SECOND TERM E - NOTES

CLASS: BASIC FIVE

SUBJECT: AGRIC SCIENCE

WEEK TOPIC
1. HOW TO RAISE CROPS
2. PROCEDURE FOR RAISING FARM CROPS
3. RAISING SCHOOL FARM
4. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTION
5. ANIMAL PRODUCTION
6. CARE OF ANIMALS
7. SPECIC NEEDS OF YOUNG ANIMALS FOR
HEALTHY GROWTH
8. SPECIC NEEDS OF YOUNG ANIMALS
CONT.
9. EFFECTS OF LACK OF CARE ON FARM
ANIMALS
10. REVISION

Class:- Basic 5
Subject:- Agricultural Science
Week:- 2
Topic: How to raise crops
Behavioral objective:- At the end of the lesson the pupils
should be able to:-
1. Differentiate between field crop and cereals
2. State the procedures for raising field crop and cereals
Instructional material/Reference material:- Learn Africa Basic
Agricultural Science UBE edition for primary school book 5
Building Background /connection to prior knowledge :
Students are familiar with the various examples of field crop
Content
HOW TO RAISE CROPS
EXAMPLES OF FIELD CROPS
1. Cereals - rice, maize, millet, corn
2. Legumes - beans, cowpea, soya beans
3. Tubers - examples are yam/cassava
PROCEDURE FIR RAISING FIELD CROPS
How to raise legume crops
In the country, the most common legume crops grown are
cowpeas, soya beans, bambara nuts and groundnuts.
Legumes are generally rich in protein. Groundnut is also
rich in fat and oil. Legume crops grow well on sandy loam
soil and under an average rainfall of 500 –1 000 ml.
Land clearing
Vegetation is cleared off the land to be planted. The cut
vegetation is packed and burnt. The land has to be cleared of
bush either by tractor or by human labor. After clearing, it
is better to leave the dead leaves, stems and roots to decay on
the soil. Do not burn the remains of the plants so as not to
destroy the soil.
Planting
Legumes are planted on ridges or flats. Only good seeds are
selected for sowing.
This is carried out at the beginning of the rainy season.
Weeding
The first weeding is done with hoes about three weeks after
germination. A second or third weeding may be done by
hand picking.
Tilling and stumping
The soil is plough and stumps are removed. Stumps are
uprooted and
Packed away Land for growing legume crops requires light
tillage. Animal traction maybe used for making ridges.
Tractors or hoes May also be used.
Ridges and mounds making
This is done by heaping to soil into a row. Ridging is good
for better crop yield. Ridging soften the soil. It brings
nutrients closer to the plant roots.
Fertilizer application
In the cultivation of legumes, fertilizer is usually not applied.
However, where necessary, fertilizer is applied after the first
weeding is done, that is, about three weeks after
germination. Fertilizer may be applied in ring form or in
holes.
Harvesting
It is the pods which legumes produce that are harvested.
Harvesting is done when the pods are mature and dry.
Harvested pods are sundried and shelled to release the seeds.
Processing and preservation
Shelled or threshed legume seeds are separated from the
pods by winnowing. The seeds are dried again in the sun to
reduce the moisture content. They are then packed in metal
or plastic containers or in jute bags. They are also treated
with
Chemical to prevent weevil attack.
HOW TO RAISE CEREAL
How to raise cereal crops
The cereal crops commonly grown in Nigeria are maize, rice,
sorghum, millet and guinea corn. These crops feed and grow
mainly on the top soil because of their fibrous shallow root
system.
Let us now go through the processes of raising cereal crops.
Evaluation:-
1. List four cereal crops
2. List four legume crops
3. List three tuber crops
4. Explain the following procedures for raising field crops
(a) Land clearing -
(b) Tilling and stumping -
(c) Ridges and mounds making -

Class:- Basic 5
Subject:- Agricultural Science
Week:- 3
Topic: Procedure for raising farm crops
Behavioral objective:- At the end of the lesson the pupils
should be able to:-
1. States the procedures for raising farm crop
Instructional material/Reference material:- Learn Africa Basic
Agricultural Science UBE edition for primary school book 5
Building Background /connection to prior knowledge :
Students are familiar with the various examples of field crop
Content
PROCEDURE FOR RAISING FARM CROPS
Procedure for raising farm crops
(i). land clearing
(ii). Tilling/Stumping
(iii). Ridge/mound
(iv). Making
(v). Planting in rows with spaces between plants
(vi). Regular weeding
(vii). Fertilizing
(viii). Harvesting
(ix). Processing/preservation
(x). Storage
(xi). Marketing
1. PLANTING
Planting can be on ridges or mounds or beds. A spacing of
20-50cm is kept for ridges. Also a spacing of 40-100cm is
kept between one crop and the other. The actual spacing
depends of crops and the season of planting. Spacing makes
weeding easy, makes manuring easy and prevents
overcrowding of plants thereby allowing the plants to access
sunlight.

Planting can be through:

1. Sowing seeds: grain crops are usually grown by sowing
their seeds in ridges or beds or on a flat land. Examples are
soya bean, maize, and groundnut.
2. Stem cutting: field crops like cassava are produced by
planting some parts of their stems.
3. Tuber seeds: some field crops like yam and cocoyam
are raised by planting small parts of the tuber called tuber
seeds.
Land clearing
Cereal crops grow well on land with low forest growth. Land
for planting is cleared of shrubs, weed sand grass. Cut
materials are packed and burnt. The land is now ready for
stumping and tillage.
Stumping
This is the removal of tree stumps to make farming
operations easy. Stumps are removed with hoes, cutlasses,
pick axes or graders.
Tilling
This is the breaking or loosening of the soil to provide a
favorable condition for planting of crops. This will make it
easy for air and water to enter the soil. Tilling can be done
using a cutlass, hoe, spade, fork or rake.
Ridge/mound making
This is the moving of the soil in to straight ridges, or heaping
of the soil in to mounds. For a small area of land, e.g. the
school farm, the land is marked out with pegs and ropes
before the ridges are made. Ridges and mounds are usually
made with a hoe. Few rains of the year. Correct planting
spacing issued on the beds for sowing the seeds about 5cm
deep. Seeds are planted at the sides of the mounds or
ridges. Rice is usually planted on flats. Two or three grains
are dropped into one hole and covered with soil. The grains
germinate in about five days.
Weeding
Weeding is carried out about three weeks after planting.
During weeding, ridges or mounds that may have been
washed off, a real so remolded. Weeding may be repeated
after four weeks.
Fertilizer application
Fertilizer is applied to the crop after weeding. The
application may be in a ring form, in holes or by
broadcasting, depending on the type of cereal planted. The
application may be repeated after four weeks.
Harvesting
Some cereals produce flowers about two months after
planting. They produce mature grains about one month
after. Cereals like maize can be harvested green for food.
Planting
Cereals are grown through grains or seeds only good grains.
Processing and preservation
Cereals like rice, sorghum and guinea corn are threshed
after harvesting. The pure grains are removed by
winnowing. Maize cobs are shelled to remove the grains.
Evaluation:-
1. Explain how crops can be planted
2. Explain the processes involved in planting
3. What are seed tubers used for?

Class:- Basic 5
Subject:- Agricultural Science
Week:- 4
Topic: Raising school farm
Behavioral objective:- At the end of the lesson the pupils
should be able to:-
1. explain the meaning of school farm
2. States the procedures for preparing a school farm
Instructional material/Reference material:- Learn Africa Basic
Agricultural Science UBE edition for primary school book 5
Building Background /connection to prior knowledge:
Students have been to their school farm
Content
RAISING SCHOOL FARM
A school farm is a small farm for growing crops like cassava,
maize, millet etc. It is usually located at the backyard of the
school.
WAYS OF PREPARING A SCHOOL FARM
1. Land clearing
The land has to be cleared of bush by hand by using cutlass,
hoes, shovels, etc. After clearing the land, it is better to leave
the dead leaves, stems and roots to decay into the soil (the
serves as manure)
2. Manuring
Manure is applied to the farm land and mixed together with
the soil to make it fertile.
3. Weeding
After planting and the crops are growing, we should
constantly remove weeds from the farm. This can be done by
the use of hoe or by spraying with weed killer.
4. Fencing
The school farm is fenced to prevent pests/animals like rats,
goats, bats etc from entering inside the farm and destroying
crops

Raise school farm (practical)

(i). Prepare materials for planting
(ii). Prepare the land for planting using farm tools
(iii). Participate in the planting of crops
(iv). Care for the farm
Evaluationv:-
1. Explain the meaning of a school farm
2. List four crops grown on a school farm
3. Explain the following
(a) Land clearing -
 (b) Manuring -
(c) Fencing -
(d) Weeding -

Class:- Basic 5
Subject:- Agricultural Science
Week:- 5
Topic: General requirements for livestock production
Behavioral objective:- At the end of the lesson the pupils
should be able to:-
1. Explain the meaning of livestock production
2. State types of animal houses
Instructional material/Reference material:- Learn Africa Basic
Agricultural Science UBE edition for primary school book 5
Building Background /connection to prior knowledge :
Students understand that animals are also known as livestock.
Content
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTION
Livestock production (animal husbandry) is another
farming activity apart from crop plant farming. It can also
be called animal farming.
Things that are needed for successful livestock production
are:
1. Housing
2. Food
3. Care of farm animals
HOUSING
Housing is a major requirement for livestock production.
Even animals that are allowed to move about should still
have a farm house. Animal houses are necessary to protect
them from rain, sun, wind, parasites, thieves, predators etc
TYPES OF ANIMAL HOUSES
1. Cage: this is used for rearing chicken. It could be made
of bamboo, wood or wire mesh.
2. Brooder: brooder is used for rearing chicks
3. Hutch: this is a small wooden cage for rearing rabbits
and guinea pigs

Evaluation:-
1. Explain the meaning of livestock production
2. What are the things necessary for livestock production
3. Why are animal houses necessary?
4. List three types of animal houses
Class:- Basic 5
Subject:- Agricultural Science
Week:- 6
Topic: Animal production - How to raise livestock
Behavioral objective:- At the end of the lesson the pupils
should be able to:-
1. Explain how to care for sick animal
2. State the steps in raising livestock
Instructional material/Reference material:- Learn Africa Basic
Agricultural Science UBE edition for primary school book 5
Building Background /connection to prior knowledge :
Students have learnt about the general requirement for
livestock production.
Content
ANIMAL PRODUCTION - HOW TO RAISE LIVESTOCK
Growing animals should receive adequate medical treatment
to protect them from diseases and pests.
A veterinary doctor should visit the farm regularly to
observe the animals for any symptom. Those that are sick
should be given adequate medication by:
(a) Mixing drugs with feeds,
(b) Injecting animals,
(c) Mixing drugs with drinking water,
(d) Spraying animals with pesticides
A CLEAN FARM ENVIRONMENT
A clean farm environment is necessary for the prevention of
diseases. This is achieved by:
1. Having good animal houses,
2. Keeping the animal houses clean,
3. Disinfecting the animal houses regularly
4. Cleaning the drinking and feeding troughs daily.
Steps in raising farm animals
There are many steps involved in raising farm animals, right
from when they are young, till when they are old or mature
and are ready for marketing. These steps can be generally
grouped into housing, feeding, health care and handling for
marketing.
Procedure for raising cattle
Cattle are large farm animals with or without (big) horns
which are reared for milk and meat. They are mostly found
in the northern part of the country. They are raised using
the following procedure:
Health management
Cattle pens should be cleaned regularly. Feed troughs should
be emptied and cleaned before fresh feed is added. Water
troughs should be washed daily and clean fresh water
supplied. Old beddings should be removed and replaced
with fresh ones. Veterinary doctors should be invited
regularly for routine health check and care of animals. Ticks
and other ectoparasites should be removed occasionally
from the animals by dipping them in appropriate chemical.
Sick animals should be isolated and dead ones removed from
the pen for burial.
Marketing
Mature cattle should be sold alive in the field. They may be
transported in vehicles or made to trek to distant markets in
other parts of the country for sale. Mature cattle are also
slaughtered in abattoirs and sold for beef. Stocking Weaned
calves should be purchased for rearing. Farmers usually
purchase more female calves than male calves in order to
increase the opportunity of getting many young animals in
future for the herd.
Housing
Cattle require little housing facilities. They are kept mostly
in the open field to graze and rest under the shade of trees.
Rearers move them from one place to another in search of
pasture. This is known as the nomadic system of cattle
rearing.
Milking and nursing cows require some form of housing or
shelter. The house should be well ventilated and have
sufficient space for the milker and the young ones.
Feeding
Cattle feed more on grasses and legumes in the pastures.
Rearers usually move them around the fields to graze and
drink from streams, lakes or troughs. In some places, cattle
are kept in ranches and grazed in rotation. Concentrates
may be served In addition to the green pastures.
Concentrates are served in feeding troughs at special
locations. Silage and hay/straw is served during the dry
season. Plenty of clean drinking water and salt lick are also
provided for the animals to trek to distant markets in other
parts of the country for sale. Mature cattle are also
slaughtered in abattoirs and sold for beef.
Water Kids and lambs should be supplied with clean
drinking water in troughs in their mothers’ pens.
Housing
Kids and lambs should be made to stay with their mothers in
confinement in their mothers’ pens where they should be fed
with grass, peelings and concentrates. Pens should be kept
clean, dry and warm always.
Medical Water
Kids and lambs should be supplied with clean drinking
water in troughs in their mothers’ pens.
Medication
Veterinary doctors should be called to check the kids and
lambs for good health.
Clean environment
This can be provided in the following ways:
1. Keep the pens clean always and replace used beddings.
2. Clean the feeding and drinking troughs regularly.
3. Keep pasture grass low and fresh
Veterinary doctors should be called to check the kids and
lambs for good health.
Evaluation:-
1. Mention three ways a vet doctor gives farm animals
medication
2. List two ways of cleaning the animal houses

Class:- Basic 5
Subject:- Agricultural Science
Week:- 7
Topic: Care of animals
Behavioral objective:- At the end of the lesson the pupils
should be able to:-
1. Explain how to care for farm animals
Instructional material/Reference material:- Learn Africa Basic
Agricultural Science UBE edition for primary school book 5
Building Background /connection to prior knowledge :
Students have learnt about the importance of caring for farm
animals
Content
CARE OF ANIMALS
Farm animals should be given the best possible care in order
to ensure productivity. Here are some ways of caring for
farm animals:
1. Farm animals should always be given balanced ration
of feeds.
2. They should be pre
3. Animals against diseases by the use of vaccines.
4. Veterinary offices should always be invited to visit
farms to advise farmers on how to take good care of their
animals.
Care of farm animals
Farm animals require good care and health for growth, and
this can be provided through the following practices:
cleaning animal environment, animal inspection and food
hygiene.
Cleaning animal environment
The environment where animals live should be kept clean
always. Bushy areas should be cleared, pens should be
swept,
Evaluation:-
Give four ways of caring for farm animals
(a) _________________________________________
(b) _________________________________________
(c) __________________________________________
(d) __________________________________________
Class:- Basic 5
Subject:- Agricultural Science
Week:- 8 and 9
Topic: Specific requirement of young animals for healthy
growth.
Behavioral objective:- At the end of the lesson the pupils
should be able to:-
1. List the main requirement for the growh of young animals
2. Explain how to care for young animals
Instructional material/Reference material:- Learn Africa Basic
Agricultural Science UBE edition for primary school book 5
Building Background /connection to prior knowledge :
Students have learnt the importance of animal care in the
previous lesson
Content
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENT OF YOUNG ANIMALS FOR
HEALTHY GROWTH
The three main requirements for the growth of young
animals are:
1. Housing
2. Feeding
3. Health care
1. Housing: housing is a major requirement for livestock
production. Houses protect them from wind, rain and sun.
Housing needs of sheep and goats Sheep and goats require
cheap houses or shelter which is c unalled pens. The houses
usually have low walls to provide cover for the animals at
night. The roofs may be covered with iron sheets or grass.
However, grass houses or pens are better because they are
cooler in hot weather. Sheep and goats require sufficient
space for free movement, and they perform better under
such condition. Housing needs of pigs
2. Animal food: Animal foods are called feeds. Feeds contain
nutrients (water, proteins, vitamins etc). Feeds can be mixed
in different proportion for a balanced ration. By now, you
know that farm animals can be put into two groups
according to their mode of feeding: ruminants and non
ruminants. Ruminants are animals that feed mostly on
grass. Some of the animals are cattle, sheep and goats.
Non-ruminants feed mostly on the types of food that man
eats. Such animals include pigs and poultry.
3. Health care: livestock should be given adequate health
services to make them work effectively. The person that
takes care of sick animals is known as veterinary doctor.
Clean environment
Keep the environment clean by doing the following:
1. Clean the pens regularly and replace beddings as
necessary.
2. Clean the feeding and drinking troughs.
3. Keep pasture grass low and fresh.
Evaluation:-
1. Who is a veterinary doctor?
2. Explain the following requirements for animal growth:
(a) Housing -
(b) feeding -
(c) Health care -
Class:- Basic 5
Subject:- Agricultural Science
Week:- 10
Topic: Effects of lack of care on farm animals
Behavioral objective:- At the end of the lesson the pupils
should be able to:-
1. Discuss the effect of lack of care on animals
Instructional material/Reference material:- Learn Africa Basic
Agricultural Science UBE edition for primary school book 5
Building Background /connection to prior knowledge :
Students have understood how to care for farm animals
Content
EFFECTS OF LACK OF CARE ON FARM ANIMALS
Farm animals should be given proper care. When proper
care is not given to farm animals they will not function
properly in terms of yield and output.
Below are some of the effects of lack of care on farm animals
1. Body part disorder
2. Leads to sheep scab in sheep
3. Broiler leg disorder in broilers
4. Metabolic diseases
5. Unstable health condition
6. Lack of growth
7. Lack of feeling
 8. Reduction in production performance
9. To death
CARE FOR YOUNG ANIMALS IN THE SCHOOL
1. Always feeding them at the right time
2. Cleaning their house and surrounding to prevent
infection.
3. Providing good bedding for the young animals
4. Providing adequately clean water
5. Treat diseases quickly
6. Treat injury with caution
7. Allow adequate ventilation
8. Ensure the animals remain clean and dry
9. Make use of the right illumination
10. Ensure their waste are remove regularly and safely
11. Pest control should be used to prevent diseases
12. Noise from other animals should be controlled
13. Feed dispensers should be clean always.
Evaluation:-
1. Mention 5 effect of lack of care on the animals
2. Mention 10 ways you can care for the animals in the
school