STEM Ismailia Mathematics Club

Concepts:
MA.1.08 1- Exponential functions
2- Logarithmic functions
3- Growth
4- Decay
Week 5 - 7 Skills:
Grade 10 1- Use different properties of exponential and
Semester 2 logarithmic functions.
2- Interpret and manipulate rational exponents.
LO. 8 3- Use exponential functions to describe growth and decay
ratios.
4- Construct exponential growth and decay functions to fit given
Presented By data.
Omar Mahrous 5- Solve compound interest problems.
Sameh Sayed 6- Reveal and explain different properties of the exponential
function and its graph.
Math Club 7- Graph exponential functions, find its domain and range.
Office 8- Describe the inverse of an exponential function as a
Peter Raafat logarithm.
Youssef 9- Graph logarithmic functions, find its domain and range.
Hendawy 10- Prove the logarithm rules.
11- Solve logarithmic and exponential equations.
Haya Mahmoud 12- Solve real life application.
Supervised by
Mr. Mohamed
Hosny
Power
As you know that power is a repeated multiplication.
It means 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 … × 𝑎 about 𝑏 times.

𝑎𝑏 = 𝑐
Here, 𝑎 is the base, 𝑏 is the exponent or power, and 𝑐 is the solution
or result. You can get a number with knowing only the two other
numbers.
Unfortunately, power is not commutative (𝑎𝑏 ≠ 𝑏 𝑎 ) so if i want to
get any number (either the base, exponent, or the solution), I have a
distinct operation to get it.
There are 3 operations:
1. Power: 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑐. This operation is used when you want to get the
solution and you have the base and the exponent.
𝑏
2. Root: √𝑐 = 𝑎. It’s used when you want the base number and
you have the exponent and the solution.
3. Logarithm: log 𝑎 (𝑐) = 𝑏. Used when you want the exponent,
and you have the base and the solution.

Logarithm
As we discussed before that logarithm is an operation to get the
exponent. In other words, 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑏. So, logarithm gets to you 𝑥.

Calculating
We can calculate log 𝑢 𝑣 by counting how many times that we divide
8
𝑣 by 𝑢 until 𝑣 becomes 1. For example, log 2 8 is 3. Because = 4
2
4 2
then = 2 then = 1. We divide 8 by 2 about 3 times to make it 1.
2 2
This method is true if and only if the exponent is an integer number.
It’s not working with log 2 7 = 2.807354922 …

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Now we must study log 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑐 operation to get its properties. But
first, we must know two special logarithms.
1) log 𝑎. Here there’s no base but it means here log10 𝑎. Example,
log 100 = 2.
2) ln 𝑎. Here there’s no base but it means log 𝑒 𝑎. We will discuss
later what 𝑒 is. ln 𝑎 is called “Natural logarithm”.

Properties
1. log 𝑎 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑟. It happens because we want to get 𝑎𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 = 𝑎𝑟 and it’s
of course 𝑟. For example, log 3 35 = 5.
2. 𝑎log𝑎 𝑀 = 𝑀. It happens because log 𝑎 𝑀 means 𝑎𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 = 𝑀 which
is 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡, then 𝑎𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 and it’s 𝑀 as we say before. Example, 3log3 9 = 9
3. log 𝑎 𝑀 + log 𝑎 𝑁 = log 𝑎 (𝑀𝑁).
It happens because 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑀 and 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑁. So, the left term
log 𝑎 𝑀 + log 𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑥 + 𝑦. The right term is log 𝑎 (𝑎 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑎 𝑦 ) =
log 𝑎 (𝑎 𝑥+𝑦 ). And in the first property log 𝑎 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑟
so log 𝑎 (𝑀𝑁) = 𝑥 + 𝑦. Example, log 2 4 + log 2 8 = log 2 32 = 5.
𝑀
4. log 𝑎 𝑀 − log 𝑎 𝑁 = log a ( ). We can proof it as the property above.
𝑁
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Example, log 3 9 − log 3 3 = log 3 ( ) = 1. Note that log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1.
3

5. log 𝑎 𝑀𝑟 = 𝑟𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀. Let 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑀 then 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑀. log 𝑎 𝑀𝑟 =

log 𝑎 (𝑎 𝑥 )𝑟 = log 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥𝑟 = 𝑟𝑥 = 𝑟𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀.
𝑥
6. 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑒 In 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑥 In a . It comes from the 5th and the 2nd properties.
7. log 𝑎 𝑁 = log 𝑎 𝑀, then 𝑁 = 𝑀.
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8. log 𝑎 𝑀 = .
log𝑀 𝑎
log𝑐 𝑀
9. log 𝑎 𝑀 = .
log𝑐 𝑎

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Note that log 𝑎 𝑏. 𝑎 must be a positive real number not equal to 1. 𝑎
hasn’t be negative.

Test (1): Simplify

1 1 1
[1] log 𝑎 𝑎𝑟 [4] + +
1+log𝑎 𝑏𝑐 1+log𝑏 𝑎𝑐 1+log𝑐 𝑎𝑏

3⋅log(10050 )
[2] log 𝑎 𝑎𝑟 + log 𝑎𝑟 𝑎 [5]
In (𝑒 100 )
1
[3] 𝐼𝑛 𝑒 [6] log(𝑥 ) = 𝑐, then log ( )=⋯
𝑥 𝑥−1

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 Exponential function
Exponential function is a function in the form 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 where 𝑎 is
constant and 𝑎 is the variable.
Properties
The property of the exponential functions is depending on 𝑎.
1] If 𝑎 = 1, then the function is a horizontal line at 𝑦 = 1.

2] If 𝑎 is between 0 and 1.

• As 𝑥 increases, 𝑓(𝑥) heads to 0 and

• As 𝑥 decreases, 𝑓(𝑥) heads to ∞.
• It’s a strictly decreasing function (As 𝑥 increases, 𝑦 decreases).
• It has a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 0 (Horizontal asymptote is
a line that 𝑦 doesn’t exceed, here 𝑦 doesn’t exceed 0).
• Examples: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (0.5)𝑥 , 𝑔(𝑥 ) = (0.001)𝑥

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3] If 𝑎 is greater than 1

• As 𝑥 increases, then 𝑓(𝑥) heads to ∞.

• As 𝑥 decreases, then 𝑓(𝑥) heads to 0.
• It’s a strictly increasing function (As 𝑥 increases, 𝑦 increases).
• It has a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 0.

In general, Exponential function is:

• Always greater than 0 and never crosses the x-axis.
• Always intersects the y-axis at 𝑦 = 1. In other words, It passes
through (0, 1).
• Always one-to-one function (We will say why later).

The domain of the exponential function is ℝ and the range is (0, ∞).
One-to-one functions
One-to-one function is a function that has only one 𝑥 for each 𝑦 and
only one 𝑦 for each 𝑥. In other words, Its inverse is an inverse
function not an equation.
Example
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 is not a one-to-one function because its inverse is
𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) = ±√𝑥 and it’s not a function because it gives two 𝑥 values
for each 𝑦.
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 is a one-to-one function because its inverse is 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) =
2
and it is a function because it gives only one 𝑥 for each 𝑦.

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The inverse of the exponential function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥
is 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) = log 𝑎 𝑥. That’s why the exponential function is a
one-to-one function.
There’s a special exponential function which is
“The natural exponential function”.
Natural exponential function
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 . Here, the base is 𝑒 (Euler’s’ number).
Its inverse is 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) = log 𝑒 𝑥 = ln 𝑥.

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 Logarithmic function
Logarithmic function is a function in the form 𝑓(𝑥 ) = log 𝑎 𝑥. 𝑎 is any
value greater than 0 except 1. When 𝑥 = 0 it will be undefined.
Properties
The property of the logarithmic function is also depending on the
value of the constant 𝑎. “Natural logarithmic function” is 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ln 𝑥.
1] If 𝑎 = 1, then the graph is undefined.

2] If 0 < 𝑎 < 1
• As 𝑥 decreases, then 𝑓(𝑥) heads to ∞.
• As 𝑥 increases, then 𝑓(𝑥) heads to −∞.
• It’s strictly decreasing function.
• It has a vertical asymptote along the
y-axis (𝑥 = 0).
• Example: 𝑓(𝑥 ) = log1/2 𝑥.

3] If 𝑎 > 1
• As 𝑥 decreases, then 𝑓(𝑥) heads to −∞.
• As 𝑥 increases, then 𝑓(𝑥) heads to ∞.
• It’s strictly increasing function.
• It has a vertical asymptote along the
y-axis (𝑥 = 0).
• Example: 𝑓(𝑥 ) = log 2 𝑥.
•
In general, Logarithmic function is:
• Always on the positive side of the y-axis. Its inverse is 𝑎 𝑥 .
• always intersects the x-axis at 𝑥 = 1 (Passes through (1, 0)).
• Equals 1 when 𝑥 = 𝑎 (Passes through (a, 1)).
• Is a one-to-one function. Its domain is ℝ+ (0, ∞), its range is ℝ.

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 Growth and decay
Growth and decay are a very important concept in mathematics
because it’s applied in physics and statistics.
Imagine you’re having a rabbit farm. Every year, the number of
rabbits is doubled. At first, you were having only 2 rabbits. Can you
calculate how many rabbits after 𝑡 years?
This is the kind of problems that growth and decay solve.
If we want to calculate the number of rabbits after 3 years. So, We
will double it 3 times. The growth here is 100% because you are
always gaining 100% new rabbits and when you sum up the rabbits
you have with the number of new rabbits you will find that it’s
doubled!
So, at the first year, they will be 2 ⋅ 2 equals 4. At the second year,
they will be 4 ⋅ 2 equals 8, Then 8 ⋅ 2 = 16. Then after three years,
the number of rabbits is going to be 16 rabbits. But what if I want to
calculate them after 100 years and they are not doubled so can we
do it 100 times? Of course, no.
So, we come up with a formula for growth which is 𝑎(1 + 𝑟)𝑡 . Where
𝑎 is the initial value and 𝑟 is the rate of growth and 𝑡 is the time.
The formula of decay is 𝑎(1 − 𝑟)𝑡 . Where 𝑎 is the initial value and 𝑟
is the rate of decay and 𝑡 is the time.
We can use decay concept for half-life time in chemistry.

Problem In a lab, there was only one bacterium. This type of

bacterium is tripling every minute. After 3 minutes, how many
bacteria is going to be?
Here it’s growing because it’s tripling at the rate of 200%. The initial
value is 1. The formula here is 1(1 + 200%)𝑡 = 3𝑡 . After 3 minutes
it's going to be 33 = 27 bacteria

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 Test bank
[1] Hany invested 𝑥 pounds in an account with a compound interest
6% rate Hany’s balanced 20 years will be 995.94 pounds then 𝑥 =…
A) 300
B) 310
C) 315
D) 320
[2] The opposite curve represented a portion
of the graph of which function.
A) 𝑦 = 50 − 𝑥
B) 𝑦 = log 𝑥
C) 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥
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D) 𝑦 =
𝑥
𝑡
1 200
[3] A radioactive element decays over time according to 𝑦 = 𝑥( )
4
where 𝑥 = the number of grams present initially and 𝑡 = the time in
years. If 500 grams were present initially. How many grams will
remain after 400 years?
A) 12.5 grams
B) 62.5 grams
C) 31.25 grams
D) 125 grams

[4] The domain of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = √log 2 (𝑥 − 3) is …

A) [4,∞[
B) [3,∞[
C) ℝ
D) ]3,∞[

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[5] Which of the following equation is equivalent to 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔3 + 7𝑙𝑜𝑔3 = 3𝑙𝑜𝑔5?
A) 37𝑥 = 53
B) (𝑥 + 7)3 = 125
C) 37+𝑥 = 53
D) 3𝑥 + 21 = 15
[6] The point exists on the exponential graph
shown. The value of 𝑛 is…
8
A) −
27
8
B)
27
1
C)
3
2
D)
3

[7] A 90 mg sample of a radioactive isotope has a half-life of 5 years.

A function that relates the mass of the sample, 𝑚, to the elapsed
time, 𝑡, is:
𝑡
A) 𝑚(𝑡) = 5(90)2
B) 90(5)𝑡
𝑡
1 5
C) 90 ( )
2
𝑡
1 90
D) 5( )
2

[8] The equation (log 𝑥)2 − 4 log 𝑥 − 5 = 0 has the solution:

A) 𝑥 = 10
1
B) 𝑥 = , 100000
10
C) 𝑥 = 1000
D) no solution

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[9] Solve the equation 𝑥 log2 3 + 3log2 𝑥 = 18…
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
[10] Find the numerical value of (𝑥 + 𝑦), if 2√𝑥+√𝑦 = 256,
log √𝑥𝑦 − log 1.5 = 1.
A) 8
B) 15
C) 34
D) 46
[11] Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥+1 , then the graph of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) is…

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[12] The range of the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2 − 3𝑥 is…
A) ]-∞, 1[
B) ]- ∞, 2[
C) ]1, ∞[
D) ]2, ∞[
[13] The size of 𝑃 of a certain insect population at time 𝑡 (in days)
obeys. The function 𝑃(𝑡) = 500𝑒 0.02𝑡 , When will the insect double?
A) After about 9.7 days
B) After about 17.3 days
C) After about 23.5 days
D) After about 34.7 days
1+𝑥 2𝑥
[14] If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = , then 𝑓 ( )=⋯
1−𝑥 1+𝑥 2

A) 2𝑓(𝑥)
B) 3𝑓(𝑥)
2
C) (𝑓(𝑥 ))
3
D) (𝑓(𝑥 ))
[15] The bacteria in a 4-liter container double every minute. After
60 minutes the container is full. How long did it take to fill half the
container?
A) 30
B) 45
C) 59
D) 60

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Solutions
Test (1)
[1] 𝑟
1
[2] 𝑟 +
𝑟

[3] 1
[4] 1
[5] 3
[6] −𝑐(10𝑐 − 1)

Test bank
[1]B
[2]D
[3]C
[4]A
[5]C
[6]B
[7]C
[8]B
[9]D
[10]C
[11]C
[12]B
[13]D
[14]A
[15]C