Answers

Exercise 1A Average speed Exercise 1C Vector diagrams

1 15 m 1 Vector quantities have magnitude and

direction. Scalar quantities have
2 1500 m magnitude only.
3 200 s 2 Vectors – force, velocity, displacement,
acceleration
4 1·5 ms−1
Scalars – speed, distance, mass, time, energy
5 10·9 ms −1
3 60 m north
6 476 ms−1
4 100 m west
7 241 ms −1

5 500 m at 053/53° E of N
8 −1 −1
a Francois: 2·42 ms ; Kilian: 2·39 ms ;
Tim: 2·32 ms−1
6 471·7 m at 148/58° S of E
b 8·7 kmh −1

7 a 1650 m b 1172 m at 320/40° W of N

9 a 08:23 b 07:45

c 08:53 d 09:08 c 3·9 ms−1 d 2·8 ms−1 at 320/40° W of N

10 Measure the distance from the cyclist to the 8 a 15 km b 11·2 km at 063/27° N of E

traffic lights using a measuring tape or trundle
wheel; measure the time taken for the cyclist c 7·5 kmh−1 d 5·6 kmh−1 at 063/27° N of E
to cover this distance using a stopwatch;
calculate average speed using distance/time.
9 17 ms−1 at 332/28° W of N
Exercise 1B Instantaneous speed

1 1 ms−1 10 128 kmh−1 at 219/39° W of S

2 0·95 ms−1 Exercise 2A Drawing and interpreting velocity–

time graphs
3 a 3·16 ms −1

1 a AB – accelerating; BC – constant speed

b Take repeated measurements or use an
electronic timing method. b AB – accelerating; BC – constant speed;
CD – decelerating
4 −1
Car is within the speed limit (19·5 ms ).
c AB – decelerating; BC – constant speed;
5 Measure the length of the card using a
CD – accelerating; DE – decelerating
ruler; record the time taken for the card to
pass through the light beam using the d AB – accelerating; BC – accelerating;
electronic timer; calculate the instantaneous CD – decelerating; DE – stationary;
speed using length of card/time to pass EF – accelerating; FG – constant speed
through light beam.

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 2 a c E nergy is lost in the bounce – maximum
velocity decreases due to energy being
velocity (ms–1)
15
lost to friction/air resistance.
10
4 a Constant deceleration as the ball rises.
5
b C
 onstant acceleration downwards as the
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 ball falls back down from the maximum
time (s) height after 0.5 s.
b 30
c – 10 ms−2
velocity (ms–1)

20 d – 10 ms−2

10 e 1·25 m

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 f 0m
time (s)
c 30 Exercise 3A Acceleration calculations
velocity (ms–1)

20 1  he speed/velocity increases by
T
2 ms−1 every second.
10
2 a 5 ms−1 b 10 ms−1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 c 25 ms−1 d 37·5 ms−1

time (s)
d 3 9·8 ms−2
velocity (ms–1)

15
12 4 11 ms−2

5 5 2 ms−2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 6 2·2 ms−2
time (s)
e 30 7 0·8 ms−2
velocity (ms–1)

23
8 9·9 ms−1

12 9 14·8 s
8
10 a 1·3 ms−2 b 0·67 ms−2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 38
time (s) 11 5·6 s
Exercise 2B Displacement from velocity–
12 M
 easure the length of the card using a ruler;
time graphs
record the time for the card to pass through X;
1 a 400 m b 150 m c 750 m record the time for the card to pass through Y;
use a stopwatch to time how long it takes the
d 850 m e 235 m f 375 m trolley to move between X and Y; calculate the
instantaneous speed at X by using length of
2 a 0·6 s b 31·9 m the card/time to pass through X; calculate the
3 a 0·8 m instantaneous speed at Y by using length of
the card/time to pass through Y; calculate the
b 0 –A: accelerating towards the ground; acceleration using (instantaneous speed at
A–B: in contact with the ground; B–C: Y – instantaneous speed at X)/time on stopwatch.
decelerating to maximum height; C–D:
accelerating towards the ground; D–E: in Exercise 3B Acceleration from velocity–time graphs
contact with the ground; E–F: decelerating 1 a 5 ms−2 b 0·25 ms−2 c 3 ms−2
to maximum height; F–G: accelerating
towards the ground d 1 ms−2 e 2·5 ms−2 f 3·6 ms−2

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 2 a 1·86 ms−2 b 0·75 ms−2 7 a 3·8 ms−2 b 8·0 ms−2

3 2 ms−2 ; 1·8 ms−2 c 1·2 ms−2 d 1·4 ms−2

4 a 2·5 ms−2 b −3·3 ms−2 8 a 10 080 N b 8·6 ms−2

5 1·25 ms−2 ; 7·5 ms−2 ; 1·25 ms−2 9 a 730 000 N b 90 000 N

Exercise 4A Newton’s First Law 10 a 24 N b 92 N

1  n object will remain at rest or continue

A Exercise 4C Weight, mass and Newton’s Second Law
moving at a constant speed in a straight line
1  ass is the amount of matter in an object.
M
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
Weight is the downward force that acts on
2 A, D, E an object due to gravity.

3 a 212 N b 12 N 2 a 147 N b 637 N c 11025 N

c 32 N d 300 N d 4·9 N e 1·96 N f 3·92 × 10−5 N

4 14 N 3 a E arth: 872 N; Jupiter: 2047 N;

Neptune: 979 N; Saturn: 801 N;
5 3 920 000 N Mercury: 329 N
6  he helicopter stays at a constant height
T b T
 he mass of the astronaut is the same on
(vertical position unchanged). Earth as it is on Mars.
7 520 N 4 a 76·5 kg b 32·6 kg c 468·8 kg
8 Section BC 5 9·74 Nkg−1
9  he maximum velocity an object will reach,
T 6 14 040 N
which occurs when the forces acting on the
object are balanced OR Engine force forwards 7 0·11 ms−2
is balanced by frictional force backwards.
8 a 29 400 N b 600 N c 0·2 ms−2
10 T
 he passenger continues moving forwards at a
constant speed (the speed the car was moving 9 2·5 ms−2
at before the collision) until they are acted
10 a 784 N b 5·8 ms−2
upon by an unbalanced force. The unbalanced
force could be provided by the passenger 11 a 0·08 ms−2 b 5880 N c 5928 N
hitting an airbag, steering wheel, etc.
12 a 3·2 ms−2
Exercise 4B Newton’s Second Law
b A
 cceleration of the rocket increases. This
1  n object will accelerate or decelerate
A is because the mass of the fuel decreases,
when acted upon by an unbalanced force. decreasing the weight and therefore
The size of the acceleration or deceleration increasing the unbalanced force. Also,
depends upon the mass of the object. the force of weight decreases as the
2 rocket moves away from the Moon, again
a 10 N right b 21 N right c 12 N right
increasing the unbalanced force and
d 12 N right e 19 N down f 16 N up therefore the acceleration.

3 1500 N c T
 he rocket would not take off on Earth. The
weight of the rocket on Earth is 245 000 N,
4 2N which is greater than the upwards thrust.
5 3·6 ms−2 Exercise 4D Newton’s Third Law
6 33·8 kg 1 F or every action force there is an equal and
opposite reaction force.

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 2 a T
 he force of the bat on the ball and the 6 0·16 kg
force of the ball on the bat.
7 67·2 kg
b T
 he force of the person on the chair and
the force of the chair on the person. 8 2·4 Nkg−1

c T
 he force of the hammer on the nail and 9 a 3·2 × 104 J b 3·2 × 104 J
the force of the nail on the hammer.
10 a 568 N b 9·7 × 103 J c 9·7 × 103 J
d T
 he force of the air pushing away from
the balloon and the force of the balloon Exercise 5C Kinetic energy
pushing away from the air.
1  he energy an object has as the result of
T
3 The force of the rope pulling on the hand. its motion.
4  he statement is false. There is also the
T 2 35 200 J
reaction force of the ground acting on
the feet. 3 4·5 × 107 J
5  he exhaust gases push away from the
T 4 76 kg
rocket. The rocket pushes away from the
exhaust gases with an equal and opposite 5 0·3 kg
force, allowing the rocket to take off.
6 10 ms−1
Exercise 5A Work done
7 9·7 ms−1
1 1 × 104 J
8  otorbike: 40 500 J; car: 74 219 J: therefore
M
2 9660 J
the car has more kinetic energy.
3 2·4 × 105 J
9 108 800 J
4 300 N
10 a 78 ms−1 b 2·7 × 108 J
5 2500 N
Exercise 5D Conservation of energy
6 13·7 km
1 E nergy cannot be created or destroyed, only
7 5·7 × 10−2 transformed from one form into another. In
other words, the total amount of energy
8 3·9 × 104 J before a process is equal to the total
9 4·8 × 104 J amount of energy after a process.

10 a 490 N b 3·9 × 103 J 2 a 1568 J b 1568 J c 19·8 ms−1

11 a 1·44 × 105 J b 8·9°C 3 15·3 ms−1

c Heat energy is lost to the surroundings. 4 2·1 ms−1

Exercise 5B Gravitational potential energy 5 0·8 m

1  he energy an object has due to its mass

T 6 28·9 m
and its position in a gravitational field.
7 a 2·7 × 104 J b 2·7 × 104 J c 9·8 × 103 N
2 2450 J 8 7·35 m
3 1·9 × 10 J7
9 a 1·6 × 103 J b 1·6 × 103 J c 2·5 m
4 56·4 m 10 24 ms−1
5 78·2 m

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 Exercise 6A Projectile motion 10 T
 he weight force acting on the satellite
causes the satellite to have a constant vertical
1  projectile has a constant horizontal
A acceleration towards the Earth/planet. The
velocity and a constant vertical acceleration. satellite is also travelling at a constant speed
horizontally so as it falls towards the Earth/
2 a 45 m b 29·4 ms−1 planet, the Earth/planet also curves away
from the satellite. Therefore the satellite falls
3 a 147 m b 41·2 ms−1 ‘around’ the object rather than falling to
4 the surface.
a 100 m b 420 m c 149·5 m
Exercise 7A Space exploration
5 a 600 m b 4·8 m c 2860 m
1 a An object that orbits a star.
6 a 2000 m b 0m
b A
 n object that resembles a small planet
c 245 ms−1 d 3 × 103 m
but has not cleared its orbit of
7 12·5 m other objects.

8 a 13·7 ms−1 b c An object that orbits a planet.

velocity (ms–1)

5 d The star around which the Earth orbits.

e A small rocky object that orbits a star.

f A
 collection of planets, moons and other
0 1.4 smaller objects that orbit a star.
time (s)
g A
 large ball of gas that generates heat
c 7m d and light.
velocity (ms–1)

13.7 h A planet outside of our solar system.

i A collection of stars.

j All existing matter and space.

0 1.4
time (s) 2  lobal communication, GPS, weather
G
e 9·59 m forecasting, etc.

3 6·7 × 10−3 s
9 a 1·2 m b
velocity (ms–1)

2 4 a 3·8 × 10−2 m b 0·1 s

5 a The time taken to complete one orbit.

b The period increases.

0 0.6
6 a A
 satellite that stays above the same point
time (s)
on the Earth’s surface.
c 5·88 ms−1 d
b 24 hours
velocity (ms–1)

5.88
c 36 000 km

7 a A
 ttaining high velocity by using an ion
drive that delivers a small unbalanced
0 0.6 force over an extended period of time OR
time (s) Using a ‘catapult’ from a fast‐moving
asteroid, moon or planet.
e 1·76 m

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 b U
 sing solar cells with an area that varies 10
with the distance from the Sun.

8 F uel load on take‐off, potential exposure to

Exercise 9A Current, charge and time
radiation, pressure differential, re‐entry
through an atmosphere. 1  he electric charge transferred per
T
unit time.
Exercise 8A Light years

1 2 200 C
The distance travelled by light in one year.

2 3 7200 C
a 9·46 × 1015 m b 3·78 × 1016 m

c 2·55 × 1017 m d 2·65 × 1015 m 4 1·8 A

3 a 3·17 × 10−6 ly b 2008·3 ly 5 0·86 A

c 1·59 × 10−5 ly d 40·5 ly 6 143 s

4 1·44 × 1011 m 7 7500 s

5 1·5 × 1021 m 8 a 4800 C b 3 × 1022

6 4·07 × 1016 m Exercise 9B Alternating and direct current

7 9·46 × 1017 km 1  irect current: charge flows in one

D
direction only; alternating current: charge
8 8 × 1013 s flow changes direction and has a frequency.
9 a 15 000 s b 0·05% 2 a mains supply b batteries
10 a 25 000 s 3 a Y b X
b 7·5 × 109 s Exercise 10A Potential difference
c 2·8 × 10 s 11
1  he energy given to the charge carriers in
T
a circuit.
Exercise 8B The Universe and spectra

1  ll matter in the Universe was contained in

A 2 Positive and negative
a tiny, very dense space and began to
3 a T
 he charges experience a force
expand rapidly outwards.
of repulsion.
2 13·8 (or 14) billion years
b T
 he charges experience a force
3 I t allows astronomers to detect more of attraction.
information from space, e.g. using infra‐red
to see through interstellar dust. 4 a Positive b Negative

4 a continuous spectra b line spectra 5 + + +

beta
5 gamma
a yes b yes c no
− − − alpha
6 Elements B and C

7 Helium and hydrogen Exercise 11A Ohm’s Law

8 Hydrogen and sodium 1 202·5 V

9 Helium and nitrogen 2 2·45 × 10−3 A

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 3 17·2 Ω Exercise 12A Series circuits

4 a 1 10 V

2 a 9·4 V b 1A

3 R1 = 5 V; R2 = 5 V; R3 = 5 V
A
R 4 a I1 = 4 A; I2 = 4 A; V = 3 V

b I1 = 2·2 mA; I2 = 2·2 mA; I3 = 2·2 mA; V = 1·3 V

V

b U
 se the variable power supply to alter the c I1 = 0·5 A; I2 = 0·5 A; I3 = 0·5 A; V = 1·4 V
voltage and take several pairs of readings
from the ammeter and voltmeter. Plot a Exercise 12B Parallel circuits
graph of voltage against current and
1 a I = 0·1 A b I = 1·5 A
calculate the gradient of the line of
best fit. 2 I1 = 0·37 A; I2 = 0·37 A
V
5 a = constant (the resistance R) 3 a 32 V b 12·8 V
I
12 4 a I1 = 0·5 A; I2 = 0·23 A; I3 = 0·27 A; I4 = 0·27 A;
10 I5 = 0·5 A; V1 = 1·6 V; V2 = 1·6 V
8 b I1 = 0·1 A; I2 = 0·1 A; I3 = 0·1 A; I4 = 0·1 A;
Voltage (V)

6 I5 = 0·2 A; V1 = 12 V; V2 = 12 V; V3 = 12 V
4
c I 1 = 0·6 A; I2 = 0·6 A; I3 = 0·6 A; I4 = 1·2 A;
2 V1 = 12 V; V2 = 12 V

0 50 100 150 200 250 5  omponents can be switched on and off

C
Current (mA) independently. If one component breaks
there is still a path for current to pass
b R = 50 Ω
through other components.
6 Resistance increases with temperature.
Exercise 12C Circuit symbols
7 a 10 Ω = 10 V; 10 Ω = 10 V
1 a Cell – supplies electrical energy.
b 3 Ω = 4 V; 6 Ω = 8 V
b B
 attery – made of more than one cell,
c 10 Ω = 0·5 V; 100 Ω = 5·5 V supplies electrical energy.
d 2 Ω = 2 V; 10 Ω = 10 V c L amp – transforms electrical energy to
light and heat energy.
e 4 kΩ = 4 V; 6 kΩ = 6 V
d Switch – can open or close a circuit.
f 10 kΩ = 17·1 V; 4 kΩ = 6·9 V

8 a 20 Ω e Resistor – limits the amount of current.

b 16 Ω f V
 oltmeter – used to measure
potential difference.
c 15 V
g A
 mmeter – used to measure
d V = 12·5 V; VS = 37·5 V electric current.
e V = 18 V; VS = 28·8 V h LED – transforms electrical energy to light.
f V = 7·15 V; VS = 10·35 V i M
 otor – transforms electrical energy to
kinetic energy, sound and heat.

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 j M
 icrophone – transforms sound energy Exercise 12F Transistor switching circuits
to electrical energy.
1  oltage across the thermistor decreases.
V
k L oudspeaker – transforms electrical MOSFET/transistor switches off. Relay switches
energy to sound energy. off, causing the heating element to switch off.
l P
 hotovoltaic cell – transforms light energy 2 L DR resistance decreases, so voltage across
to electrical energy. LDR decreases. Voltage across R increases.
MOSFET/transistor switches on.
m Fuse – breaks the circuit if electrical
current exceeds a certain value. 3 a 0·23 V b 2·25 V
n D
 iode – only allows current flow in c R
 esistance of the LDR increases, so voltage
one direction. across LDR increases. Transistor switches
on. LED switches on.
o Capacitor – stores electric charge.

p T
 hermistor – resistance varies Exercise 13A Power, energy and time
with temperature. 1  he electrical energy transformed
T
q L DR – resistance varies with each second.
light intensity.
2 a 3A b 13 A
r R
 elay – controls the opening and closing
3 1800 W
of circuits using electromagnetism.

2 4 220 000 J
a b
5 2·25 s

6 2200 W

7 1·9 × 106 J
c To act as an electronic switch.
8 a 7·6 × 105 J
Exercise 12D Resistors in series and parallel circuits
b 4·6 × 104 J
1 The total resistance increases.
9 a 2·3 × 106 J
2 a 225 Ω b 4650 Ω
b 1804 s
3 1880 Ω
c 4·3 × 105 J
4 The total resistance decreases.
10 4·3 × 106 J
5 a 10 Ω b 20 Ω c 66·7 Ω
Exercise 13B Power, current and voltage
d 40 Ω e 0·5 kΩ f 272·7 Ω
1 1150 W
6 a 600 Ω b 83·3 Ω c 2·25 × 10 Ω
4

2 0·5 A
Exercise 12E Complex circuits
3 233 V
1 V1 = 4 V; V2 = 2 V; V3 = 6 V
4 256 V
2 a 3·8 A
5 80 W
b 5 Ω: 3·8 A; 10 Ω: 2·1 A; 8 Ω: 1·7 A; 4 Ω: 1·7 A
6 13 A fuse (9·6 A)
c 5 Ω: 19 V; 10 Ω: 21 V; 8 Ω: 13·6 V; 4 Ω: 6·8 V
7 X: 3 W; Y: 1·5 W; 3·4 W
3 6A
8 a 33·6 W b 8·1 × 104 J

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 Exercise 13C Power, current and resistance 6 3·5 kg

1 272 W 7 4·3 kg

2 2·4 × 106 Ω 8 1·9 °C

3 0·57 W 9 99 °C

4 10 A 10 161 s

5 3·6 × 10−4 W 11 83 °C

6 a 0·06 A b 0·72 W 12 31 ms−1

7 a 150 Ω b 0·17 A Exercise 15A Specific latent heat

c 100 Ω = 2·8 W; 50 Ω = 1·4 W 1 a T

 he quantity of heat energy required to
change the state of a unit mass from solid
8 a 4Ω to liquid.
b 4·5 A b T
 he quantity of heat energy required to
change the state of a unit mass from
c 12 Ω = 1·5 A; 6 Ω = 3 A
liquid to gas.
d 12 Ω = 27 W; 6 Ω = 54 W 2 22·6 × 105 J
Exercise 13D Power, voltage and resistance
3 268 kJ
1 441 Ω
4 3·1 kg
2 102 W
5 0·5 kg
3 44·5 V
6 6·4 × 104 J kg−1
4 2·4 Ω
7 6·3 × 106 J kg−1
5 88 W
8 a S
 olid substance increasing
6 335 V in temperature.

7 a 2200 W b 9·9 × 106 J b Solid changing state to liquid.

8 a 41 Ω b 5·7 A c L iquid substance increasing

in temperature.
c 3·12 × 106 J
d Liquid changing state to gas.
Exercise 14A Specific heat capacity
e Gas substance increasing in temperature.
1  he energy required to change the
T
9 6·05 × 106 J
temperature of a unit mass of a substance
by 1°C.
10 a 6·6 × 105 J
2 167 200 J
b 452 kJ
3 811 800 J
c 742 s
4 −1
986 J kg °C −1
d S
 ome heat energy is lost to
5 the surroundings.
800 J kg−1 °C−1

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 thermometer
Exercise 16A Pressure 13

1 Force per unit area.

pressure
2 53·3 Pa gauge

3 3·5 × 106 N

4 0·1 m2
air
5 a 2240 Pa b 1206 Pa water

6 44·4 kPa

7 36·8 kPa Heat water and take readings of pressure at
various temperatures. Plot a graph of
8 294 kPa pressure against temperature in Kelvin.

Exercise 16B Gas laws 14 28·2 litres

1 a 373 K b 473 K c 143 K 15 9·6 × 104 Pa

d 251 K e 0K 16 407 K/134 °C

2 a –173 °C b –263 °C c –246 °C Exercise 17A Waves and energy

d 0 °C e 97 °C 1 Energy

3 18·75 cm3 2 a Longitudinal

4 2·02 × 105 Pa b T
 he particles vibrate in the same
direction as the energy transfer.
5 9·94 × 104 Pa
c Sound waves
6 35·9 litres
3 a Transverse
7 1·8 × 10 Pa
5

b T
 he particles vibrate at 90 degrees to the
8 2·6 × 106 Pa direction of energy transfer.

c Electromagnetic radiation, water waves

9 306 K / 33 °C
4 The number of waves per second.
10 47 cm3
5  he distance between one point on a wave
T
to the same point on the next wave.
11 a 363 K / 90 °C
6 Half the vertical height of a wave.
b A
 s the temperature increases, the
particles move around faster and collide 7  he time taken for one wave to pass a point,
T
with the container walls more frequently measured in seconds.
with greater force. So, to keep the
pressure constant, the volume increases. 8  he distance travelled by a wave in a unit
T
of time.
12 a V = 7 ⋅1 × 10 −4
T
(NB: The V calculation
= 7 ⋅1 × 10 −4 must be done and
T
verified for each pair of results.)
b 0·239 cm3

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 Exercise 17B Wave properties Exercise 17D Speed, frequency, and wavelength
with waves
1 5m
1 1·5 ms−1
2 10 m
2 0·77 m
3 6m
3 2550 Hz
4 1m
4 6 × 1016 Hz
5 a 8m b 0·4 m
5 3m
6 0·45 Hz
6 0·08 m
7 52·8
7 2·5 × 109 Hz
8 6·67 s
8 a 3·1 m b 1·2 s
9 0·02 s
9 0·22 m
10 4 Hz
10 1·2 × 10−3 m
11 a 8 Hz b 0·125 s
Exercise 17E Diffraction
12 a 2 Hz
1  he bending of waves as they move
T
b 0·5 s around obstacles.

c 3m 2 L onger wavelengths (radio) diffract more

than shorter wavelengths (TV).
d Amplitude increases
3 a b
Exercise 17C Speed, distance, time with waves

1 4 ms−1

2 100 m
c d
3 14·7 s

4 10 s

5 a 2040 m b 6·8 × 10−6 s

Exercise 18A The electromagnetic spectrum
6 1·6 × 10 s−4
1  ll radiations are transverse and travel at the
A
7 0·42 m speed of light.

8 0·06 m 2 a Radio waves b Gamma rays

9 0·24 s 3 a, b increasing frequency

Radio Microwaves Visible Ultraviolet X-rays Gamma

Infrared
10 323 m spectrum rays

increasing wavelength

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 4

Signal Sources Detectors Applications

Radio waves Stars, appliances Aerial Communications, radio
and TV
Microwaves Electronic circuits Aerial Satellites, mobile
telephones
Infrared The Sun, warm Black‐bulb Remote control, thermal
objects thermo­meter, charged imaging
­coupled device (CCD)
Visible light Artificial lights, LEDs The retina, LDR Laser eye surgery, optical
fibres
Ultraviolet The Sun, mercury Fluorescent objects, Treating skin conditions,
vapour lamps photographic film detecting forgery
X‐rays Fast-moving electrons Photographic film, Detecting broken bones,
colliding with a metal CCD airport body scanning
target, objects in space
Gamma rays Radioactive decay, GM tube, Killing cancerous cells,
exploding stars photographic film sterilising medical
equipment

5  ed light has the longest wavelength

R 4 a i Q ii T
(700 nm). Blue light has the shortest b
wavelength (400 nm).

Exercise 19A Refraction R

S
Q X
1  he change in speed of a wave as it passes
T T
P
from one medium to another. This change
in speed is sometimes accompanied by a
change in direction.

Exercise 20A Ionising radiation

2
1 A helium nucleus OR 2 protons, 2 neutrons.

2 A fast‐moving electron.

3 A high‐energy electromagnetic wave.

3 a normal
4  he gain (or loss) of an electron from an
T
uncharged atom.
1
1 = angle of incidence 5  he atom becomes a negatively charged or
T
2 2 = angle of reflection positively charged ion.

6  lpha: a few cm; beta: 7−10 cm; gamma:

A
unlimited.
b S
 peed decreases, wavelength decreases,
frequency is unchanged.

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 7  lpha: sheet of paper; beta: a few mm of
A Exercise 20D Equivalent dose
aluminium; gamma: several cm of lead
or concrete. 1 5 × 10−4 Sv

8 Alpha particles. 2 1 × 10−4 Sv

9 Alpha particles and gamma rays. 3 2·5 × 10−5 Sv

10 a B 4 1

b Alpha particles and beta particles. 5 20

Exercise 20B Activity 6 1·45 × 10−6 Gy

1  he number of nuclear disintegrations

T 7 6·5 × 10−3 Gy
per minute.
8 a F ast neutrons: 1·2 × 10−3 Sv; beta particles:
2 Activity decreases. 6 × 10−5 Sv

3 100 Bq b 1·26 × 10−3 Sv

4 1·7 Bq 9 3·5 × 10−5 Sv

5 a 0·5 Bq 10 1·22 × 10−3 Sv

b C
 osmic rays, internal radiation, radon gas, Exercise 20E Equivalent dose rate
medical procedures, soil, building
materials, foods, etc. 1 a 2·2 mSv b 1 mSv c 20 mSv

6 60 × 106 2 18 µSv h−1

7 2100 Bq 3 a 1880 µSv b 235 µSv h−1

8 8·7 × 105 4 4 × 10−10 Sv OR 0.4 nSv

9 1·08 × 1011 5 3·7 s

10 5708 years 6 26 mSv y−1

Exercise 20C Absorbed dose 7 300 Sv

1 0·5 Gy 8  he equivalent dose rate limit is not

T
exceeded (8·8 mSv y−1).
2 2·5 × 10−3 Gy
Exercise 20F Half‐life
3 700 J
1  he time taken for the activity of a
T
4 1·8 × 10−6 J radioactive source to decrease by half.

5 2 × 10−3 Gy 2  sing a GM‐tube, counter and stopwatch,

U
measure the count rate for a fixed time
6 1·8 × 10−2 Gy period. Take several counts at equal
intervals and plot a graph of count rate
7 1·02 × 10−3 kg against time to calculate the half‐life. The
average background count rate should also
8 2·9 × 10−4 kg be measured and then deducted from the
count rate in the presence of
9 Worker A: 2 × 10−3 Gy; worker B: 1·8 × 10−3 Gy
radioactive sources.
10 T
 hey are different types of radiation so 3 a 80 Bq b 40 Bq c 10 Bq
therefore affect the body differently.

63591_P001_014_Answers.indd 13 27/03/18 11:32 AM

 4 80 Bq Exercise 20G Applications of nuclear radiation

5 1·25 kBq 1 E lectricity generation, cancer treatment,

radioactive tracers, medical instrument
6 2 years sterilisation, etc.
7 7·5 hours 2  wo nuclei of smaller mass combine to
T
produce a nucleus of larger mass, releasing
8 15 minutes energy in the process.
9 60 counts per minute 3  he use of a magnetic field to contain the
T
super‐hot plasma so it does not come into
10 352 MBq
contact with the container walls in a
11 a 1 1 fusion reactor.
b 1 c
2 4 256
4  nucleus of large mass splits into two
A
12 a 8 minutes
nuclei of smaller mass, releasing energy in
b 24 minutes the process. Single neutrons are also
produced which go on to produce further
c 40 minutes fission and cause a chain reaction.

13 September 25th at 9 am 5  eutrons released by one decaying isotope

N
go on to cause others to decay. They in turn
14 3·5 days release more neutrons, causing even more
isotopes to decay.
15 4 hours

63591_P001_014_Answers.indd 14 27/03/18 11:32 AM