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The Natural Logarithmic Function (Integration)

This document discusses properties and applications of the natural logarithmic function, including its definition, differentiation rules, integration using the log rule, properties of natural logarithms, finding domains of logarithmic functions, graphing logarithmic functions, and comparing the growth of logarithmic and root functions.

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Desinta Putri Nuraini
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14 views18 pages

The Natural Logarithmic Function (Integration)

This document discusses properties and applications of the natural logarithmic function, including its definition, differentiation rules, integration using the log rule, properties of natural logarithms, finding domains of logarithmic functions, graphing logarithmic functions, and comparing the growth of logarithmic and root functions.

Uploaded by

Desinta Putri Nuraini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Natural Logarithmic Function:

Integration
Log Rule for Integration
The differentiation rules
and

produce the following integration rule.

Because the second formula can also be written as:


Example 1– Using the Log Rule for Integration

Because x2 cannot be negative, the absolute value


notation is unnecessary in the final form of the
antiderivative.
Log Rule for Integration
Integrals to which the Log Rule can be applied often
appear in disguised form. For instance, when a rational
function has a numerator of degree greater than or
equal to that of the denominator, division may reveal a
form to which you can apply the Log Rule.

This is shown in Example 2.


Example 2 – Using Long Division Before Integrating
Find the indefinite integral.

Solution:
Begin by using long division to rewrite the integrand.

Now you can integrate to obtain


Check this result by differentiating to obtain the
original integrand.
Log Rule for Integration
The following are guidelines you can use for integration.
Example 3 – u-Substitution and the Log Rule
Solve the differential equation

Solution:
The solution can be written as an indefinite integral.

Because the integrand is a quotient whose denominator is raised to the


first power, you should try the Log Rule.
There are three basic choices for u. The choices u = x and u = x ln x fail to fit the
u'/u form of the Log Rule.

However, the third choice does fit. Letting u = lnx produces u' = 1/x, and you
obtain the following.

So, the solution is:


PROPERTIES OF NATURAL LOGARITHMS

It is also helpful to realise that:

ln e x =x
Example 4 – Using Properties of Natural Algorithm

Use the properties of natural logarithms to rewrite each expression.

a. b. eln 5 c. 4 ln 1 d. 2 ln e

Solution:
a. = ln e–1 = –1 Inverse Property

b. e ln 5 = 5 Inverse Property

c. 4 ln 1= 4(0) = 0 Property 1

d. 2 ln e = 2(1) = 2 Property 2
Example 5 – Finding the Domains of Logarithmic Functions

Find the domain of each function.


a. f(x) = ln(x – 2) b. g(x) = ln(2 – x) c. h(x) = ln x2

Solution:
a. Because ln(x – 2) is defined only when x – 2 > 0 it follows that the domain of f is (2, ).

b. Because ln(2 – x) is defined only when 2 – x > 0 it follows that the domain of is
( , 2).

c. Because In x2 defined only when x2 > 0 it follows that the domain of is all real numbers
except x = 0
Graph and Growth of the Natural
Logarithm
Graph and Growth of the Natural Logarithm

The graphs of the exponential function y = ex and its


inverse function, the natural logarithm function, are shown
in Figure 13.

Because the curve y = e x


crosses the y-axis with a slope
of 1, it follows that the reflected
curve y = ln x crosses the x-axis
with a slope of 1.

The graph of y = ln x is the reflection


of the graph of y = ex about the line y = x

Figure 13
Graph and Growth of the Natural Logarithm

In common with all other logarithmic functions with base


greater than 1, the natural logarithm is an increasing
function defined on (0, ) and the y-axis is a vertical
asymptote.

(This means that the values of ln x become very large


negative as x approaches 0.)
Example 6
Sketch the graph of the function y = ln (x – 2) – 1.

Solution:
We start with the graph of y = ln x as given in Figure 13.
We shift it 2 units to the right to get the graph
of y = ln (x – 2) and then we shift it 1 unit downward to get
the graph of y = ln (x – 2) – 1. (See Figure 14.)

Figure 14
Graph and Growth of the Natural Logarithm
Although ln x is an increasing function, it grows very slowly when x > 1. In fact, ln
x grows more slowly than any positive power of x.

To illustrate this fact, we compare approximate values of the functions y = ln x


and y = x1/2 = in the following table.
Graph and Growth of the Natural Logarithm

We graph them in Figures 15 and 16.

Figures 15 Figures 16

You can see that initially the graphs of y = and y = ln x


grow at comparable rates, but eventually the root function
far surpasses the logarithm.

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