
significantly over their career. In their early works, the author _________ focus on
character development, while later works prioritize plot twists.
a. must have / tends to
b. has / would
c. had / used to
d. will be / needs to
e. is / can

Adjective and Adverb

1. The teacher spoke very ____ to
the students who were 2. The boy ran ____ to catch the bus.
misbehaving. a. fast
a. softly b. faster
b. softly c. fastest
c. soft d. more fast
d. softer e. most fast
e. more soft
3. The woman was ____ dressed for 7. The scientist worked ____ to find a
the formal event. cure for the disease.
a. beautifully a. tirelessly
b. beauty b. tire
c. beautiful c. tired
d. more beautiful d. tiredness
e. most beautiful e. tried
4. The painting is ____ than I 8. The students were ____ excited
expected about the upcoming field trip.
a. more beautiful a. extremely
b. most beautiful b. extreme
c. beautifully c. extremism
d. beauty d. exceedingly
e. beautiful e. moreover
5. The car drove ____ through the 9. The speaker delivered his speech
city streets ____ and confidently.
a. slow a. clearly
b. slowly b. clear
c. slower c. clarity
d. slowest d. clarification
e. more slow e. more clarity
6. The singer's voice was ____ clear 10. The chef prepared the meal ____
and melodious. according to the recipe.
a. extremely a. carefully
b. extreme b. care
c. extremism c. caring
d. exceedingly d. carefully
e. most extreme e. most careful

11. The novel's intricate plot and a. uninspired

_____characters made it a b. groundbreaking
captivating read. c. conventional
a. one-dimensional d. repetitive
b. well-developed e. controversial
c. monotonous 14. The _____ performance of the
d. superficial orchestra left the audience in awe.
e. outdated a. mediocre
12. The _____architecture of the b. captivating
ancient city reflected its rich c. disappointing
cultural heritage. d. unremarkable
a. modern e. contemporary
b. outdated 15. The ______ natural beauty of the
c. timeless landscape was a sight to behold.
d. contemporary a. artificial
e. bland b. breathtaking
13. The scientist's _____research led c. ordinary
to groundbreaking discoveries in d. man-made
the field of medicine. e. plain