STPES

EEM 111
Credits: 3

Elective for M. Tech I Semester EPES

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS
• CONNECTED LOAD
It is the sum of continuous ratings of all the equipment connected to
supply system.
Usage: It is used in electrical system design and analysis to determine
the capacity of transformers, cables, circuit breakers, and other
equipment. The connected load represents the theoretical maximum
demand if all connected devices operated at full capacity
simultaneously.

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Applications of Connected Load
• In Residential Buildings: • Renewable Energy Systems:
• Load Balancing • Solar and Wind Systems
• System Safety • Battery Sizing

• In Commercial and Industrial

Facilities:
• Equipment Sizing
• Demand Management
• Cost Management

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Demand

• Load averaged over a specific period of time

Load can be kW, kVar, kVA, or VA

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Applications of Demand
• Demand Management
• Demand Forecasting
• Tariff Structuring
• Energy Audits

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Demand factor.
• The value of demand factor is usually less than 1.
• It is expected because maximum demand on the power station is
generally less than the connected load.
• If the maximum demand on the power station is 80 MW and the
connected load is 100 MW, then demand factor = 80/100 = 0·8

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Importance of Demand Factor
• Capacity Planning
Assists in determining the size of transformers, generators, circuit
breakers, and cables needed for a system.
Prevents oversizing, which can lead to higher costs, or undersizing,
which can cause failures.

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Example of Demand Factor Application
Scenario
• A residential complex has a total connected load of 100 kW, but the
maximum demand during peak usage is observed to be 70 kW.

• Insights:
Only 70% of the connected load is actually used during peak times,
meaning equipment can be sized based on this realistic usage rather
than the full connected load.
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Load factor
• The ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a given
period is known as load factor

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Example of Load Factor Application
• A factory consumes 72,000 kWh in a month. Its maximum demand during
the month is 200 kW. The total hours in the month are 30 days × 24 hours
= 720 hours.

• Insights:
A 50% load factor indicates that the factory's average load is only half of its
maximum demand. This suggests underutilization of the system during
certain periods.
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Diversity Factor
• The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands to the
maximum demand on power station is known as diversity factor.

• There is diversification in the individual maximum demands i.e., the

maximum demand of some consumers may occur at one time while
that of others at some other time. Hence, the name diversity factor.
• The greater the diversity factor, the lesser is the cost of generation
of power

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• Greater diversity factor means lesser maximum demand. This in turn
means that lesser plant capacity is required. Thus, the capital
investment on the plant is reduced.

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• Insights from the Example
1.Why is the Diversity Factor High?
1. The non-simultaneous operation of loads in different sections contributes to
the higher diversity factor. For example:
1. Offices may have peak loads during working hours, while the food court and
entertainment zones peak in the evening.
2. Retail stores may have moderate, consistent loads throughout the day.
2.System Design Implications:
1. Instead of designing the main feeder for the total sum of maximum demands
(115 kW), it can be sized for the actual maximum demand (80 kW), saving
costs on equipment like cables and transformers.
3.Efficiency Gains:
1. The higher diversity factor ensures that the electrical infrastructure is neither
underutilized nor oversized.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF LOADS

➢A device which taps electrical energy from the electric power

system is called a load on the system.
➢The load may be resistive (e.g., electric lamp), inductive (e.g.,
induction motor), capacitive or some combination of them.
➢The various types of loads on the power system are

❖Residential Loads
❖Commercial Loads
❖Agricultural Loads
❖Industrial Loads
Residential Loads/ Domestic Loads
Residential Loads or Domestic load consists of lights, fans,
refrigerators, heaters, television, small motors for pumping water
etc. Most of the residential load occurs only for some hours during
the day (i.e., 24 hours) e.g., lighting load occurs during night time
and domestic appliance load occurs for only a few hours. For this
reason, the load factor is low (10% to 12%).
Municipal load: Municipal load consists of street lighting,
power required for water supply and drainage purposes. Street
lighting load is practically constant throughout the hours of the
night. For water supply, water is pumped to overhead tanks by
pumps driven by electric motors. Pumping is carried out during
the off-peak period, usually occurring during the night. This
helps to improve the load factor of the power system.

Traction load: This type of load includes tram cars, railways

etc. This class of load has wide variation. During the morning
hour, it reaches peak value because people have to go to their
work place. After morning hours, the load starts decreasing and
again rises during evening since the people start coming to their
homes.
Industrial Loads

Industrial load consists of load demand by industries. The

magnitude of industrial load depends upon the type of industry.
Thus small scale industry requires load upto 25 kW, medium scale
industry between 25kW and 100 kW and large-scale industry
requires load above 500 kW. Industrial loads are generally not
weather dependent.
Agricultural Loads/ Irrigation Loads

This type of load is the electric power needed for pumps driven by
motors to supply water to fields. Generally this type of load is
supplied for 12 hours.
Commercial Loads
Commercial load consists of lighting for shops, fans and electric
appliances used in restaurants etc. This class of load occurs for
more hours during the day as compared to the domestic load. The
commercial load has seasonal variations due to the extensive use
of airconditioners and space heaters.