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Global Irregular Verbs

The document lists many English irregular verbs with their infinitive, past simple, and past participle forms. There are over 100 verbs included in the table with their various forms.

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Vastu Ameya
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
58 views53 pages

Global Irregular Verbs

The document lists many English irregular verbs with their infinitive, past simple, and past participle forms. There are over 100 verbs included in the table with their various forms.

Uploaded by

Vastu Ameya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Irregular verbs

Infinitive Past simple Past participle Infinitive Past simple Past participle
be was/were been lie lay lain
beat beat beaten light lit lit
become became become lose lost lost
begin began begun make made made
bend bent bent mean meant /ment/ meant /ment/
bet bet bet meet met met
bite bit bitten must had to (had to)
blow blew blown pay paid paid
break broke broken put put put
bring brought /ƅrɔːt/ brought /ƅrɔːt/ read read /red/ read /red/
build /bɪld/ built /bɪlt/ built /bɪlt/ ride rode ridden
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned ring rang rung
burst burst burst rise rose risen
buy /baɪ/ bought /bɔːt/ bought /bɔːt/ run ran run
can could /kʊd/ (been able) say said /sed/ said /sed/
catch caught /kɔːt/ caught /kɔːt/ see saw /sɔ:/ seen
choose chose chosen sell sold sold
come came come send sent sent
cost cost cost set set set
cut cut cut shake shook shaken
deal /diːl/ dealt /delt/ dealt /delt/ shine shone shone
dig dug dug shoot shot shot
do did done show showed shown
draw drew drawn shrink shrank shrunk
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed shut shut shut
drink drank drunk sing sang sung
drive drove driven sink sank sunk
eat ate eaten sit sat sat
fall fell fallen sleep slept slept
feed fed fed slide slid slid
feel felt felt smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
fight fought /fɔːt/ fought /fɔːt/ speak spoke spoken
find found found spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled
fly flew flown spend spent spent
forget forgot forgotten spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled
forgive forgave forgiven split split split
freeze froze frozen spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled
get got got spread spread spread
give gave given stand stood stood
go went gone/been steal stole stolen
grow grew grown stick stuck stuck
hang hung/hanged hung/hanged swear swore sworn
have had had swell swelled swollen/swelled
hear heard /hɜ:d/ heard /hɜ:d/ swim swam swum
hide hid hidden take took /tʊk/ taken
hit hit hit teach taught /tɔ:t/ taught /tɔ:t/
hold held held tear tore torn
hurt /hɜ:t/ hurt /hɜ:t/ hurt /hɜ:t/ tell told told
keep kept kept think thought /θɔ:t/ thought /θɔ:t/
kneel knelt/kneeled knelt/kneeled throw threw thrown
know knew /nju:/ known understand understood understood
lay laid laid wake woke woken
lead led led wear wore /wɔ:/ worn
learn learnt learnt win won /wʌn/ won /wʌn/
leave left left write wrote written
lend lent lent
let let let

158 Irregular verbs

9780230032910_GELSB_pp152-160.indd 158 5/10/09 14:08:36


Irregular verbs

Infinitive Past simple Past participle Infinitive Past simple Past participle
be was/were been lie lay lain
beat beat beaten light lit lit
become became become lose lost lost
begin began begun make made made
bend bent bent mean meant /ment/ meant /ment/
bet bet bet meet met met
bite bit bitten must had to (had to)
blow blew blown pay paid paid
break broke broken put put put
bring brought /ƅrɔːt/ brought /ƅrɔːt/ read read /red/ read /red/
build /bɪld/ built /bɪlt/ built /bɪlt/ ride rode ridden
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned ring rang rung
burst burst burst rise rose risen
buy /baɪ/ bought /bɔːt/ bought /bɔːt/ run ran run
can could /kʊd/ (been able) say said /sed/ said /sed/
catch caught /kɔːt/ caught /kɔːt/ see saw /sɔ:/ seen
choose chose chosen sell sold sold
come came come send sent sent
cost cost cost set set set
cut cut cut shake shook shaken
deal /diːl/ dealt /delt/ dealt /delt/ shine shone shone
dig dug dug shoot shot shot
do did done show showed shown
draw drew drawn shrink shrank shrunk
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed shut shut shut
drink drank drunk sing sang sung
drive drove driven sink sank sunk
eat ate eaten sit sat sat
fall fell fallen sleep slept slept
feed fed fed slide slid slid
feel felt felt smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
fight fought /fɔːt/ fought /fɔːt/ speak spoke spoken
find found found spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled
fly flew flown spend spent spent
forget forgot forgotten spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled
forgive forgave forgiven split split split
freeze froze frozen spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled
get got got spread spread spread
give gave given stand stood stood
go went gone/been steal stole stolen
grow grew grown stick stuck stuck
hang hung/hanged hung/hanged swear swore sworn
have had had swell swelled swollen/swelled
hear heard /hɜ:d/ heard /hɜ:d/ swim swam swum
hide hid hidden take took /tʊk/ taken
hit hit hit teach taught /tɔ:t/ taught /tɔ:t/
hold held held tear tore torn
hurt /hɜ:t/ hurt /hɜ:t/ hurt /hɜ:t/ tell told told
keep kept kept think thought /θɔ:t/ thought /θɔ:t/
kneel knelt/kneeled knelt/kneeled throw threw thrown
know knew /nju:/ known understand understood understood
lay laid laid wake woke woken
lead led led wear wore /wɔ:/ worn
learn learnt learnt win won /wʌn/ won /wʌn/
leave left left write wrote written
lend lent lent
let let let

158 Irregular verbs

9780230032910_GELSB_pp152-160.indd 158 5/10/09 14:08:36


The Most Common Irregular Verbs List
base form past simple past participle base form past simple past participle
be was/were been lead led led
bear bore born learn learnt learnt
beat beat beaten leave left left
begin began begun lend lent lent
bite bit bitten let let let
blow blew blown lie lay lain
broadcast broadcast broadcast lose lost lost
break broke broken make made made
bring brought brought mean meant meant
build built built meet met met
burn burnt burnt pay paid paid
buy bought bought put put put
can could read read read
catch caught caught ride rode ridden
choose chose chosen ring rang rung
come came come rise rose risen
cost cost cost run ran run
cut cut cut say said said
do did done see saw seen
draw drew drawn sell sold sold
dream dreamt dreamt send sent sent
drink drank drunk set set set
drive drove driven shoot shot shot
eat ate eaten show showed shown
fall fell fallen shut shut shut
feed fed fed sing sang sung
feel felt felt sit sat sat
fight fought fought sleep slept slept
find found found smell smelt smelt
fly flew flown speak spoke spoken
forget forgot forgotten spend spent spent
freeze froze frozen stand stood stood
get got got steal stole stolen
give gave given stick stuck stuck
go went gone swim swam swum
grow grew grown take took taken
hang hung hung teach taught taught
have had had tell told told
hear heard heard think thought thought
hide hid hidden throw threw thrown
hit hit hit wake woke woken
hold held held wear wore worn
hurt hurt hurt win won won
keep kept kept write wrote written
know knew known

www.e-grammar.org/irregular-verbs/
The Most Common Irregular Verbs List
base form past simple past participle base form past simple past participle
be was/were been lead led led
bear bore born learn learnt learnt
beat beat beaten leave left left
begin began begun lend lent lent
bite bit bitten let let let
blow blew blown lie lay lain
broadcast broadcast broadcast lose lost lost
break broke broken make made made
bring brought brought mean meant meant
build built built meet met met
burn burnt burnt pay paid paid
buy bought bought put put put
can could read read read
catch caught caught ride rode ridden
choose chose chosen ring rang rung
come came come rise rose risen
cost cost cost run ran run
cut cut cut say said said
do did done see saw seen
draw drew drawn sell sold sold
dream dreamt dreamt send sent sent
drink drank drunk set set set
drive drove driven shoot shot shot
eat ate eaten show showed shown
fall fell fallen shut shut shut
feed fed fed sing sang sung
feel felt felt sit sat sat
fight fought fought sleep slept slept
find found found smell smelt smelt
fly flew flown speak spoke spoken
forget forgot forgotten spend spent spent
freeze froze frozen stand stood stood
get got got steal stole stolen
give gave given stick stuck stuck
go went gone swim swam swum
grow grew grown take took taken
hang hung hung teach taught taught
have had had tell told told
hear heard heard think thought thought
hide hid hidden throw threw thrown
hit hit hit wake woke woken
hold held held wear wore worn
hurt hurt hurt win won won
keep kept kept write wrote written
know knew known

www.e-grammar.org/irregular-verbs/
Sophisticated Sentences:
The Twelve Verb Tenses of English

Simple Past Simple Present Simple Future


For a finished action. For action happening at the moment of For action that will happen once in the
He ate. writing; also for habitual actions or future.
I sang. things that are always true. He will eat.
He eats. I will sing.
I sing.

Past Progressive Present Progressive Future Progressive


For ongoing or repeated actions in the
For action that is ongoing at the For ongoing actions to occur in the
past. moment of writing; also for scheduled future.
He was eating. events in the future. He will be eating.
I was singing. He is eating. I will be singing.
I am singing.

Past Perfect Present Perfect Future Perfect


For actions completed in the past.For action begun in the past that has For action that will be completed
He had eaten. been completed or is ongoing. before another action in the future.
I had sung. He has eaten. He will have eaten.
I have sung. I will have sung.

Past Perfect Present Perfect Future Perfect


Progressive Progressive Progressive
For an ongoing or repeated action For action begun in the past and
For a continuing action that will be
occurring in the past and continuing to continuing in to the present. completed by a specified time in the
another action in the past. He has been eating. future.
He had been eating. I have been singing. He will have been eating.
I had been singing. I will have been singing.

Last Updated 3/20/12


Verb Forms and Tenses
Adapted from The Little, Brown Handbook, 11th Edition, Contributors Dayne Sherman,
Jayetta Slawson, Natasha Whitton, and Jeff Wiemelt, 2010, 272-289. Prepared by the Southeastern
Writing Center. Last updated July, 2011.

A verb expresses action or a state of being and tells (in active voice) what the subject of the clause is or does. A verb is necessary to make
a complete statement.

All verbs are constructed from three basic forms known as the principal parts of a verb:
• Infinitive (or present) is the base form of a verb, preceded by to: to run, to go, to laugh.
• Past is the simplest form of a verb. Past is used to show action that has already taken place: ran, gone, laughed.
• Past participle is the form a verb takes when it is accompanied by an auxiliary verb (helping verbs using forms of be, have, or
do) to show a more complex past tense form: had gone, will have gone, would have laughed.

Active and Passive Verbs


Active verbs (active voice) tell what the subject (a person, place, thing, or concept) does.

Example: The boy kicked the ball.

Passive verbs (passive voice) tell what is done to the subject.

Example: The ball was kicked by the boy.

Verb Forms
Regular Verbs
A regular verb is used to form the past tense by adding a suffix –d or -ed.

Example: hope, hoped laugh, laughed

Irregular Verbs
An irregular verb does not take the –d or –ed ending. The past tense for irregular verbs is formed by changing the verb
internally. Refer to the Southeastern Writing Center’s handout Irregular Verbs for a list of the most commonly used irregular
verb forms.

Example: run, ran catch, caught

Verb Tenses
Verb tenses are used to show time. Verb tenses tell when events happen, happened, or will happen.
Simple Tense
Present
The present tense may express an action that is repeated or ongoing. It can also express an action that is happening at
this moment or a situation that is always true.

Example: Jane and Sarah jog every morning.

Past
The past tense expresses an action that has already happened. In regular verbs, the past tense is formed by adding –ed
or –d to the base form. In irregular verbs, the past tense takes a variety of forms.

Example: John and Sara hiked to the top of the mountain.

Future
The future tense expresses an action that will take place in the future. The future tense is formed by adding will to the
base form.

Example: I will fly to Atlanta Friday evening.


Southeastern Writing Center
Celebrating the Writer’s Voice
383 D. Vickers Hall
(985) 549-2076 ~ writing@selu.edu
http://www.selu.edu/acad_research/programs/writing_center
Perfect Tense
Present perfect
The present perfect tense is used to express an action that took place at some unspecified time in the past. The present
perfect tense can also be used to express an action that began in the past and continues in the present. The present
perfect tense is formed with the past tense of the verb and the helping verbs has or have.

Example: Sarah has watched the movie.

Past perfect
The past perfect tense is used to show that one action in the past began and ended before another action in the past
started. The past perfect tense is formed with the past participle of the verb and the helping verb had.

Example: Sarah had seen the movie before I watched it.

Future perfect
The future perfect tense is used to show that one action or condition in the future will begin and end before another
event in the future starts. The future perfect tense is formed with the past participle of the verb and the construction will
have.

Example: By the time I finish this semester, I will have read ten novels.

Progressive Tense
Present progressive
The present progressive tense is used to show an ongoing event that is happening at the moment of speaking or
writing. The present progressive tense is formed by using am, is, or are with the verb form ending in –ing.

Example: The children are sleeping.

Past progressive
The past progressive tense is used to show a past event that was happening when another event occurred. The past
progressive tense is formed by using was or were with the verb form ending in –ing.

Example: The children were sleeping when we arrived.

Future progressive
The future progressive tense is used to show an ongoing or continuous event that will take place in the future. The
future progressive tense is formed by using will be or shall be with the verb form ending in –ing.

Example: The children will be sleeping when we arrive.

Present perfect progressive


The present perfect progressive tense is used to show an event that began in the past, continues in the present, and
may continue in the future. The present perfect progressive tense is form by using has been or have been with the
present participle verb form ending in –ing.

Example: The children have been sleeping.

Past perfect progressive


The past perfect progressive tense is used to show a past, ongoing event that was completed before another past event.
The past perfect progressive tense is formed by using had been with the present perfect verb form ending in -ing.

Example: The children had been sleeping when we arrived.

Future perfect progressive


The future perfect progressive tense is used to show a future, ongoing event that will happen before a specified future
time. The future perfect progressive tense is formed by using will have been and the present participle verb form ending
in –ing.

Example: The children will have been sleeping.


Irregular Verbs

Irregular Verbs
Simple Present, Simple Past and Present Perfect Tenses

This is a list of Irregular Verbs. I will read the base form, the simple past tense and the past participle of
the verb. Then, I will read the verb in three sentences, a simple present tense sentence, a simple past
tense sentence and a present perfect tense sentence.

There will be time for you to repeat the verbs and sentences. Try it, it is good practice!

Base Past Past Participle Sentences


Be was / were been
Simple present tense I am in class now.
Simple past tense I was in class yesterday.
Present perfect tense I have been in class since 6:30pm.

Become became become


Simple present tense Many people become U.S. citizens every year.
Simple past tense My sister became a U.S. citizen last month.
Present perfect tense My sister has just become a U.S. citizen.

Begin began begun


Simple present tense We begin class at 8:30am every day.
Simple past tense We began class at 8:30am yesterday
Present perfect tense We have just begun class.

Bend bent bent


Simple present tense Maria always bends the straw.
Simple past tense Maria bent the straw and put it in the can of soda.
Present perfect tense Maria has bent the straw many times.

Bite bit bitten


Simple present tense Some dogs bite people
Simple past tense A dog bit a man yesterday.
Present perfect tense Those dogs have bitten people a few times.

1
Irregular Verbs
Base Past Past participle Sentences
Blow blew blown
Simple present tense The wind blows all the time.
Simple past tense A strong wind blew yesterday afternoon.
Present perfect tense The wind has blown for a few hours.

Break broke broken


Simple present tense The dishwasher usually breaks a couple of glasses.
Simple past tense The dishwasher broke a couple of glasses today.
Present perfect tense The dishwasher has broken three glasses this week.

Bring brought brought


Simple present tense We bring our books to class every night.
Simple past tense We brought our books to class last night.
Present perfect tense We have brought our books to class since last fall.

Buy bought bought


Simple present tense They buy a new car every summer.
Simple past tense They bought a new car last summer.
Present perfect tense They have just bought a new car.

Catch caught caught


Simple present tense The boy always catches the ball.
Simple past tense The boy caught the ball yesterday.
Present perfect tense The boy has caught the ball for three hours.

Choose chose chosen


Simple present tense You choose to take ESL classes.
Simple past tense You chose to take classes at this school last month.
Present perfect tense You have already chosen to take classes at this school.

Come came come


Simple present tense Fadumo comes to class early every morning.
Simple past tense Fadumo came to class early yesterday morning.
Present perfect tense Fadumo has come to class early since September.

2
Irregular Verbs
Base Past Past participle Sentences
Cost cost cost
Simple present tense The new coat costs $45.
Simple past tense The new coat cost $45 last week.
Present perfect tense The coat has cost $45 since last month.

Cut cut cut


Simple present tense The cook usually cuts the meat.
Simple past tense The cook cut the meat one hour ago.
Present perfect tense The cook has just cut the meat into small pieces.

Do did done
Simple present tense You do your laundry every weekend.
Simple past tense You did your laundry last weekend.
Present perfect tense You have done your laundry every weekend since
you moved to Minnesota.

Draw drew drawn


Simple present tense The young girl draws a picture in class
Simple past tense The young girl drew a beautiful picture last week.
Present perfect tense The young girl has drawn many pictures.

Drink drank drunk


Simple present tense I drink orange juice for breakfast every morning.
Simple past tense I drank orange juice for breakfast yesterday.
Present perfect tense I have drunk orange juice for many years.

Drive drove driven


Simple present tense Mohamed drives to school every evening.
Simple past tense Mohamed drove to school today.
Present perfect tense Mohamed has driven to school since last October.

Eat ate eaten


Simple present tense I eat lunch at 12:00 every day.
Simple past tense I ate lunch at 12:00 yesterday.
Present perfect tense I have eaten lunch at 12:00 for a few years.

3
Irregular Verbs
Base Past Past participle Sentences
Fall fell fallen
Simple present tense I usually fall on the ice every winter.
Simple past tense I fell on the ice last winter.
Present perfect tense I have just fallen on the ice on the way to work.

Feed fed fed


Simple present tense The mother feeds the children every evening.
Simple past tense The mother fed the children last night.
Present perfect tense The mother has fed the children since they were young.

Feel felt felt


Simple present tense I feel terrible today.
Simple past tense I felt terrible last night.
Present perfect tense I have felt terrible for a couple of days.

Fight fought fought


Simple present tense The two men fight in the street.
Simple past tense The two men fought in the street yesterday.
Present perfect tense The two men have just fought in the street.

Fly flew flown


Simple present tense Mai flies to Los Angeles every year.
Simple past tense Mai flew to Los Angeles last month.
Present perfect tense Mai has flown to Los Angeles a number of times.

Forget forgot forgotten


Simple present tense You always forget to bring a pencil to class.
Simple past tense You forgot to bring a pencil to class yesterday.
Present perfect tense You have forgotten to bring a pencil for many days.

Get got gotten


Simple present tense She gets on the bus early every morning.
Simple past tense She got on the bus early this morning.
Present perfect tense She has already gotten on the bus.

4
Irregular Verbs
Base Past Past participle Sentences
Give gave given
Simple present tense Her brother gives her a ride to work every day.
Simple past tense Her brother gave her a ride to work yesterday.
Present perfect tense Her brother has given her a ride to work every day since
they moved to Minnesota.

Go went gone
Simple present tense They go to the Mall of America every Sunday.
Simple past tense They went to the Mall of America last Sunday.
Present perfect tense They have gone to the Mall of America for many years.

Grow grew grown


Simple present tense Fanta grows tomatoes every summer.
Simple past tense Fanta grew tomatoes last summer.
Present perfect tense Fanta has grown tomatoes for a few years.

Hang hung hung


Simple present tense I usually hang my jacket in the closet.
Simple past tense I hung my jacket in the closet 2 hours ago.
Present perfect tense I have hung my jacket in the closet for many years.

Have had had


Simple present tense Omar has a very bad headache.
Simple past tense Omar had a very bad headache last night.
Present perfect tense Omar has had a very bad headache for a few hours.

Hear heard heard


Simple present tense Tigist hears the birds sing every morning.
Simple past tense Tigist heard the birds sing yesterday morning.
Present perfect tense Tigist has heard the birds sing since last spring.

5
Irregular Verbs
Base Past Past participle Sentences
Hide hid hidden
Simple present tense Sometimes, I hide my money under my bed.
Simple past tense I hid my money under my bed last year.
Present perfect tense I have hidden my money under my bed for a few years.

Hit hit hit


Simple present tense The baseball player always hits the ball.
Simple past tense The baseball player hit the ball 5 minutes ago.
Present perfect tense The baseball player has just hit the ball.

Hold held held


Simple present tense I hold the pencil in my hand.
Simple past tense I held the pencil in my hand 10 minutes ago.
Present perfect tense I have held the pencil in my hand for 25 minutes.

Hurt hurt hurt


Simple present tense Ali hardly ever hurts his back at work.
Simple past tense Ali hurt his back at work last month.
Present perfect tense Ali has hurt his back at work recently.

Keep kept kept


Simple present tense We always keep our books in our bags.
Simple past tense We kept our books in our bags yesterday.
Present perfect tense We have kept our books in our bags for a while.

Know knew known


Simple present tense I know my neighbor very well.
Simple past tense I knew her before I moved to Minnesota.
Present perfect tense I have known her since I was a child.

Leave left left


Simple present tense Maria hardly ever leaves her umbrella on the bus.
Simple past tense Maria left her umbrella on the bus yesterday.
Present perfect tense Maria has just left her umbrella on the bus.

6
Irregular Verbs
Base Past Past participle Sentences
Lend lent lent
Simple present tense You lend your brother money every month.
Simple past tense You lent your brother money last month.
Present perfect tense You have lent your brother money since he lost his job.

Lose lost lost


Simple present tense I rarely lose my wallet.
Simple past tense I lost my wallet in the store last night.
Present perfect tense I have lost my wallet twice so far this year.

Make made made


Simple present tense The young woman makes dinner every night.
Simple past tense The young woman made dinner last night.
Present perfect tense The young woman has made dinner every night for years.

Meet met met


Simple present tense I always meet people at school.
Simple past tense I met people at school two weeks ago.
Present perfect tense I have met people at school since September.

Pay paid paid


Simple present tense The company pays me every Friday.
Simple past tense The company paid me last Friday.
Present perfect tense The company has paid me since I was hired.

Put put put


Simple present tense Asha puts milk in the refrigerator.
Simple past tense Asha put milk in the refrigerator last night.
Present perfect tense Asha has just put milk in the refrigerator.

Read read read


Simple present tense I read a book every month.
Simple past tense I read a really good book last year.
Present perfect tense I have read a book every month for many years.

7
Irregular Verbs
Base Past Past participle Sentences
Ride rode ridden
Simple present tense Luis always rides the bus to work.
Simple past tense Luis rode the bus to work last week.
Present perfect tense Luis has ridden the bus since he sold his car.

Ring rang rung


Simple present tense The telephone rings very loudly.
Simple past tense The telephone rang a few hours ago.
Present perfect tense The telephone has rung all morning.

Run ran run


Simple present tense Athletes run in the Olympics every four years.
Simple past tense Athletes ran in the Olympics last year.
Present perfect tense Athletes have run in the Olympics since they began.

Say said said


Simple present tense The children say good morning to the teacher.
Simple past tense The children said good morning to the teacher.
Present perfect tense The children have just said good morning to the teacher.

See saw seen


Simple present tense I see you walking to school every morning.
Simple past tense I saw you walking to school yesterday.
Present perfect tense I have seen you walking to school for two months.

Sell sold sold


Simple present tense That store always sells a lot of phone cards.
Simple past tense That store sold a lot of phone cards last month.
Present perfect tense That store has sold a lot of phone cards since it opened.

Send sent sent


Simple present tense You send money to your family every 2 weeks.
Simple past tense You sent money to your family 2 weeks ago.
Present perfect tense You have sent money to your family since you began
working at that company.

8
Irregular Verbs
Base Past Past participle Sentences
Shake shook shaken
Simple present tense We always shake hands when we meet.
Simple past tense We shook hands 2 hours ago.
Present perfect tense We have already shaken hands with them.

Shut shut shut


Simple present tense Lee shuts the door every morning.
Simple past tense Lee shut the door this morning.
Present perfect tense Lee has just shut the door.

Sing sang sung


Simple present tense Karen sings beautiful songs.
Simple past tense Karen sang a beautiful song a while ago.
Present perfect tense Karen has sung beautiful songs for many years.

Sit sat sat


Simple present tense The students usually sit in the same chairs.
Simple past tense The students sat in the same chairs yesterday.
Present perfect tense The students have sat in the same chairs for two hours.

Sleep slept slept


Simple present tense I sleep a lot every weekend.
Simple past tense I slept a lot last weekend.
Present perfect tense I have slept a lot every weekend for a few months.

Speak spoke spoken


Simple present tense You speak English very well.
Simple past tense You spoke English very well last week.
Present perfect tense You have spoken English very well for a long time.

Spend spent spent


Simple present tense You spend all of your money every week.
Simple past tense You spent all of your money last week.
Present perfect tense You have just spent all of your money.

9
Irregular Verbs
Base Past Past participle Sentences
Stand stood stood
Simple present tense I stand in line at the bank every Friday.
Simple past tense I stood in line at the bank last Friday.
Present perfect tense I have stood in line at the bank for a while now.

Steal stole stolen


Simple present tense The thief steals a wallet every day.
Simple past tense The thief stole my wallet last night.
Present perfect tense The thief has stolen three wallets so far this week!

Sweep swept swept


Simple present tense I sweep my kitchen floor every other day.
Simple past tense I swept my kitchen floor yesterday.
Present perfect tense I have already swept my kitchen floor.

Swim swam swum


Simple present tense We swim in the lake every summer.
Simple past tense We swam in the lake last summer.
Present perfect tense We have swum in the lake every summer for many years.

Take took taken


Simple present tense I take a shower after work every day.
Simple past tense I took a shower after work yesterday.
Present perfect tense I have just taken a shower.

Teach taught taught


Simple present tense The teacher teaches a good lesson every day.
Simple past tense The teacher taught a good lesson yesterday.
Present perfect tense The teacher has just taught a good lesson.

Tell told told


Simple present tense Juan always tells the teacher the answer.
Simple past tense Juan told the teacher the answer yesterday.
Present perfect tense Juan has already told the teacher the answer.
10
Irregular Verbs
Base Past Past participle Sentences
Think thought thought
Simple present tense I think about English grammar every day.
Simple past tense I thought about English grammar yesterday.
Present perfect tense I have thought about English grammar since I
started studying at this school.
Throw threw thrown
Simple present tense He always throws the paper in the garbage.
Simple past tense He threw the paper in the garbage a few hours ago.
Present perfect tense He has just thrown the paper in the garbage.

Understand understood understood


Simple present tense I understand the English lesson every day.
Simple past tense I understood the English lesson yesterday.
Present perfect tense I have understood the lesson since class began.

Wake up woke up woken up


Simple present tense I wake up early every day.
Simple past tense I woke up early yesterday.
Present perfect tense I have woken up early every day this entire week.

Wear wore worn


Simple present tense I wear glasses every day.
Simple past tense I wore glasses yesterday.
Present perfect tense I have worn glasses since I was 10 years old.

Win won won


Simple present tense The best team always wins the soccer game.
Simple past tense The best team won the soccer game last week.
Present perfect tense The best team has just won the soccer game.

Write wrote written


Simple present tense I write a check for rent every month
Simple past tense I wrote a check for rent last month
Present perfect tense I have written a check for rent every month since I
moved there.
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1- SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE


1.1. FORM
1.2. SPELLING OF FINAL –S AND - ES
1.3. USES OF SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
1.4. USING FREQUENCY ADVERS: ALWAYS, USUALLY ETC..
1.5. USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS WITH BE

1.1 FORM OF SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

a) Affirmative (Positive) Sentences

I
YOU like hamburger. have lunch at 12:00. do exercise every morning.
WE
THEY

HE
SHE likes hamburger. has lunch at 12:00. does exercise every morning
IT

Rule 1: After I, you, we, and they simple form of verb is used.
Rule 2: After he, she it (3rd person singular) a final -(e)s is added to the simple form of the verb.

• Mary speaks English every day.


• We watch TV every evening.
• My girlfriend writes a letter to me every week.
• Sally and Tom study grammar on Wednesdays.
• My father usually leaves home at 8 o’clock in the morning.

b) Negative Sentences

I
YOU don’t like hamburger. don’t have lunch at 12:00. don’t do exercise every morning.
WE THEY

HE
SHE doesn’t like hamburger. doesn’t have lunch at 12:00 doesn’t do exercise every
IT morning

In the negative form of simple present tense, helping verbs (auxiliary verbs “DO and DOES” are necessary to
use. After I, You, We They the helping verb DO NOT (DON’T) is used with the simple form of the verb. After
He, She, It the helping verb DOES NOT (DOESN’T) is used with the simple form of the verb; -(e)s is never
used. It is only used in affirmative sentences.

• Sam doesn’t know French.


• It doesn’t snow in Egypt.
• They don’t have breakfast every morning.
• I don’t get up early on Sundays.
• She doesn’t want to go to school this morning.
• My mother doesn’t watch football matches on TV.
• Mary and Jack don’t like ice cream.

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c) Question Sentences

I
DO YOU like hamburger ? have lunch at 12:00 ? do exercise every morning ?
WE
THEY

HE
DOES SHE like hamburger ? have lunch at 12:00 ? do exercise every morning ?
IT

In question sentences, the helping verbs DO and DOES are used in the beginning of the sentences.
The simple forms of the verbs are used: -(e)s is never used.

• Does Jane live in London?


• Do you watch TV every evening?
• Does your father read newspapers?
• Do you live in town or a city?
• Does your boyfriend call you every evening?

1.2 SPELLING OF FINAL –S AND - ES

a) work – works talk – talks Final –s is added to most verbs.


read – reads suggest – suggests Many verbs end in –e. Final –s is simply added.
b) write – writes believe – believes
The verbs ending in –sh, -ch, -ss, -x, -o get a final –es .
c) -sh....... wash – washes
d) –ch...... catch – catches
e) –ss.......discuss – discusses
f) –x ........fax – faxes
g) –o ...... do – does

h) - consonant + y: cry – cries If the verb ends in a –y coming after another consonant
fly – flies letter,-y is omitted and –ies is added to the verb.
try – tries

I) – vowel + -y : play - plays If the verb ends in a –y coming after a vowel letter, -s is
stay – stays simply added to the verb; -ies is not used.
pray – prays

1.3 USE OF SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE


a) General Truths

The present simple tense is very often used to express general truths and factual statements.

• The earth is round.


• The earth goes around the sun.
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• Water freezes at 0 degrees.


• Kangaroos live in Australia.
• The sun sets in the West.
• Most babies learn to speak when they are about two years old.
• Water boils at 100° Celsius.
• Trees lose their leaves in the fall.
• Few people live to be 100 years old.
• Wood floats on water.
• Does it snow in the Sahara desert?
• Do elephants live longer than humans?
• Money doesn't guarantee happiness.
• Flowers don't grow in winter.

b) Habitual Activities and Likes & Dislikes

When we want to state a fact or ask a question without any time reference, we use the present simple tense.

• She plays football but she doesn't play tennis.


• For breakfast he eats rice and drinks cold milk.
• She works very hard.
• My friend hates fish.
• I never drink coffee with milk.
• I don't like horror films!
• Do you smoke?

c) Regularly Repeated Actions and Daily Routines

Statements about rules of nature and the way the world is are in the present simple tense.

• I usually get up at 9 o’clock in the morning.


• He goes to work by bus everyday.
• Tim sometimes works till 10 pm in the evening.
• The banks in Turkey open at 9:00 am. and close at 5:00 pm.
• The bus 29 arrives at the station at 8 o’clock in the morning.
• It rains very often in the spring.
• They go on vacation to Bodrm every summer.

d) Verbs Of The Senses And Mental Processes

The present simple tense is used for many verbs of thinking, feeling and sensing. The most common words are:

like love Prefer know understand

hate need Want believe remember


see hear Taste smell look

• I love lying in bed late on Sunday mornings.


• I need to know the truth right now.
• She says she doesn't know who did it, but I don't believe her.
• He doesn't want to speak to you again.
• This doesn't taste very good, does it?
• Do you remember the first time we met?
• Do you smell something funny?
• Does he understand which way to go?
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e) In jokes, anecdotes and film or book summaries

The present simple tense is very often used in jokes and when telling a story to make the jokes or stories seem
more immediate. This use of the present tense is sometimes called the graphic present.

The present simple is also used to retell what happens in a book or film.

• So in he walks with a parrot on his shoulder.


• In his new film Robert Redford plays the part of a brave cowboy.

f) To refer to the future

The present simple is often used to refer to future events that are scheduled (and outside of our control).

• Hurry up! The train departs in 5 minutes.


• I leave Frankfurt at 5 in the morning and arrive in New York at midnight the next day.
• She has a piano lesson after school today.
• There's no need to hurry. The train doesn't leave for another 10 minutes.
• When does the meeting begin?

g) For instructions and directions

• Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
• To start the machine, press the yellow button and turn the arrow to the right.

h) Newspaper Headlines

• AND FENERBAHÇE BECOMES THE CHAMP!


• THE KILLER STRIKES AGAIN

i) Ceremonial Use

• I pronounce you husband and wife!


• I name this ship TITANIC!

j) Instantaneous Use / Sports Commentaries

• Sukur passes the ball to Berkamp!


• Schumacher maintains his lead over the other racers.

1.4 Using adverbs of frequency and adverbial phrases of time

a) Frequency adverbs

always _________100%
usually ( generally)
very often
often (frequently) gets up early on Sunday mornings.
John sometimes
occasionally
seldom
rarely
hardly
never___________0%

Frequency adverbs are used to express how often an activity is performed.

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NOTE 1: Usually, sometimes and often can also be used in the beginning or at the end of a
sentence for emphasis.
• Sometimes I go out with my friends in the evening.
• Often she calls me at 10:00.
• I get up late sometimes.

NOTE 2: When the frequency adverbs “seldom, rarely, hardly, never, are used in the beginning,
the sentence becomes inverted; in other words, it is written in question form.

• Rarely does she get up early on Sundays.


• Hardly do I see her at the cafeteria.
• Never does she smoke in public places

b) Adverbial phrases of frequency

Adverbial phrases of frequency can be used initially and finally in the sentence.

On Wednesdays On Wednesdays
Every Wednesday she visits her aunt Every Wednesday.
Once a week Once a week
Twice a month Twice a month
Every summer Every summer
Etc. Etc.

1.5 Using adverbs of frequency with BE

always _________100%
usually ( generally)
very often
often (frequently)
Ted Is sometimes late for work,
occasionally
seldom
rarely
hardly
never___________0%

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2- PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE


1. FORM OF PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
2. SPELLING OF –ING
3. USES OF PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
4. COMMON TENSE MARKERS
5. USING PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE
6. NON-ACTION VERBS NOT USED IN CONTINUOUS TENSES ( STATIVE VERBS)
7. THE SIMPLE PRESENT vs PRESENT CONTINUOUS
8. AM/IS/ARE BEING + ADJECTIVE

1. Form Of Simple Present Tense

a) Affirmative (Positive) Sentences

am,is,are + -ing

I am eating hamburger am having breakfast am playing football

HE
SHE is eating hamburger İs having breakfast is playing football
IT

YOU
WE are eating hamburger are having breakfast are playing football
THEY

• Sam is working at the office right now.


• The children are playing in the garden at the moment.
• We are watching TV now.
• My father is drinking coffee right now.
• She is cooking lunch in the kitchen now.
• I am practicing my English at the moment.

b) Negative Sentences

I am not eating hamburger am not having breakfast am not playing football

HE
SHE is not eating hamburger İs not having breakfast is not playing football
IT

YOU
WE are not eating hamburger are not having breakfast are not playing football
THEY

In the negative form of present continuous tense, not is simply added to the sentence after the helping verb BE
( am, is, are).

• Robert is not studying at the moment. (Robert isn’t studying at the moment.)
• The baby is not sleeping now (The baby isn’t sleeping now)
• They are not listening to music. (They aren’t listening to music)
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• I am not dancing. (I’m not dancing)


• She is not writing a letter at the moment. (She isn’t writing a letter at the moment.)
• My mother is not making a cake today. (My mother isn’t making a cake today)
• We are not working today. It’s holiday. (We aren’t working today. It’s holiday.)

c) Question Sentences

Am I eating hamburger? having breakfast? playing football?

he
Is she eating hamburger? having breakfast? playing football?
it

we
Are you eating hamburger? having breakfast? playing football?
they

In question sentences, the helping verbs AM, IS, ARE are used in the beginning of the sentences.
–ING is added to the main verb.

• Is Jane sleeping in her room?


• Are the students studying in the library?
• Am I playing well?
• Is the boss speaking on the phone at the moment?
• Are you going to the supermarket?
• Is the secretary typing the letters right now?

2 .Spelling Of Final –ing

END OF VERB ------- -ING FORM


A consonant + -e ----------- Drop the –e and ADD –ing
dance ----------- dancing
RULE 1: ride ----------- riding
take ----------- taking

One vowel + One consonant ----------- Double the consonant and ADD – ing
cut ----------- cutting
RULE 2: plan ----------- planning
run ----------- running

NOTE: Do not double w,y,and x


snow --------- snowing
fix --------- fixing
pay --------- paying

Two vowels + One Consonant ---------- ADD –ing ; do not double the consonant
keep --------- keeping
RULE 3: read --------- reading

Two consonants -------- ADD –ing ; do not double the consonant


RULE 4: sing--------- singing
wash ------ washing

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3. Use Of Present Continuous Tense


Present continuous tense is used;

a) to describe an action that is going on (or not) at this very moment; at the moment of speaking
a. You are using the Internet and you are studying grammar at the moment.
b. My father is in the garage now. He is fixing the car.
c. Mr. Taylor is painting the walls of his house right now.
d. You are not swimming now.
e. The children are watching television at present.
f. What are you doing right now? Are you sleeping?
g. Look! It’s snowing again.
h. Shhhh! Your father is sleeping. Don’t disturb him.

b) In English, now can mean "this second," "today," "this month," "this year," "this century" and so on.
Sometimes we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action
which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second. In other words, a person
saying “ I am learning karate” is not supposed to be doing karate while he is speaking.

c) I am reading the book “War and Peace” now.


a. Are you working on any special project at the company at the moment?
b. She is eating a lot these days.
c. The government is currently working on a new tax system.

d) to describe temporary event or situations.


e) He usually listens to classical music, but he is listening to hard rock this evening.
f) She will rent a flat, but for the time being she is staying with her sister.

f) The Present Continuous with words such as "always" "constantly" or “ forever” expresses the idea that
something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present but with
negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" “forever” or "constantly" between "be" and
"verb+ing."

• I hate my brother. He is always wearing my shirts without asking me.


• Mary is always late for work. Someone should warn her.
• She is constantly speaking. I wish she would shut up.
• Please change the subject! You are forever talking about your father-in-law.

4.COMMON TENSE MARKERS


at the moment / now The students are studying in the classroom at the moment / now.

At present all the farmers in the village are harvesting their crops.
at present
My father will buy a new car soon. For the time being he is using mine.
for the time being
UNESCO is currently holding its annual assembly in Paris.
currently
While the children are playing in the garden, I will wash the car.
While / When
Look! Somebody is following us.
Look! , Listen! Etc.

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5 .Using Present Continuous Tense in Future Meaning


Present Continuous Tense is often used to describe an action or event in the future, which has already
been planned or prepared.
• I am meeting some friends after work.
• We are going to the cinema tonight. Are you coming?
• I am flying to Istanbul tomorrow morning.
• Are you visiting your grandparents next week?

6. Non-progressive ( Stative) verbs: Verbs which are not used in


continuous form.
A continuous tense is used to describe an activity, which is visibly, and physically done. Therefore,
some verbs having stative meanings (mental verbs such as “know and understand”, emotional verbs such
as “love and hate”, verbs of possession such as “have and own”, verbs of sense perception such as “taste
and smell” etc.) are not used in continuous form; they are used in simple tenses.

know, realize, understand, recognize


MENTAL STATE believe, feel, suppose, think
imagine, doubt, remember, forget
want, need, desire, mean
love, like, appreciate, please, prefer
EMOTIONAL STATE hate, dislike, fear, envy
mind,care,astonish, surprise, amaze

POSSESSION have, belong, possess, own

SENSE PERCEPTION taste, smell, hear, feel, see

OTHER STATIVE VERBS look, seem, appear, sound, resemble, look like
cost, owe, weigh, equal
be, exist, matter,
consist of, include,contain

The verbs written in blue can be used in both progressive and non-progressive form with a change in meaning.
See the examples:

THINK
(a) “What do you think about the new English teacher?” “ I think he is a nice man !”
(b) I am thinking about the exam tomorrow. It will be a difficult one.

In (a) think is a stative verb which shows opinion. In (b) on the other hand, think is a continious
action which is physical and visible. You can sometimes see people thinking and understand that
they are doing this activity.

HAVE

(c) I have two cats and a dog. Do you have any pets?
(d) I am having a nice time in my speaking classes.

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In (c) “have” is a stative verb which expresses possession. With the meaning of possession “have “
is always used in non-progressive form. In(d) the verb “have” has an active meaning and is used
in progressive form.

SMELL

(e) All flowers smell nice.


(f) The little girl is smelling the flowers.

In (e) “smell” is a stative verb.Flowers are not doing any activity of smelling phsically. In(f) the verb
“smell” has an active meaning . You can see the girl doing this activity ,therefore it is used in
progressive form.

7. PRESENT CONTINUOUS vs. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Simple present tense expresses the regularity of the activities. The activities are general and permanent
ones in the simple present tense. Onthe other hand, Present Continuous tense is generally used to express
temporary events occuring at the moment of speaking.The activities cannot be generalized.

(a) I usually watch TV in the evening.


(b) I am watching TV at the moment.

In the sentence (a) you can understand or infere that the person watches TV most evenings regularly.You
can generalize it. In (b) ,that the person is watching TV at the moment doesn’t mean that he will watch TV
tomorrow and so on. It is just for today,for the time being.

8. AM / IS / ARE BEING + ADJECTIVE


Be+ an adjective usually expresses a stative meaning.
• Jack is happy today.
• Kathy is beautiful and intelligent.

Sometimes main verb be + an adjective is used in the progressive form when it describes temporary,in-
progress behaviour. In below example ,Tom’s rudeness is temporary and probably uncharacteristic of him.

ADJECTIVES THAT CAN BE USED WITH AM/IS/ARE BEING

• bad, careful, cruel, fair, foolish, funny, generous


• good, illogical, impolite, irresponsible, kind, lazy, logical
• loud, nice, noisy, patient, pleasant, polite, quiet
• responsible, rude, serious, silly, unfair, unkind, unpleasant

• Shut up Tom! You shouldn’t shout at your mother.You are being very rude.
• Mary is being very funny today. She must be very happy about the coming holiday.

Please note that adjectives “ angry, beautiful, handsome, happy, healthy, hungry, lucky, nervous,
old,sick, tall, thirsty, young ” doesn’t describe temporary behaviour , and cannot be used am/is/are + being .

INCORRECT: My grandmother is being old


CORRECT : My grandmother is old.

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3-SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE


¾ FORM OF SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: WILL
¾ FORM OF SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: BE GOING TO
¾ USING SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: WILL VS. BE GOING TO
¾ USING PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE
¾ USING SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE FOR FUTURE
¾ FUTURE TIME CLAUSES WITH BEFORE, AFTER, WHEN
¾ PRESENT PLANS FOR TRUE ACTIVITIES: USING INTEND, PLAN, HOPE

1. Form of Simple Future Tense: WILL

a) Affirmative (Positive) Sentences

I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT will eat a hamburger ‘ll write a letter
WE
YOU
THEY

In the positive sentence form, the helping verb “will” is used with the simple forms of the verbs (V1)
after all subjects.

• I will finish my work in a few hours.


• The train will leave the station at 11:00.
• Jim will eat lunch at 12:00.
• I will go to Istanbul tomorrow.
• The weather will be rainy this afternoon.

b) Negative Sentences

I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT will not eat a hamburger won’t write the letter.
WE
YOU
THEY

In the negative form of simple future tense, not is simply added to the sentence after the helping verb will.

• I will not see Tom this morning.


• Mr. Chalmers won’t come to work today.
• They will not go to the cinema this weekend.
• We won’t play football tomorrow.
• Fred will not come to our party

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c) Question Sentences

I
you
he
Will she
it eat hamburger? write a letter? wash the car?
we
you
they

In question sentences, the helping verb will is used just before the subject of the sentences. Simple
form of the verbs ( V1) are used after the subject.

• Will you be at home tomorrow night?


• Will the dinner be ready in a few minutes?
• When will you see Mr. Chang?
• Will you arrive in Manchester next week?

2. Form of Simple Future Tense: BE GOING TO


a) Affirmative (Positive) Sentences

I
am going to

He
She is going to
It write a letter. wash the car.

We
You are going to
They

• I am going to eat lunch at 12:30 this afternoon.


• She is going to watch the film on the TV after she finishes her homework.
• Tom is studying hard. He is going to pass the test.
• Mr. Watson is going to be here tomorrow.

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b) Negative Sentences
I
am not going to

He
She is not going to
It write a letter. wash the car.

We
You are not going to
They

• I didn’t study last night, and I am not going to study tonight either.
• They are not going to play football this afternoon.
• John is sick. He isn’t going to be in class tomorrow.
• I have changed my plans. I am not going to fly to Istanbul this weekend.

c) Question Sentences

Am
I

He
Is She
it going to write a letter? wash the car?

We
Are You
they

• Are you going to stay at home this weekend?


• Is she going to watch TV this evening?
• What are they going to do tomorrow?
• Are you going to call me later?

3. Using Simple Future Tense: Will vs. Be Going To


The Simple Future has two different forms in English, "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can
sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings
might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be
going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

a) Using “will” to express a voluntary action / willingness

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker
offers to do for someone else. Often we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for
help. Do not use “be going to” to express willingness (voluntary action).

A: I'm really hungry.


B: I'll make some sandwiches.

A: These bags are so heavy!


B: I'll help you.
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A: The phone is ringing.


B: I'll get it.

b) Using “will” in promises.

While promising, will is commonly used.

• Don’t worry! I will call you as soon as I arrive at the airport.


• Thank you for lending me the money. I will pay it back on Friday. I promise!
• I promise I will not tell him about the surprise birthday party.

c) Using “be going to” to express a future plan.

The sentences with “ be going to “express the idea that someone intends and plans to do something in the
future. When the speaker is expressing a prior plan (something the speaker intends to do in the future because
in the past she/he has made a plan or decision to do it.) “be going to” is used.

• I am tired of taking the bus to work. I am going to buy a car as soon as possible.
• I bought some paint this morning. I am going to paint the garage tomorrow.
• I am going to start making dinner before my wife gets home from work today.
• We are going to wait here until Jessica comes.
• When they get to the hotel, they are going to jump into the swimming pool.

d) Using “be going to” and “will” to express predictions

Generally speaking, when the speaker is making a prediction (a statement about something she/he thinks
will be true or will occur in the future), either “will” or “be going to” is possible.

• The weather reports say it will be sunny tomorrow.


• Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain.
• Be careful. You will hurt yourself!
• She is studying hard. She is going to pass the exam.
• I think Fenerbahce will become the champion this year.

4. Using Present Continuous for Future


Sometimes the present continuous is used to express future time. In this use, the meaning is just the
same as “be going to” form of the future tense. The present continuous is used to express future time when the
sentence concerns a definite plan, a definite intention, a definite future activity. Verbs such as go, come, arrive,
stay, leave are frequently used in the present continuous to express future time. Such verbs express definite
plans. Verbs expressing planned means of transportation in the future are also frequently used in the present
continuous ; for instance, fly, walk, ride, drive, take ( a taxi, a bus etc.)

• Bill is coming to the meeting tomorrow. (= Bill is going to come to the meeting tomorrow.)
• We are flying to Istanbul tonight. (= We are going to fly to Istanbul tomorrow.)
• They are playing football this afternoon. (=They are going to play football this afternoon.)
• I am leaving home tomorrow morning. (= I am going to leave home tomorrow morning.)

5. Using Simple Present for Future


The simple present can express future time when events are on a definite schedule or timetable. Only a
few verbs are used in the simple present to express future time. The most common are arrive, leave, start,
begin, end, finish, open, close, be.

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• The bus leaves the station at 7:45 tomorrow morning.


• The semester ends in two more weeks.
• His new job starts next Friday.

6. Future Time Clauses with “Before, After, When”


Future time clauses always use simple present tense; future forms are NEVER used in time clauses.

• CORRECT: Before Mary goes to school tomorrow, she will eat breakfast.
INCORRECT: Before Mary will go to school tomorrow, she will eat breakfast.

• CORRECT: After I eat dinner tonight, I will do my homework.


INCORRECT: After I will eat dinner tonight, I will do my homework

• CORRECT: I will get some fresh fruit when I go to the market tomorrow.
INCORRECT: I will get some fresh fruit when I will go to the market tomorrow.

7. Present plans for future activities:


Using Intend, Plan, Hope
Intend, plan and hope are used in present tenses to express present ideas about future activities.
These verbs are never used with future forms in this meaning.

• I intend to go to Bodrum. / I am intending to go to Bodrum.


(INCORRECT: I will intend to go to Bodrum)
• I’m planning to buy another car this year. / I plan to buy another car this year.
(INCORRECT: I will plan to buy another car this year.)
• I am hoping to finish the school this semester. / I hope to finish the school this semester.
(INCORRECT: I will hope to finish the school this semester.)

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4- SIMPLE PAST TENSE

SIMPLE PAST TENSE


¾ USING BE: PAST TIME
¾ FORM OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE
¾ SPELLING OF –ED
¾ USES OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
¾ BEFORE AND AFTER IN TIME CLAUSES
¾ WHEN IN TIME CLAUSES

1 . PAST FORM OF “BE”

POSITIVE SENTENCE NEGATIVE SENTENCE QUESTION SENTENCES

I I I
He He he
She was at home last night She wasn’t at home last night Was she at home last night?
It It it

We We we
You were at home last night. You weren’t at home last night. Were you at home last night?
They They they

• Kate is here today, but she wasn’t here yesterday.


• I was in Canada last year.
• Were you in Istanbul five years ago?
• It is cold this week, but it was sunny last week.
• Where were you last Sunday?
• How was your exam?

2 . FORM OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE


a) Affirmative (Positive) Sentences

I
You
He
She played football yesterday studied English this morning went to the cinema last night
It
We
You
They

In positive sentence form of the Simple Past tense, V2 (Simple Past Form of the verbs) is used after the subject.
• I watched TV last night.
• The snow stopped a few minutes ago. Now the weather is nice.
• Linda came home very late last night.
• Last year I traveled to Japan.
• Hasan studied hard all year. He passed all his exams last week.
• Sally called the police yesterday because someone stole her car while she was at the supermarket.

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b) Negative Sentences

You
He did not play football yesterday.
She
It didn’t study English this morning.
We
You go to the cinema last night.
They

In the negative form of the simple past tense, helping verb “didn’t” and simple form of the verbs is used. Please
note that V2 is only used affirmative (positive) sentences.

• I didn’t go to a movie last night. I stayed at home.


• Nick didn’t come to school yesterday.
• We didn’t have breakfast this morning.
• I went to a movie yesterday but I didn’t enjoy it.
• It didn’t rain yesterday.

c) Question Sentences

you
he play football yesterday.
she
Did ıt study English this morning.
we
you go to the cinema last night.
they

While making question sentences, the helping verb did is used in the beginning of the sentence. The verb
is used in its simple form.

• Did you sleep well last night?


• Did you see the postman this morning?
• Did Mary have a good time at the party yesterday?
• Did you make your own dinner last night?
• Did they understand the question?
• Did the children feed the birds in the park yesterday morning?

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3. SPELLING OF “-ED “
END OF VERB ------- -ED FORM

A consonant + -e ----------- ADD -d


dance ----------- danced
RULE 1: erase ----------- erased
place ----------- placed

One vowel + One consonant ----------- Double the consonant and ADD – ed
plan ----------- planned
RULE 2: stop ------------ stopped

NOTE: Do not double w and x


snow --------- snowed
fix --------- fixed

Two vowels + One Consonant ---------- ADD -ed ; do not double the consonant
rain --------- rained
RULE 3: need --------- needed

Two consonants -------- ADD –ed ; do not double the consonant


RULE 4: help--------- helped
add ------ added
Consonant + -y---------CHANGE –y TO –i, ADD –ed
RULE 5: Worry --------- worried
Reply --------- replied

Vowel + -y -------- ADD –ed; DO NOT CHANGE -y TO -i


RULE 6: play -------- played
stay --------- stayed

4. USE OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

a) Completed Action In The past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past.
Sometimes the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

• I saw a movie yesterday.


• I didn’t go to work last Friday.
• Last year, I traveled to China.
• The World War II ended in 1945.
• She washed the dishes this morning.

b) A series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd,
4th...

• I finished work, went home, had a shower and went to bed early.

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• He arrived from the airport at 9:00, checked into the hotel at 10:00, and met the others at 11:00.
c) Single Duration

The Simple Past can be used with a duration that starts and stops in the past. A duration is a long action often
used with expressions like "for two years," "for five minutes," "all day" or "all year."

• I lived in Istanbul for 5 years, from 1990 to 1995. ( I don’t live there anymore)
• Jane studied Chinese for 3 years.
• We talked on the phone for 30 minutes.
• How long did they wait for the bus?

d) Habits in the past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit that stopped in the past. It may have the same meaning
as "used to". To make it clear that we are talking about a habit we often use expressions such as "always,"
"often," "usually," "never," "...when I was a child" or "...when I was younger" in the sentence.

• My father took me to the Luna park every Sunday.


• He played the piano whenever he was at home.
• He usually worked at a restaurant after school.

5. “BEFORE” and “AFTER” IN TIME CLAUSES

A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb. Some clauses are complete sentences and have a
complete meaning. Such clauses are called as main clauses. For example;

• “I ate a sandwich.” = a main clause


• “She played tennis” = a main clause

Some clauses begin with a time adverbs such as after, before or when. These clauses are not complete
sentences and don’t have a complete meaning. They are just used to give a time reference in a sentence form.
Such clauses are called time clauses. For example;

• “ before I went to school” = a time clause


• “after she finished her homework” = a time clause

As stated above, time clauses cannot be used alone because they are not complete sentences that
have a complete meaning. Therefore, are used as an addition to the main clause. A time clause can come in
front of a main clause. There is no difference in meaning.

• I ate a sandwich before I went to school.

or,

• Before I went to school, I ate a sandwich.

• She played tennis after she finished her homework

or,

• After she finished her homework, she played tennis.

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Please note that if the time clause is used in front of the main clause, comma is used after the time
clause.

• After the children got home from school, they watched TV.
• Before we entered the cinema, we bought the tickets.
• I cleaned my room before my mother came home.
• After Sally ate dinner, she went to the library,
• Sally went to the library after she ate dinner.

6. “WHEN” IN TIME CLAUSES

Some time clauses start with WHEN, which gives the idea of at that time.

• When I was a child, I lived with my grandparents.


• I lived with my grandparents when I was a child.
• When I heard a strange sound, I turned on the lights.
• I turned on the lights when I heard a strange noise.

When clauses" are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. For
example:

• When the phone rang, I answered it.

First : the phone rang


Second: I answered it

• The children went home when the rain started.

First: The rain started


Second: the children went home

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5- PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

™ PRESENT PERFECT TENSE


¾ FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
¾ USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
¾ USING SINCE and FOR
¾ USING ALREADY, YET, JUST, EVER and NEVER

1. Form Of Present Perfect Tense

a) Affirmative (Positive) Sentences

Have / Has + V3

HE
SHE has eaten hamburger has written the letter has washed the car
IT

I
YOU have eaten hamburger have written the letter have washed the car
WE
THEY

In the positive sentence form of the Present Perfect Tense, helping verbs have / has + V3 are used
after the subject.

• I have finished my work.


• They have moved to a new apartment.
• Jim has eaten lunch.
• I have seen that movie before.
• My father has washed the car.

b) Negative Sentences

HE
SHE has not eaten hamburger has not written the letter has not washed the car
IT

I
YOU have not eaten hamburger have not written the letter have not washed the car
WE
THEY

In the negative form of present perfect tense, not is simply added to the sentence after the helping verbs has /
have.

• I have not seen Tom this morning.


• The student’s have not finished their homework.
• Maria has not washed the dishes
• The secretary hasn’t typed the letter yet.
• We haven’t received any messages from Jack this week.

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c) Question Sentences

he
Has she
it

eaten hamburger? written the letter? washed the car?


we
Have you
they

In question sentences, the helping verbs have / has are used in the beginning of the sentences. V3 is
used after the subject.

• Have you visited your uncle this week?


• Have you ever eaten Chinese food?
• Has Tim drunk any beer?
• Has she finished her work?
• Have you ever been to Istanbul?

2. Use Of Present PerfectTense


Present perfect tense is used;

a) The Present Perfect Tense expresses the idea that something happened (or never happened) before
the present time, at an indefinite time in the past. When the action happened is not important. If the
definite time is given, the simple past tense is used.

• They have moved to a new apartment. They moved there last week.
• I have washed the car. (It is clean now!)
• I have never seen such a big building. (All my life)
• I have met Bill’s wife. I met her at a party last night.
• Have you ever eaten at that restaurant yet?
• I think I have seen that girl before.

b) When used with for , since, so far, up till now, untill now the present perfect tense refers to an
action which began in the past and continues up to the present.

• I have been here since 9 o’clock.


• They have been married for 25 years.
• I have had this old car for 10 years.
• She has done great work up to now. I think she will be promoted soon.
• I haven’t seen my uncle since 1990.
• Janet has been very busy with the new project for the last three months.
• I have liked science-fiction films ever since I was a child.
c) The present perfect tense also expresses the actions repeated in an unspecified time between the
past and present .

• I have seen that movie four times.


• I have met many new friends since I came here.
• How many times have you been to France?
• The telephone has rung six times since this morning.
• The scientists have made many important inventions since 1900’s.

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d) The CLUB tense
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time period has not finished.

• I haven’t seen Tom this morning. (It’s still this morning)


• My grandfather has written many novels. (He is still alive and writing novels)
• It has rained a lot this year.
• Jane hasn’t called me today.

e) The present perfect tense refers to the actions completed in a very recent past .

• I have just eaten a sandwich. ( I am not hungry now)


• Ouch! I’ve cut my finger. It’s bleeding.
• My boss has gone to London. (He is there now)
• The robbers have been put into the prison. (They are in prison now.)

3. Using SINCE and FOR


Since expresses the idea that an activity began at a definite time in the past and continues to the present. Since is
followed by the mention of a specific point in time such as an hour,a day, a month, year, or an event happened at a specific
point in the past.

SINCE + A SPECIFIC POINT IN THE PAST


9 o’clock.
friday.
june
1998
june 29, 1998
I have been in this city since + the beginning of this semester
yesterday
last week
I got the scholarship

• I have had this old car since 1990.


• Alex has not eaten anything since breakfast.
• Roger and I have known each other since last January.
• I have met so many people since I came to this town last year.
• Jane has worn her new blue jeans only twice since she bought them.

When for is used with the present perfect tense, it also means that the action began in the past and continues
to the present. For is followed by the mention of a length of time : two minutes, three hours, four days, five years
etc...

FOR + A LENGTH OF TIME

ten minutes.
three hours
I have been in this city ten days
for + about eight years
several weeks
many years
a long time
years

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• Alex has not eaten anything for 8 hours.
• Roger and I have known each other for a year.
• Tom has worked on this project for a long time.
• Jane has not worn her new blue jeans for five months.

4. Using ALREADY, YET, JUST, EVER and NEVER


EVER is used;

1. in questions.
• Have you ever been to Turkey ?
• Has she ever met John?

2. in negative questions
• Haven’t they ever been to Turkey?
• Hasn’t she ever met John?

3. in negative statements : nothing .......ever , nobody ........ever.


• Nobody has ever climbed to that mountain before.
• Nothing has ever been said to us.
4. with the statements such as “the first time .....” etc.

• This is the first time I have ever eaten Thai food.


• It’s the first time I have ever been to England.

5. with the statements including superlative form.


• Helen is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen.
• Istanbul is the most beautiful city I have ever been to.

NEVER means at no time before. It is important to note that , never is a negative adverb, and it shouldn’t be
used with not in a sentence.

CORRECT: I have never eaten caviar.


CORRECT: She has never failed any exams.
INCORRECT: I haven’t never eaten caviar. Or She hasn’t never failed any exams.

ALREADY expresses the idea that something has happened before now, sooner than expected and there is
no need for repetition.

• You don’t need to go to the post office. I have already posted the letters.
• Don’t take the car to the mechanic.I have already fixed it.
• Have you already finished your homework?
• I have seen that movie already.

YET expresses the idea that something has not happened untill now ( up to this time), but it may happen in the
future. It is used in the end of a sentence.

• It’s 2:00 pm and I am very hungry. I haven’t eaten lunch yet.


• Have you seen Eric yet?
• Has he arrived yet?

JUST expresses the idea that something happened a very short time ago, and it is a very recent event.
• No, thanks. I have just eaten a sandwich.
• They have just gone out.
• Mr. Green has just called you.

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6- PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
™ PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
¾ FORM OF PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
¾ USES OF PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
¾ USING TIME CLAUSES IN PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE: WHEN, WHILE, AS

1. Form Of The Past Continuous Tense


a) Affirmative (Positive) Sentences

was / were + -ing

I
HE was eating hamburger was having breakfast was playing football
SHE
IT

YOU
WE were eating hamburger were having breakfast were playing football
THEY

• John went to bed at 10:30. At 11:00 he was sleeping.


• The children were playing in the garden at 9 o’clock in the morning.
• We were watching TV at 7 o’ clock yesterday evening.
• My father was drinking coffee while I was sleeping.
• Mom was cooking lunch in the kitchen when I went home.

b) Negative Sentences

I
HE was not eating hamburger was not having breakfast was not playing football
SHE
IT

YOU
WE were not eating hamburger were not having breakfast were not playing football
THEY

In the negative form of past continuous tense, not is simply added to the sentence after the helping verb BE
(was / were).

• Robert was not studying (Robert wasn’t studying)


• The baby was not sleeping. (The baby wasn’t sleeping)
• They were not listening to music. (They weren’t listening to music)
• I was not dancing. (I wasn’t dancing)
• She was not writing a letter. (She wasn’t writing a letter.)
• My mother was not making a cake (My mother wasn’t making a cake)
• We were not working. (We weren’t working.)

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c) Question Sentences

I
Was he eating hamburger? having breakfast? playing football?
she
it

we
Were you eating hamburger? having breakfast? playing football?
they

In question sentences, the helping verbs WAS, WERE are used in the beginning of the sentences.
–ING is added to the main verb.

• Was Jane sleeping in her room?


• Were the students studying in the library?
• Was the boss speaking on the phone at that moment?
• Were you going to the supermarket?
• Was the secretary typing the letters?

2 . Use Of The Past Continuous Tense

a) The past continuous tense expresses an activity that was happening (in progress) at a specific time in the past:

• At this time last week we were lying on the beach.


• My father was working in the garage so he didn't hear the telephone when I called him yesterday.
• I took my car to the mechanic yesterday because it wasn’t working properly.
• Sorry, I wasn't listening. Can you say it again please?
• What were you doing at 8 o'clock yesterday?
• Why were you talking to John when I saw you in the cafeteria yesterday?
• I went home early yesterday. Mon was still cooking the dinner.

b) Past continuous is very often used with the past simple to say that something happened in the middle of another activity.
In each of the following examples, the single event (past simple) happens in the middle of a longer action (past continuous).

• You phoned while I was having a bath.


• When I got home yesterday, a cat was sitting on the roof.
• It started to rain just as we were getting ready to have our picnic.
• The boy was standing on the table when the principal came into the room.
• Many people were shopping in the market when the bomb exploded.
• When I went to bed last night the sun was already beginning to rise.
• It was lucky we weren't sitting under that tree when the lightning hit.
• What were you doing when the lights went off last night?
• Were you watching me when I showed you how to do it?
• How fast was she driving when she had the accident?

3. Using Time Clauses in Past Continuous Tense “When - While – As”


a) Use while,when,as if the activity in the time clause is progressive.

When
While I was walking down the street, I saw an old friend of mine.
As

b) Never use while and as in the time clause if the verb is simple past

INCORRECT: While I came home, my sister was talking on the phone.


INCORRECT: As I came home, my sister was talking on the phone.

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7- PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE


¾ FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
¾ USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
¾ PRESENT CONTINUOUS vs. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
¾ PRESENT CONTINUOUS vs. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

1. Form of Present Perfect Tense


a) Affirmative (Positive) Sentences

Have been/ Has been + VING

HE
SHE has been eating hamburger has been writing the letter
IT

I
YOU Have been eating hamburger have been writing the letter
WE
THEY

In the positive sentence form of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense, helping verbs
have been / has been + VING are used after the subject.

• I have been watching TV since seven o’clock.


• They have been playing football since morning.
• Jim has been eating lunch for two hours.
• I have been living in this city for 20 years.
• My father has been teaching for 30 years.
• It has been snowing all day. I wonder when it will stop.

b) Negative Sentences

HE
SHE has not been eating hamburger hasn’t been writing the letter
IT

I
YOU have not been eating hamburger haven’t been writing the letter
WE
THEY

In the negative form of Present Perfect Continuous Tense, not is simply added to the sentence after the helping
verbs has been / have been.

• Mary hasn’t been working since afternoon.


• They haven’t been living here since 1975.

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c) Question Sentences

he
Has she
it

been eating hamburger? been writing the letter?


we
Have you
they

In question sentences, the helping verbs have / has are used in the beginning of the sentences.
BEEN + VING is used after the subject.

• Have you been running for two hours?


• How long have you been working in this company?
• Has she been studying?
• What has your mother been doing since morning?

2. Use of Present Perfect Continuous Tense


a) The Present Perfect Continuous Tense indicates the duration of an activity that began in the past and
continues to the present. When the tense has this meaning, it is used with time words such as since,
for, all morning, all day, all week, etc.

a. I have been living in Ankara for 10 years.


b. It has been raining all day.
c. I have been working on this project for more than a year.
d. The children have been playing in the garden since morning.
e. How long has she been driving? She looks tired.

b) When the present perfect continuous tense is used without any specific mention of time, it indicates a
general activity in progress recently, lately.

c) My wife has been thinking about changing her car.


a. The students have been studying hard. The final exams start next week.
b. Tom’s clothes look very dirty. He has been painting the house.

3. Present Continuous Vs. Present Perfect Continuous


Present Continuous tense expresses an activity happening at the moment of speaking. It never indicates the
duration activity.

CORRECT: I am running now.


CORRECT : She is sleeping now.
INCORRECT: I am running for 2 hours.
INCORRECT: She is sleeping since 8:00 o’clock

Present perfect tense, on the other hand, is used to express duration of an activity happening. It mostly
answers the question HOW OFTEN?

• I have been running for two hours. I am very tired now.


• She has been sleeping since 8:00. She worked hard yesterday

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4. Present Perfect Continuous Vs. Present Perfect
While the present perfect simple is used to express completed actions and their results at present,
present perfect continuous tense is most commonly used to indicate the duration of an activity. In other words, if
it is important to express that the activity is completed, Present Perfect Simple is used; if it is important to
express the duration and the activity itself, Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used.

• I have cleaned the room. It’s clear now.


• I have been cleaning the room since morning.
• I have read 50 pages of this novel. It’s very exciting.
• I have been reading this novel for a week. It’s very exciting.

With certain verbs such as live, work, and teach, there is little or no difference in meaning between the
two tenses when since or for is used

• I have lived here since 1990. or I have been living here since 1990.
• She has worked at the same company for five years. / She has been working at the same
company for five years.

Be careful about the non-progressive verbs, which cannot be used in continuous tenses.

CORRECT : I have known Jim for ten years.


INCORRECT: I have been knowing Jim for ten years.

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FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE


FORM OF THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
USE OF THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

1.Form Of Future Continuous Tense


WILL BE + VING

POSITIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM QUESTION FORM


S + will be + Ving + O S + will not be + Ving + O Will + S + be + Ving + O

I will be working at 9 tomorrow. I will not be working at 9 tomorrow. Will you be working at 9 tomorrow ?

• Don’t call me between five and seven. I will be studying for an exam tomorrow.
• This is my last month in this city. This time next month , I will be living in Paris.
• I will be watching my favourite TV program this time tomorrow evening.
• When your plane arrives at the airport tonight, I will be waiting for you.
• At 8:00 this morning, I will be washing the car.
• Our plane will be taking off in a few minutes.
• At this time next week, we will be lying on the beach.
• When I get up tomorrow morning , the sun will be shining.

2. Use Of Future Continuous Tense


Generally speaking, the future continuous refers to an unfinished action or event that will be in
progress at a time later than now.

a) To project ourselves into the future and see something happening

a. This is my last year at this university. This time next year, I will be working at a bank.
b. Don’t call me between seven and eight. I will be having dinner then.
c. We will be playing football at this time tomorrow evening.
d. When you are in Australia, will you be staying with friends?
e. At four thirty on Tuesday afternoon I will be signing the contract

b) To refer to actions/events that will happen in the normal course of events.

c) I will be seeing Jim at the club next Thursday.


a. I'll be going into town this afternoon, is there anything you want from the shops
b. Will you be using the car tomorrow? - No, you can take it.
c. I'll be seeing Jane this evening - I'll give her the message

d) In the interrogative form, especially with 'you', to distinguish between a simple request for information and an
invitation:
e) Will you be coming to the party tonight? (= request for information)
f) Will you be coming to the party? (= invitation)
a. Will you be bringing your friend to the pub tonight?
b. Will Alan be coming with us?

g) To predict or guess about someone's actions or feelings, now or in the future:

h) You'll be feeling tired after that long walk, I expect.


a. You'll be feeling thirsty after working in the sun.
b. He'll be coming to the meeting, I expect.
c. You'll be missing the sunshine when you're back in England.

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9 - PAST PERFECT TENSE

¾ FORM OF THE PAST PERFECT TENSE


¾ USE OF THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

1. Form of Past Perfect Tense

HAD + V3

POSITIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM QUESTION FORM


S + had + V3 + O S + had not + V3 + O Had + S + V3 + O

I had finished the work by 7 I had not finished the work by 7 Had you finished the work by 7
o’clock. o’clock. o’clock ?

• When I got to the garage, the mechanic had fixed the car.
• My sister had just left by the time I arrived home.
• The meeting had already started by the time the press came.
• We had just sat down to dinner when the phone rang.
• I had just left the elevator when the electricity went out.
• I was sure that I had never seen that man before.

2. Use of Past Perfect Tense


a. The Past Perfect expresses an activity which was completed before another activity or time in the past.

• When I got home yesterday, my mother had already cooked the dinner.
• By the time we got to the theatre, the play had already started.
• When Sam was born, I had been a doctor for 10 years.
• My son had already learnt how to read by the time he started the primary school.
• The hotel had just been robbed by the time the police arrived.
• I had read a lot about Scotland before I went there.

b. When before or after is used in a sentence, the past perfect is not necessary because the time
relationship is already clear; therefore, simple past may be used instead, without any change in the
meaning.

• After the meeting (had) finished, everybody went home.


• Jack (had) left before I got to the office.
• Before Mrs. Green went to bed, she had taken her sleeping pill. ( or “ took her sleeping pill)
• After the old man (had) died, the doctor came.

NOTE: BY THE TIME is frequently used in sentences of past perfect tense in order to express that
an action is already completed before another event in the past.

• By the time Susan arrived, we had already finished the work.


• They had already eaten everything by the time we went to the restaurant.

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10 - PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE


¾ FORM OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
¾ USE OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

1- Form of Past Perfect Continuous Tense


HAD + BEEN VING

POSITIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM QUESTION FORM


S + had + been VING + O S + had not + been VING + O Had + S + been VING + O

I had been running for an hour. I had not been running for an hour. Had you been running for an
hour?

2. Use of Past Perfect Continuous Tense


a. The Past Perfect Continuous expresses the duration of an activity which was in progress before
another time or activity in the past.

• The passengers at the bus stop were very angry. They had been waiting for the bus for 45 minutes.
• The detectives had been searching for the murderer for a long time before they arrested him.
• He had only been studying French for two years before he got the job
• My father had been working for that company before it finally went bankrupt.

b. Past perfect continuous is also used to express an activity in progress close in time to another activity
or time in the past.

• John was out of breath when he came in. He had been jogging.
• When I saw Mary, her eyes were red. She had been crying.
• Brian gained overweight because he had been overeating.

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ENGLISH CLUB Language School – www.englishclub.com.tr – 0312.425 85 28

11- FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

™ FUTURE PERFECT TENSE


¾ FORM OF THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
¾ FORM OF THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
¾ USE OF THE FUTURE FERFECT TENSE & FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. Form of Future Perfect Tense

WILL HAVE + V3

POSITIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM QUESTION FORM


S + will have + V3 + O S + will not have + V3 + O Will + S + have + V3 + O

I will have finished the work by 7 I will not have finished the work by Will you have finished the work
o’clock. 7 o’clock. by 7 o’clock?

• I will have left Ankara by the time you receive this letter.
• They will have completed the bridge by the end of the year.
• I save $500 a month. This is February. By next July I will have saved $3000
• We got married in 1980. It’s 2000 now. By 2010 we will have been married for 30 years.
• I hope I will have finished this report by the end of the day.
• We will have already eaten dinner by the time you join us.

2. Form of Future Perfect Continuous Tense

POSITIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM QUESTION FORM


S + will have +been+VING + O S + will not have + been +VING + O Will + S +have+been + VING+ O

By 7 o’clock, I will have been By 7 o’clock, I will not have been Will you have been working for 9
working for 9 hours. working for 9 hours. hours by 7 o’clock?

• He will have been working for this company for 35 years by next October.
• By the time we get to Istanbul, I will have been driving for more than 8 hours.
• By the end of this week, I will have been waiting for seventeen weeks for my phone to be repaired.
• We will have been flying non-stop for fourteen hours before we get to Hawaii.

3. Use of Future Perfect (Simple) & Future Perfect Continuous

a. We often use the Future Perfect Simple with by, by the time, and not …..till/until to show that an
action will already be completed by a certain time in the future. We use present perfect tense with verbs
which point to completion, like complete, finish, retire etc…

• I will graduate in May. I will see you in September. By the time I see you in September, I will
have graduated.
• I will have finished the project by the time you arrive at the office tomorrow morning.
• She will have prepared the dinner by the time we get home.
• The scientists will have found the cure for cancer by 2030.

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ENGLISH CLUB Language School – www.englishclub.com.tr – 0312.425 85 28
b. The Future Perfect Continuous emphasizes the duration of an activity that will be in progress before
another time or event in the future. We often use the future perfect continuous with verbs like learn, lie,
live, rain, sit, wait and work which naturally suggest continuity to say that what is in progress now will be
in progress in the future.

• I will start working at 10am. Pam will get to the office at 2 pm. I will have been working for four
hours by the time Pam gets to the office.
a. They will have been watching the film for 30 minutes by the time we arrive at the cinema.
b. I was born in 1975 and it’s 2001 now. By 2040, I will have been living for 65 years.

c. Sometimes the Future Perfect and the Future Perfect Continuous have the same meaning as in below
examples. Also notice that the activity expressed by either of these two tenses may begin in the past.
• When Mr. Lane retires next month, he will have worked for our company for 40 years.
• When Mr. Lane retires next month, he will have been working for our company for 40 years.

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ENGLISH CLUB Language School – www.englishclub.com.tr – 0312.425 85 28
b. The Future Perfect Continuous emphasizes the duration of an activity that will be in progress before
another time or event in the future. We often use the future perfect continuous with verbs like learn, lie,
live, rain, sit, wait and work which naturally suggest continuity to say that what is in progress now will be
in progress in the future.

• I will start working at 10am. Pam will get to the office at 2 pm. I will have been working for four
hours by the time Pam gets to the office.
a. They will have been watching the film for 30 minutes by the time we arrive at the cinema.
b. I was born in 1975 and it’s 2001 now. By 2040, I will have been living for 65 years.

c. Sometimes the Future Perfect and the Future Perfect Continuous have the same meaning as in below
examples. Also notice that the activity expressed by either of these two tenses may begin in the past.
• When Mr. Lane retires next month, he will have worked for our company for 40 years.
• When Mr. Lane retires next month, he will have been working for our company for 40 years.

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