ENGLISH GRAMMAR

A. PARTS OF SPEECH
1. NOUN
Nouns: Words that name people, places, things, or ideas.
Person Place Thing
President School Animal
Teacher Restaurant Car
Doctor Hospital Building
Student Market Chair
Etc. Library Clothes
Post office Stone
Swimming Book
pool Etc.
House
Etc.
Examples: Nouns in a sentence,
 I’ve never read that book.
 Ella lives in France.
 The band played only new songs.
Other types of nouns include countable and uncountable nouns, concrete nouns, abstract nouns,
and gerunds.
Note Proper nouns (e.g., “New York”) are always capitalized. Common nouns (e.g., “city”) are
only capitalized when they’re used at the start of a sentence.

2. VERB
A verb is a word that describes an action (e.g., “jump”), occurrence (e.g., “become”), or state of being
(e.g., “exist”). Verbs indicate what the subject of a sentence is doing. Every complete sentence must
contain at least one verb.
Example :
 The dog jumps to the mud.
 They become the best actors in the film.
 Dinosaur doesn’t exist now.

Verbs can change form depending on subject (e.g., first person singular), tense (e.g., simple
past), mood (e.g., interrogative), and voice (e.g., passive voice).
Regular verbs are verbs whose simple past and past participle are formed by adding“-ed” to the end of
the word (or “-d” if the word already ends in “e”). Irregular verbs are verbs whose simple past and past
participles are formed in some other way.
(see “Tenses”)

Types of verbs.
Ordinary Auxiliary Linking
Verb Verb Verb
 Eat Do/does/did Is/am/are
Drink Have/has/had Was/were
Swim Will/would Be/been
Talk Can/could Appear
Sleep May/might Seem
Throw Must Look
Kick Shall/Should Feel
Write Have to/had Taste
to Hear
Examples: Regular and irregular verbs
 “Will you check if this book is in stock?”
 “I’ve already checked twice.”
 “I heard that you used to sing.”
 “Yes! I sang in a choir for 10 years.”

3. ADJECTIVE
Words that describe or modify nouns and pronouns, providing more detail.
Human Shape Size Color
character
Humble Oval Big White
Honest Circle Small Black
Kind Sphere Slim Ivory
Patient Square Fat Light blue
Rude Triangle Narrow Violate
Naughty Rectangle Wide Grey
Selfish Etc. Etc. Green
Tender Etc.
Etc.

An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun. Adjectives can be attributive, appearing before
a noun (e.g., “a red hat”), or predicative, appearing after a noun with the use of a linking verb like “to
be” (e.g., “the hat is red”).
Adjectives can also have a comparative function. Comparative adjectives compare two or more
things. Superlative adjectives describe something as having the most or least of a specific characteristic.

Adjective Positive Comparative Superlative

Big As big as Bigger The biggest
Lazy As lazy as Lazier The laziest
Happy As happy as Happier The happiest
Comfortable As comfortable as More comfortable The most comfortable
Beautiful As beautiful as More beautiful The most beautiful
Diligent As diligent as More diligent The most diligent

Examples: Adjectives in a sentence

  The dog is bigger than the cat.
 He is the laziest person I know

4. ADVERB
Words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, often ending in "-ly." They describe how, when,
where, or to what extent something happens.

Examples: Adverbs in a sentence

 Ray acted rudely.
 Talia writes quite quickly.
 Let’s go outside!

5. PREPOSITION
Words that show the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence, often
indicating location, direction, or time.
On Among From
Above Near Since
Over Around Because
Under Through And
Beside After But
In front of Before To
Behind About
In Without
Inside During
Outside Until
At Away
Between For

6. CONJUNCTION
 A conjunction is a word used to connect different parts of a sentence (e.g., words, phrases, or clauses).
The main types of conjunctions are coordinating conjunctions (used to connect items that are
grammatically equal), subordinating conjunctions (used to introduce a dependent clause), and correlative
conjunctions (used in pairs to join grammatically equal parts of a sentence).

Coordinating Subordinatin Correlative conjunction

Conjunction g
Conjunction
And Because Not only … but also
Also After Either … or
Then Since Neither … nor …
So Although Both … and …
While
Examples: Conjunctions in a sentence
Coordinating Conjunctions
These connect words, phrases, or independent clauses that are of equal importance.
 I bought apples and oranges.
 She wanted to go out, but it started raining.
 Would you like tea or coffee?
 I was tired, so I went to bed early.
 She is young, yet very wise.
 Daria likes swimming and hiking.

Subordinating Conjunctions
These connect a dependent clause to an independent clause, showing a relationship such as cause and
effect, time, or condition.
 I stayed home because it was raining.
 You can choose what movie we watch because I chose the last time.
 She passed the exam although she didn’t study much.
 We’ll go to the park if it stops raining.
 I’ve been happier since I started meditating.
 Call me when you get home.
 You can’t leave unless you finish your homework.
 She was reading while he cooked dinner.

Correlative Conjunctions
These are pairs of conjunctions that work together.
 He neither drinks nor smokes.
 You can either call me or send me a text.
 She is neither tired nor hungry.
 He is both smart and hardworking.
 She is not only a great singer but also a talented dancer.
 We can either go out for dinner or go to the theater.

7. INTERJECTION
 Words or phrases that express strong emotions or reactions, often standing alone. Examples: wow, ouch,
hey.
Types of interjections include volitive interjections (used to make a demand or request), emotive
interjections (used to express a feeling or reaction), cognitive interjections (used to indicate thoughts),
and greetings and parting words (used at the beginning and end of a conversation).
Examples: Interjections in a sentence
 Psst. What time is it?
 Ouch! I hurt my arm.
 I’m, um, not sure.
 Hey! How are you doing?

8. PERSONAL PRONOUN
Words that replace nouns to avoid repetition.

Examples: Pronouns in a sentence

 I don’t really know her.
 That is a horrible painting!
 Who owns the nice car?

Let’s sing.
I bring my book for me myself because the book is mine.
You bring your book for you yourself because the book is yours.
We bring our book for us ourselves because the book is ours.
They bring their book for them their selves because the book is theirs.
She brings her book for her herself because the book is hers.
He brings his book for him himself because the book is his.

B. TENSES
 Verbal sentence :

Nominal sentence
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
Past I am happy I am being happy I have been happy I have been being
happy
Present I was happy I was being happy I had been happy I had been being
happy
Future I will be happy - - -

Tenses shows time signal of an event, that is present, past, and future.
TENSES
Present Past Future
To be : is, am, are To be : was, were Will + be + Noun/Adj.
To be + going + to + be +
Noun/Adj.
Verb : Verb 1, Verb –s/es Verb : Verb2/-ed Will + Verb1
To be + going + to + Verb1
Auxiliary verbs: do, does Auxiliary verb: did -
Note: Auxiliary Verbs are used in negative and interrogative sentence. If the sentence already use an
auxiliary verb, so the sentence uses “base verb.”
Every time signal of tenses has four forms. They are simple, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous.
PATTERN
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
= sederhana = sedang terjadi = telah terjadi = telah sedang terjadi
S + TO BE S + TO BE + VERB- S + HAS/HAVE/HAD + VERB3- S + HAS/HAVE/HAD +
ING ED BEEN + VERB-ING
S + VERB S + HAS/HAVE/HAD + BEEN +
N/ADJ
Note: S = Subject
Time signal
Tenses Time signal
Present Everyday, every morning, today, etc.
Past Yesterday, last week, last year, etc.
Future Tomorrow, next month, next week,
etc.

Let’s sing.
Irregular verb.
Simple present I sing a song
Present continuous I am singing a song
Present perfect I have sang a song
Present perfect continuous I have been singing a song
Simple past I sang a song
Past continuous I was singing a song
Past perfect I had sang a song
Past perfect continuous I had been singing a song

Regular verb.
Simple present I open the door
Present continuous I am opening the door
Present perfect I have opened the door
Present perfect continuous I have been opening the door
Simple past I opened the door
Past continuous I was opening the door
Past perfect I had opened the door
Past perfect continuous I had been opening the door