Electrical Load

1
Characteristics
Week 3 and 4
 The Nature of Loads

The load that an individual customer or a group of
2 customers presents to the distribution system is constantly
changing.

Every time a light bulb or an electrical appliance is
switched on or off, the load seen by the distribution feeder
changes.

In order to describe the changing load, the following terms
are defined;

5.9 4.1
3.4
8 5 Residential
Residential
12 43 Industrial Industrial
16.4
Govenrmental 50.7 Govenrmental

5 commercial commercial
19.3 other
other
27
Agricultural Agricultural

2014/2015 electricity 2011/2012 electricity

pattern in Egypt pattern in Egypt
Daily load curve (daily demand variation) ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬

3 ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ أﻧﻮاع اﻷﺣﻤﺎل ﺗﻐﯿﺮا‬

Load demand (pu-peak)

Peak demand

Average demand =
0.254

Peak load= peak

demand= maximum
load
Definitions Peak load is considered peak if it has
been available for more than 15 min
according to standards
4

1. Demand ‫اﻟﺣﻣل اﻟﻣطﻠوب‬

“Load at receiving terminal averaged over a specific period of
time”

Load can be kW, kVA, or A

Must include the time interval which may range from 15
minutes to 24 hours

To calculate the average demand, area under curve is
calculated

2. Maximum Demand ‫أﻗﺻﻲ ﺣﻣل‬

Greatest of all demands that occur during a specific time

Must include demand interval, period, and units
3. Average load Demand ‫ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻷﺣﻣﺎل‬

Load demand (pu-peak)

Average
demand = 0.254

The average demand of a load curve in kW equals

 ‫إﺳﺘﮫﻼك اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﮫﺮﺑﯿﺔ و‬

 = ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪد ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻹﺳﺘﮫﻼك‬
 ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺎﺗﻮرة= اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬
W: is the electrical energy consumption in period of T hrs

T: is the periodic time in hours (=24 hrs for daily load curve & 8760
hrs for annual load curve)
 4. Load Factor ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣل اﻟﺣﻣل‬
6
Defined as “the ratio of the average demand to the
maximum demand”

Indicates how well the utility’s facilities are being
utilized

From utility stand point, optimal LF would be 1.0
(system consumption approaches the maximum).

Is reflected on the electricity bill
    Pav
 = LF =
     Pmax

Used after system is

designed and affects the
price of kwh The bigger
value the
better
 5. Demand Factor ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﺮة ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﯿﻪ‬

Demand factor is the ratio of the maximum demand of a system to
7 the total connected load (maximum demand when all are used)

For example, a large industry might have a connected load of 20
MW, but if only 75% of its electrical equipment is operating, the
demand factor would be only 75% of maximum.

It gives the fractional amount of some quantity being used relative to
the maximum amount that could be used by the same system

‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﮫﻼك اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﮫﻠﻚ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻣﺘﺼﻼ‬

Thus the demand factor is usually less than one. The lower the
demand factor, the less system capacity required to serve the
connected load
‫ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ وھﻮ اﻋﻠﻰ‬
     ‫طﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﮫﻼﻛﮫﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﯿﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
 = ‫ﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬
     

The smaller 3000 ‫ اﻧﺎ اﻛﺘﺮ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺑﺴﺘﮫﻠﻜﮫﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﯿﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻌﺪاد‬:‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬
value the 6000 ‫ﺑﺲ ﻋﻨﺪي اﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
better
 Residential load
8 calculations- Saudi
code

At 50m2 apartment, the

contactor will design a 8
kVA (CB will be selected
based on this value) BUT
electricity company sees
this load as 4 kVA,
meaning that the
demand factor is 0.5
9

Commercial load
calculations- Saudi
Arabia code
Case study:
A building in Saudi Arabia contains an illumination panel board that
10
feeds 5 residential apartments, 200 m2 each and also feeds 3
commercial shops, 100 m2 each. Calculate the estimated load from
the electrical designer (contractor) point of view and from the
electrical utility point of view.
Using the data for Saudi Arabia load calculation for residential and
commercial buildings. For a 200 m2 residential apartment, estimated load is
32kVA, but from utility point of view the load is 16 kVA (DF=0.5). For
commercial buildings 100 m2, the estimated load is 22 kVA while based on
utility calculations its 13.2 kVA. Thus the total load for the whole building can
be calculated as follows:
1- Electrical designer from contracto point of view (where cables and circuit
breakers will be calculated) and using the Saudi Arabia code:
(5*32)+(3*22)= 226 kVA

2- Electrical designer from utility point of view (for sizing the distribution
transformer feeding the area):
(5*16)+(3*13.2)= 119.6 kVA
 6. Diversified Demand ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ‬

11
Sum of demands imposed by a group of loads over a

particular period

Must include demand interval, period, and units

Example: the 15-minute diversified kW demand in the period
ending at 9:30PM was 200 kW

‫ ﻣﺜﻼ‬،‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻹﺳﺘﮫﻼك‬
‫ﺣﻤﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ و ﺣﻤﻞ ﺳﻜﻨﻲ و ﺣﻤﻞ ﺗﺠﺎري‬

There is diversity between each apartment and another, and
also between each load in the apartment

24-hour demand curve for 24-hour demand curve for 24-hour demand curve for
Customer #1. Customer #2. Customer #3.
 7. Diversity Factor/ Simultaneity Factor (Ks) ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ أو اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ‬

12

Ratio of the maximum non-coincident demand to the maximum
diversified demand ( the inverse of Factor of simultaneity (ks)).

For a quantitative measure of the inherent diversity of
individual load peaks a diversity factor is defined as
∑
 !
 
 .  = Pmax T

 

Greater the diversity factor, Pmax 1 Pmax 2

lesser is the cost of generation
of power.

Term “simultaneity” is
used by some and
!
means and is
"#.$
thus higher than 1
 7. Diversity Factor ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ أو اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ‬
13
Elements of System Diversity Factors
Residential Commercial General Large
Power Industrial

Between individual users 2.00 1.46 1.45

Between transformers 1.30 1.30 1.35 1.05

Between feeders 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.05

Between substations 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
From users to transformers 2.00 1.46 1.44

From users to feeder 2.60 1.90 1.95 1.15

From users to substation 3.00 2.18 2.24 1.32

From users to generating station 3.29 2.40 2.46 1.45

According to IEC standard

The residential load has the highest diversity factor. Industrial loads have
low diversity factors usually of 1.4, street light practically unity and other
loads vary between these limits.
 7. Diversity Factor ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ أو اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ‬
14
Number of circuits Diversity Apartment Diversity
Factor (ks) Factor (ks)
Assemblies entirely tested 2 0.9 2 To 4 1
and 3 5To 19 0.78
4 and 5 0.8 10To 14 0.63
15To 19 0.53
6 to 9 0.7 20To 24 0.49
25To 29 0.46
10 and more 0.6 30 To 34 0.44
35 To 39 0.42
Assemblies partially tested in 1 40To 40 0.41
every case choose 50 To Above 0.40
According to IEC standard According to IEC standard
for distribution switchboards for an apartment block
 Residential
8. Maximum Diversified Demand Peak
Industrial

Maximum of the sum of the peak
15
demands imposed by a group
of loads over a particular
period
Peak of

Must include demand interval, system
period, and units

Diversity factor changes according to

social standard, number of customers,
equipment's used…..etc

The greater
value the
better
9. Utilization Factor

The time that an equipment is in use divided by the total time
16that it could be in use.

In normal operating conditions the power consumption of a load

is sometimes less than that indicated as its nominal power rating,
a fairly common occurrence that justifies the application of an
utilization factor (ku) in the estimation of realistic values.

The motor may only be used for eight hours a day, 50 weeks a
year. The hours of operation would then be 2000 hours, and the
motor Utilization factor for a base of 8760 hours per year would
be 2000/8760 = 22.83%. With a base of 2000 hours per year, the
motor Utilization factor would be 100%. The bottom line is that the
use factor is applied to get the correct number of hours that the
motor is in use.

. In an industrial installation this factor is estimated on an average
at 0.75 for motors.

For incandescent-lighting loads, the factor always equals 1.

For socket-outlet circuits, the factors depend on the type of
appliances being supplied from the sockets concerned.
 Connected loads for high load density apartment
building 200m2
17
Connected loads Connected Loads

Load Type Specifications Unit load Total Load

L1 Lighting and general use 30 VA/m2 6000 W

‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﺨﻔﯿﻔﺔ‬
receptacles used for desk lamp, TV, (Area=200 m2) (P.F≈1)
radio cassette, etc.

L2 Vacuum cleaner 1000 W 2600 W

(Small appliance Refrigerator Small 500 W
‫ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺮك ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
circuits) oven toaster 600 W
‫ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ‬6 ‫ﻛﻞ‬
Kitchen-machine 500W

L3 Full-automatic washing machine 2500 W 10000 W

Dishwasher 2500 W
‫ﺣﻤﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج‬
‫ﺑﺮﻳﺰه ﺧﺎﺻﺔ واﺧﺬ‬ (Fixed appliance Oil deep frying 2000 W
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ‬ circuits) Water heater 2000 W
Ironing 1000 W

L4 Electric cooker 1500 W 1500 W

L5 Two air-conditioning units each rated ≈3500 VA 7000 VA
3.5 HP (Cold & Hot) (each)

Categorized according to IEC

 18

Residential Load
estimated values that
are typically used in
Egypt
IEC recommendations for estimating the diversified peak demand of
residential building consists of multi-dwelling units are:
19

Illumination: 50% of total connected load.

Small appliance circuits: 100% of rated load for maximum outlet wattage in
the circuit plus 40% of the total connected loads of other outlets in the circuit.

Fixed appliance circuits & Fixed electric ranges: 100% of rated load of
largest equipment plus 50% for rated load for the 1st equipment following the
largest one plus 33% for the 2nd equipment following the largest load plus
20% of total connected load of other equipment.

Electric water heaters: 100% of rated load of largest equipment plus
100% for rated load for the 1st equipment following the largest one plus
25% of total connected load of other equipment.

Air-conditioning units: 100% of total connected load in all cases.
This way of calculating the DF is per standard and does NOT depend on
social category or environment
Applying IEC recommendations for the connected loads of the high load
density apartment building gives:
20
L1 = 0.5×6000 = 3000 W

L2 = 1000 + 0.4×(500+600+500) = 1640 W

L3 = 2500 + 0.5×2500 + 0.33×2000 + 0.2×(2000+1000) = 5010 W

L4 = 1500 W

L5 = 7000 W

Pmax = 3000 + 1640 + 5010 + 1500 + 7000 = 18150 W

Σ connected load demands = 6000+2600+10000+1500+7000 = 27100 W

18150
DF = = 0.67 Very common value in residential buildings
27100 The more the equipment, the lower the DF
 21

Demand factor
calculation as per IEC
standard and as used
in Egypt for all types of
building
 Summary of Terms

22
•Diversity factors are used by utilities for distribution transformer sizing
and load predictions. Commonly used with loads that are different
among each other
Div factor ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﯿﻦ اﺣﻤﺎل ذات طﺒﯿﻌﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

•Demand factors are more conservative and are used by NEC

for service and feeder sizing.

Demand factor ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﯿﻦ اﺣﻤﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﻮع‬

•Demand factors and diversity factors are used in design. Load factor
is calculated after system is being designed and is in operation and is
used for determining the overall cost per unit generated.

Load factor indicates how efficiently the customer is using peak

demand
Project:
Perform a load study for the following USING EGYPTIAN CODE:
1- Total luminaires (for illumination) total 15000 W
23
2- Electrical sockets: rated 2A each, 30 circuits (each circuit consists of 6 sockets)
3- Electrical equipment:
a- Garage door with 1.2 hp motor (0.895 kW)
b- Trade mill, 1400 watt
c- 7 air conditioning units:
i- 2 unit each rated 3.5 hp (2.6 kW)
ii- 3 units each rated 2.5 hp (1.9 kW)
iii- 2 units each rated 2 hp (1.5 kW)
4- Cooking equipment:
a- electric cooker rated 6000 W
b- 2 small electrical cookers each rated 2000 W
c- electric heater rated 1200 W
5- Water pumps operating with electric motors:
a- water pumping each rated 1.6 kW
c- water irrigation each rated 2.8 kW
d- basement pumps each rated 0.6 kW
6- Water heaters:
a- 2 heaters continuously working each rated 3 kW
b- 1 heater continuously working each rated 2 kW
c- 1 heater for kitchen each rated 6 kW
d- Jackoozy heater each rated 5 kW
e- Sawna heater each rated 4 kW
Assume 1 hp= 746 W, heating load pf= 1, inductive load pf= 0.85, rated voltage 220V
‫)اﺗﺰان اﻻﺣﻤﺎل ( ‪Phase Balance‬‬

‫‪ .1‬اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ اﺗﺰان اﻻﺣﻤﺎل ھﻮ ﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرب ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺜﻼث ﻓﯿﺰات و ھﺬا ﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﻓﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﺄ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﻨﮫﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
25
How to calculate and apply load study
on a group of apartments

To make necessary calculations for the apartment
cable and DB for an apartment:

Each apartment will follow the exact same
way that was explained in the previous slides
using the IEC standards

To make necessary calculations for the floor cable
and DB for a group of apartments ??

Follow the same as for a single apartment, but
in this case treat each apartment as a load

Are there other ways???? YES THERE ARE

Electrical Load Estimation: NON industrial loads
26
1. Lighting and Illumination: Includes indoor and outdoor
lighting. This includes normal and emergency lighting
2. Small appliances: general purpose sockets and office
appliances, TV and refrigeration
3. Space conditioning: heating and air conditioning
4. Water pumping, sewage, fire fighting and water heaters
5. Light loads: Alarms and telephones
6. Dynamic loads: Lifts and elevators
Electrical Load Estimation: Industrial loads
27
1. Heavy load
2. Light load
3. Moderate load
Requires a bit of information about the type of load
Load estimation is based on experience and
occupancy per m2 (per area). This stage is very
important in licensing, estimation of
appropriate transformer, and sizing of space
required for the electrical components
1- General lighting loads according to occupancy:

28

• Illumination represents from 20-50% of

total electrical load
• Ranges from 2 W/m2 as in storage
spaces to 50 W/m2 as in stadiums and
varies according to the standard used.
• The range for W/m2 has changed over
the years due to the use of energy NEC 220.14

saving lamps.

Kuwait code
2- General Purpose Sockets
• Many methods are used, for example
29 • it is estimated that each socket can carry
up to 180 VA
• Or each socket carries 1.5 A
• Or using tables according to the load
itself as in the table below
• Generally, we can say that each socket must
tolerate 100 W, unless the socket is designed for NEC
a specific load such as 500 W for an electric
water heater socket.
• The number of general purpose sockets
connected on one radial is between 2-5
connected in a ring form
• The presence of range is due to electronic and
computer load increase in recent years NEC
 2- General Purpose Sockets
30
• This type of load increases with time, for example in the past it was
20 W/m2 then this number increased to 50 W/m2

Place Approximate load W/m2

Office/ meeting rooms/ 30-50
houses
Shops 60-40
classrooms 20-10
kitchens 2-6 circuits (each 20A)
Kuwait
 3- General Purpose Appliances ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
31
• They are appliances for general use like lifts, water pumps, stairs
lighting.
• This type of load is selected by the mechanical engineer. The
typical value for the lifts are 15-25 kW depending on the building
height and number of users. Typical values for water pumps are
5kW.
4- General air conditioning loads according to occupancy

32

Load
Type of occupancy
VA/m2
Bank 70
Department store 30 – 50
Hotel 60
Office building 60
Restaurant 80
Small shop 40 – 120
Telephone exchange 70 – 80

IEC standard
4- General air conditioning loads according to occupancy

33

Application
Residential 65 W/m2
Offices 70 W/m2
Shops 90 W/m2
Big malls 80 W/m2
Worship places 120 W/m2
Schools 100 W/m2
Public spaces 145 W/m2

Kuwait standard for central air conditioning

MEW/R-6
 Electrical load characteristics
34

Utilities supply a broad range of loads, from rural areas with load densities of
10 kVA/m2 to urban areas with 300 kVA/m2.

Some typical load density values are as follows,
For buildings:
- Lighting 10 – 25 W/m2
- Air conditioning 1 – 3 kW/equipment
- Office buildings 100 W/m2, 2 kVA per workplace
- Lifts 10 – 50 kVA / lift
- Hotels 3 – 4 kVA / room
 Electrical load characteristics
35

For industrial and trading centers:

- Repair workshops, automatic lathes,
weaving and spinning mills, 50 – 100 kW/mil2
- Machine tool manufacture,
mechanical workshops and welding plants,70–300 kW/mil2
- Press shops, hardening,
steel smelting and rolling mills, 200 – 500 kW/mil2
 Load Calculation (Egypt)
36

VA / m2 is used in buildings that do not exceed 15 floors according to
table 1 and for more than 15 floors according to table 2

Less than 15 story building

kVA /m2
Commercial Residential
12-6 Low ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬ 1.5-2
Medium standard 2.5-4
High standard‫اﺳﻜﺎن ﻓﺎﺧﺮ‬ 8-10

More than 15 story building

kVA /m2
Commercial Residential
12 8-10
 Demand factor- A different perspective
37 ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬
• As mentioned earlier, since not all “lamps” will operate at the same
time. This means that our demand is not 100% and hence the term
“demand factor” is being utilized.
• Demand factors differ depending on the type of load, and
depends on the building type (residential, commercial…etc)
• Typical demand factors for residential illumination= 90% and for
general purpose sockets is 20%. DF differs from one country to
another
 Demand factor for different types of load
38
(Excluding air conditioning and space heating)
Demand
Type of load
Factor
Cinemas 0.7 – 0.9
Shops 0.5
Theaters 0.6 – 0.8
Lifts
Two 0.95
Four 0.85
Hospitals
Kitchen 0.6
Lifts 1.0
Laundry 0.6
Sterilization 0.4
Medical equipment 0.6
Industry
Lighting 1.0
General purpose equipment 0.4
Semi-continuous operations: paper mills, refineries, rubber, etc. 0.6
Continuous operations: textile mills, chemicals etc. 0.9
Welding
Arc welders
100% loading time 1.0
80% 0.9
60% 0.8
40% 0.65
20% 0.5
Resistance welders
50% loading time 0.75
30% 0.55
15% 0.4
≤ 5% 0.22
 Projects – Week 5
39

• Perform load calculation for a typical

mosque/church whose area is 500 m2
• Perform load calculation for a
residential building of 12 apartments,
each apartment is 150 m2

Indicate which code will you be using, hand

written calculations with clear mathematical
workout and steps