Index

Note: ‘Page numbers followed by “f ” indicate figures those followed by “t” indicate tables and “b” indicate boxes.’

A amplitude versus offset (AVO)

reponse, 248e250, 248fe249f
Born approximation, 332
Bottom simulating reflection
Acoustic impedance and gradient
extrinsic, 247e248 (BSR), 5
impedance (AIGI) crossplot,
262, 263fe264f geometries, 248 Blake Ridge reflections, 19
Adjustment heuristic, 104e105 horizontal polar, 248 clustered, 22e23
Algorithmic bias, 118e119 intrinsic, 247e248 continuous, 20e22
Amplitude variation with offset vertical polar, 248 depth and character, 23
Aptian sag phase, Campos Basin, 66 diagenetic, 23
(AVO), 3e4
Areal aperture, 202 discontinuous, 20e22
Amplitude versus angle (AVA)
Artificial intelligence, 9 double, 23
Bayesian inversion, 278e280
Atafona formation, Campos Basin, Ocean Drilling Program (ODP),
Nile Delta inversion. See Nile Delta
65 19e20
inversion
Attenuation phenomenon, 171 pluming, 22
onshore reflection seismic data. See
Availability bias, 5e6 polarity, 20
Markov Chain Monte Carlo
definition, 107 reflector, 19
(MCMC) inversion, onshore
plain language examples, 107e108 types, 21f
reflection seismic data
Amplitude versus offset (AVO), 8 seismic interpretation, 108e109
anisotropy, 247e250, 248fe249f C
application, 270e271 B Campos Basin, pre-salt LagoaFeia
and elastic properties, 251e258, Barremiansyn-rift lacustrine Group
253te254t, 255fe257f deposits, 61e62 carbonategeobodies (CGBs). See
in impedance domain, 259e267, Base of the hydrate stability zone Carbonate geobodies (CGBs)
261f, 263fe266f (BGHSZ), 17e19 geological and tectonic settings,
intercept-gradient crossplots, Bayesian inversion, 277 64e67
250e251, 251f Gaussian distribution, 280 location, 64
measurements, 243e247, linear relations, 278 seismic and well data analysis,
245fe246f misfit function, 278e279 96e97
projections, 258e259 posteriori marginal probability seismic data (2D), 67e69, 68f
seismicc-angles, 267e269 distribution, 279e280 seismic facies, 70e71, 71f, 73e75,
standard equation, 237e241, 238f, simplicity, 279 73fe77f, 77e78
240f statistical inversion, 279e280 seismic velocities, 69
work flow, 270f Bias blind spot, 117 subsurface datasets, 67e69
Anchoring, 5e6 Biases. See Uncertainty and biases well data, 69
Anelastic attenuation, 171 Bioclasticrudstones, 71e72 Carbonate geobodies (CGBs),
Anisotropy Blake Ridge reflections, 19 81e93, 82fe85f, 87fe90f

363
364 Index

Carbonate geobodies (CGBs) E land datasets, 351e352

(Continued) Eikonal equation, 204e205 least-squares formulation,
bioclasticrudstones, 71e72 Elastic impedance, 260 331e332
2D dip and strike seismic lines, 72 Elastic theory, 1 low frequencies and cycle-skipping,
deterministically mapped Extended elastic impedance (EEI), 330e331, 330f
geobodies, 72 261, 264 and machine learning, 356
high tectonic activity systems tract, Extrinsic anisotropy, 247e248 medical imaging, 357
94e96 model parameters, 332e333
lithological characterization, 73 F recoverable wavenumbers,
Fault-scarp degradation, 35e37, 325e329
low tectonic activity systems tract,
53e54 residualwavefield, 335
96
emplacement, 46e48 shallow overburden, 344e345,
mapping, 78e93, 79f
erosional profile, 44 344f
outcrops and vertical
external geometries, 44e46 smoothing regularization, 336
sedimentological logs, 72
individual fault segmentation and steepest descent method, 333
rift initiation systems tract, 94 step length, 334
linkages, 43e44
Carbon sequestration and storage three-dimensional (3D) models,
internal architecture, 46e48
(CSS), 10e11 321
large fault spacing, 43e44
Clustered bottom simulating tomographical algorithm,
onlapping sequences, 44
reflection (BSR), 22e23 321e322
Upper Triassic horizon, 43e44, 43f
Coherency inversion, 177 vertical seismic section, 45fe47f wave equation, 322e323
Coherency inversion technique, 160 Field record number gather (FFID), workflow and validation, 3D field
Coherent noise, 200 164 dataset, 336e350
Color perception, 113 Finite-differences (FD) method, 322
Common image gathers (CIGs), 176 Framing bias G
Continuous bottom simulating definition, 111e112 Gargaú formation, 66
reflection (BSR), 20e22 plain language examples, 112 Gas hydrates
Coqueiros formation, 65e66 seismic interpretation, 112e114 base of the hydrate stability zone
Coquinas, 61e62 Full-waveform inversion (FWI), 9 (BGHSZ), 17e19
advantage, 324 bottom simulating reflection (BSR),
Cycle-skipping problem, 330e331,
Born approximation, 332 19e23
330f
vs. conventional tomography, direct gas hydrate indicators, 23e25
D 323e324 gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ),
17
Data-dependent scaling, AVO, crustal datasets, 350e351
2D synthetic data, 323 methane hydrate stability, 18f
243e244
3D synthetics, 323 natural gas hydrate, 17
Debiasing training, 115e117
finite-differences (FD) method, 322 stability, 17e19
Decimation, 340
formulation, 322 Gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ),
Deterministically mapped 17
forwardwavefield, 335
geobodies, 72 Gaussian mixture model, 305e306
frequency domain, 331e332
Diagenetic bottom simulating full bandwidth, 352e356 Gauss-Newton (GN) method,
reflection (BSR), 23 Gauss-Newton method, 335 290e291, 335
Dip parameter, 168 geophysics, 357 Gauss’s divergence theorem, 202
Dip shooting technique, 1e2 gradient calculation, 334 Geobodies, 5
Discontinuous bottom simulating helioseismology, 357 Geobodies, pre-salt rift section
reflection (BSR), 20e22, 21f implementation, 323 image algorithms, 61e62
Double bottom simulating inversion strategy, 343e344 LagoaFeia Group, Campos Basin,
reflection (BSR), 23 Jacobian matrix, 334e335 61e62
 Index 365

seismic attributes, 61e62 J down slope reach, 51e53

vintage 2D data, 61e62 Jacobian matrix, 334e335 Exmouth Plateau Arch, 48
Geophysical inversions, 278 fan system, 51e52
Github, 10 K headwall area, 49e51
Gradient impedance (GI), 262 Kirchhoff summation, 201 mechanical disaggregation, 53
Granular media models, 276, 284e285 thin draping sequence, 48e49
Green’s theorem, 202 L turbidites and debris flows, 53
Ground-roll high energy, 200 Layer-based tomography, 176 Nile Delta inversion, 8e9
Layer stripping methods, 331 interval-oriented, seismic-
H Legacy data, 157 petrophysical inversion,
Halite beds, 66 Local-slant stack method, 168 298e301
Hashin-Shtrikman bounds, Low tectonic activity systems tract, rock-physics model, 306e308
284e285 96 seismic dataset, 280e282, 281f
Herding target-oriented seismic-
definition, 109 M petrophysical inversion,
plain language examples, 109 Macabú formation, 66 286e298, 293fe294f, 296f
seismic interpretation, 110, 111f Machine learning, full-waveform
Hertz-Mindlin contact theory, 276, inversion (FWI), 356 O
284e285 Markov Chain Monte Carlo Object-based modeling (OBM)
Hessian matrix, 332e333 (MCMC) inversion, onshore approach, 72
High Tectonic Activity Systems Tract, reflection seismic data Ocean bottom seismometers (OBS),
94e96, 95f field data inversion, 308e313 199
Horizontally transverse isotropy MCMC algorithms, 302e306 deep waters, 210
(HTI), 248 rock-physics models (RPM) seismic and tsunami risk
calibration, 306e308, assessment, offshore western
I 308fe309f Peloponnesus, 210e214, 211f,
IMAGE2SEGY tool, 134 Medium/high amplitude (MES), 213f
Impedance domain Amplitude 187, 188f Ocean-bottom seismometers (OBS)
versus offset (AVO) Methane hydrate stability, 18f datasets, 350e351
acoustic impedance and gradient Metropolis-Hasting rule, 304 Ocean Drilling Program (ODP),
impedance (AIGI) crossplot, Migration effect, 328e329 19e20
262 Minimum-phase conversion, 172 Optical illusions, 112
angle-dependent reflectivity, 260 Mitigation methods Otranto Channel
clay index, 266, 266f automatization, 118e119 geological insights, 192e193
elastic impedance, 260 data use, 117e118 vintage data reprocessing. See
extended elastic impedance (EEI), training, 115e117 Vintage data, Otranto Channel
261, 265f MS-29 vintage multichannel seismic
gradient impedance (GI), 262 (MCS) line, 158, 159f P
isotropic elastic property Müller-Lyer optical illusion, 112f Permo-Triassic clastic sequence
reflectivities, 260 (PT), 189
typical porosity and saturation, 264,N Phase reversals, 25, 26f
265f Narrow-angle inversion, 294f Plain language examples, 105e106
Intercept and gradient weighting, National Institute of Oceanography Pluming bottom simulating
241, 242f and Applied Geophysics reflection (BSR), 22
Intrinsic anisotropy, 247e248 (OGS) of Italy, 158 Polar anisotropy, 248
Inverse Q filtering, 171 Natural gas hydrate, 17 Pre-stack depth migration (PSDM),
Itabapoana formation, Campos Near seabed failures 158
Basin, 65 Bonaventure Complex II, 48 Prestack time migration
366 Index

Prestack time migration (Continued) S negative connotation, 35e37

data aliasing and noise, 174, 175f Sag LagoaFeia Group, 67 North Shelf of Australia, 40fe42f,
differential methods, 172e174 Scaled reflectivity, 258 41e53
migration, 172e174 SEG-Y format data, 7 pore pressure enhancement, 35
ray methods, 172e174 Seismic attribute analysis, 3e4 scarp degradation deposits,
spatial aliasing, 174 Seismic data interpretation, 4e6, 6f Statfjord Field, 35e37
PSDM anisotropic velocity model, anchoring bias, conceptual models, seal units for deepwater reservoir,
341 106 38f
Public vintage 2D seismic dataset, 145 availability bias, 108e109 slide, 33
complex systems. See Gas hydrates slumps, 33, 54
Q effective transference, 113e114 submarine failures, 35, 36f
Q correction, 171 framing bias, 112e114 tectonic processes, 35
Quantitative imaging, 8e9 group involvement, 110e111 Slumps, slope failure, 33, 54
herding, 110, 111f Snell’s law, 237
R image quality, 113 South Adriatic Sea, Otranto Channel
Ray-based tomography, 323e324 visual perception, 113 geological insights, 192e193
grid tomography, 176 Seismic exploration vintage data reprocessing. See
hybrid tomography, 176 data acquisition and processing, Vintage data, Otranto Channel
interval velocity distribution, 1e2 Steepest descent method, 333
175e176 data interpretation, 2e4 Submarine slope failure, 35, 36f
layer-based tomography, 176 history, 1e4 Subsurface targets, petrophysical
matrix notation, 175e176 Seismic facies, pre-salt rift section characterization
residualmoveout analysis (RMO), clastic and carbonate facies, 61e62 amplitude-related indicators, 275
176e177 image algorithms, 61e62 amplitudeversus angle (AVA)
velocitymodeling, 175 LagoaFeia Group, Campos Basin, inversion, 278e280
Reciprocity principle, 340 61e62, 63f, 70e71, 71f, Surface consistent deconvolution
Relative acoustic impedance (RAI), 74fe77f, 77e78 (SCD), 172, 173f
70e71 supervised seismic facies, 61e62 Surface-related multiple elimination
Residual moveout analysis (RMO), surface/volumetric interpolation, (SRME), 167e169, 170f
176e177 61e62 Symmetric square covariance
Retiro formation, 66 Seismic inversion, 275 matrix, 175e176
Rift Initiation Systems Tract, 94, 95f Seismic-petrophysical inversion, Syn-rift LagoaFeia Group, 67
Rock-physics model (RPM) 276e277. See also Nile Delta
empirical formulas, 276 inversion T
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Seismic stratigraphy, 3e4 Theoretical RPM (TRPMs),
(MCMC) inversion, onshore Shuey equation, 245 284e285, 284f
reflection seismic data, Single-stage seismic-petrophysical Thomsen parameters, 248
302e313, 308fe309f inversion, 300f Time-domain visco-acoustic finite-
Nile Delta inversion, 280e301, Slope failure difference algorithm, 343
282f, 284f categories, 33 Tomographic velocity model, 213f
reservoir characterization, 276 classification scheme, 34f
theoretical, 276 creep, 33 U
Rock-physics templates (RPTs), 285, earth mass remobilization, 33 Uncertainty and biases
287f Exmouth Plateau, 3D seismic data, anchoring bias, conceptual models,
Root mean square (RMS) 37e39 104e106
amplitude, 70, 281e282, geological phenomena, 34f availability bias, 107e109, 108f
281f internal architectures, 35 framing bias, 111e114
Rüger equation, 250 mass flows, 33 herding, 109e110, 111f
 Index 367

heuristics, 103 Vintage 2D data reprocessing, 6e8, coherent noise, 200

interpretations, 115 7f deep crust below Central Sicily,
mitigation methods, 115e119 Vintage seismic reflection profiles 214e218, 214f, 226e227
basic fault pattern, 149 formulation, 201e207
V eastern Tyrrhenian margin (Italy), high-resolution marine surveys,
Velocity amplitude anomalies 129e130, 130f, 132, 133f, 222e223, 222f
(VAMPS), 25 134e141, 149e150 high-resolution S-wave
Velocity pull ups, 24e25 European Commission funded prospecting, 223e225, 225f,
Vertically transverse isotropy (VTI), projects, 128 227
248, 343 extensional tectonic phase, 148 normal incident ray paths, 200f
Vintage data, Otranto Channel land seismic acquisition, 127e128 ocean bottom seismometers (OBS),
acquisition equipment, 162e163 national hydrocarbon exploration 199
activity, 128 properties and application,
Central Mediterranean Area,
old seismic surveys, 127e128 207e209
tectonic map, 163
positioning information, 146e147 receivers geometry, 230te231t
coherency inversion technique, 160
reinterpretation and reprocessing, shots geometry, 229t
CROP-M8 profile, 159f
128 signal recognition, 199
geological setting, 160e161
SEG-Y format data, 129, 146e147 signal to noise (S/N) ratio, 199
Mediterranean Sea project (MS), seismic record storage format, 128 static corrections, 199
162 seismic reflection surveying, 127 Tuscany Geothermal Province,
MS-29 seismic line, 164e174, software SEISTRANS, 129 218e222, 219fe220f
167fe168f, 177e182, Tif2segy software, 129 undesired signals, 200
183fe184f, 184e191, 186f, visibility of petroleum exploration vertical ray paths assumptions, 199
191f data in Italy (ViDEPI), 128 Wave equation multiple attenuation
MS-29 vintage multichannel Visibility of petroleum exploration (WEMA), 169e170
seismic (MCS) line, 158 data in Italy (ViDEPI), 128, Weighting schemes, 241, 242f
narrow frequency bandwidth, 158 130, 131f Wide-angle inversion, 294f
pre-stack time (PSTM), 158 Visual perception, 113
processing sequences, 158 Z
spatialundersampling, 158 W Zoeppritz equations, 286e289
tomographic method, 160 Wave-equation datuming (WED)
vintage seismic lines, 158 technique