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 COLONIAL RULE IN BOTSWANA
The colonial period was the time when Botswana and other African countries were ruled by Europeans.
Protectorate; a foreign territory that was ruled by its local rulers, but whose foreign affairs and boarders
were controlled by a European country.
3.1.1.1. Describe changes in political authority resulting from colonisation.

Changes in political authority resulting from colonisation

Colonisation resulted in several changes in the political power of the dikgosi.

 The declaration of Bechuanaland Protectorate meant that the dikgosi were no longer free to rule
the people and control their areas as they wished. The British government was in charge of the
country and its people including the dikgosi. The British created a colonial administration run by
the British officers. They made decision and laws for Bechuanaland. They also supervised the
dikgosi.

The powers of the dikgosi were reduced in the following ways:

 They no longer hada final authority over their people. They had to obey the instructions of the
British government officials. They had to make sure that their people obeyed such orders as well.
 They were no longer allowed to try cases of murder and rape.
 They could not try cases involving Europeans.

 The colonial administration gave the

dikgosi new duties. For example, they had to
collect tax from any man from their reserves.
In return they received 10% of the money they
collected.

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3.1.1.2. Describe the administrative structure of the Bechuanaland Protectorate.

The administrative structure of the Bechuanaland protectorate

The high commissioner, resident commissioner, assistant commissioners and district commissioner were
all British officials. They ruled through dikgosi. This system of ruling through dikgosi is called indirect
rule.

3.1.1.3. Explain attempts to take over Bechuanaland protectorate by the British south Africa (BSA)
company

The British South Africa Company tried to take over Bechuanaland

A British citizen called Cecil John Rhodes created a company called the British South Africa company in
1889. The BSA Company ruled southern Rhodesia on behalf of the British government. In 1894 Cecil
John Rhodes asked the British government to allow his company to rule Bechuanaland too. The British
government agreed to hand over control of Bechuanaland. It would be a cheaper way of ruling
Bechuanaland.

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 Cecil John Rhodes wanted his company to rule Bechuanaland for several reasons:
 He wanted to build a railway line from Cape Town through Bechuanaland to southern Rhodesia.
He was not sure that the dikgosi would agree to give him the land he needed in Bechuanaland. He
believed that the only way he could get the land was by his company ruling the country.
 Gold mining was already taking place in the Tati area. Rhodes wanted his company to be the only
one to mine any other mineral found in the protectorate.
 Rhodes wanted to give European farmers land in Bechuanaland so that they could grow crops and
rear livestock.
 He wanted Bechuanaland to become part of southern Rhodesia.
 Rhodes wanted to take away control of the Transvaal from the Boers because the area had plenty
of gold and diamonds. He planned to attack the Boers from Bechuanaland.
 He also wanted farmers to settle on the land so that they could use water in the Okavango to
start farming.

3.1.1.4. Describe the reaction of the dikgosi to the threat of the BSA company

The reaction of dikgosi to the threat of the BSA Company

The British government did not tell the dikgosi that it had agreed to allow the BSA Company to rule
Bechuanaland. They heard about it from the missionaries and newspapers. The dikgosi were against the
plan. Khama III of the Bangwato, Bathoen I of the Bangwaketse, Sebele I of the Bakwena and Linchwe of
the Bakgatla sent a letter to the British government saying that they did not want the BSA Company to rule
Bechuanaland.

Then, in 1895, Khama III, Sebele I and Bathoen I and their advisor W. C Willoughby went to England to
persuade the British government not to give Bechuanaland to the BSA Company. The British government
refused to listen to them. As a result, and with the help of the London Missionary Society, they travelled around
Britain explaining to the British people why they did not want to be ruled by the BSA Company.

Their reasons for opposing the transfer of Bechuanaland to the BSA were as follows:

 The BSA mistreated Africans in southern Rhodesia, and they did not want that to happen to people
in Bechuanaland.

 The BSA sold alcohol to Africans. The dikgosi, especially Khama III, were against this. They
were afraid that the company would do the same in Bechuanaland.

 They feared that they would have even less political power under the BSA Company.

 They believed that the BSA Company would take away their land and sell it to Europeans.
The British Government dropped its plan to let BSA Company rule because of the opposition from dikgosi
and the British people. However, the dikgosi agreed to lo give BSA Company some land which to build the
railway line.

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3.1.1.5. Discuss socio-economic developments during the colonial rule

Social and economic developments during colonial rule

1. Social developments
A. Education
– Christian missionaries and different merafe built the first schools in Bechuanaland. At first, they built
primary schools and later they opened secondary schools e.g. the Roman Catholic Church opened St.
Joseph’s college in Kgale in 1944 and the London Missionary Society opened Moeding College at Otse
in 1963 and the Bakgatla opened the Bakgatla National School in 1923. Moeng College was opened in
1951.

– The colonial government did not build any schools until 1965 when it opened Gaborone secondary
school. However, from 1904 onwards, the government gave some money to mission schools. In 1940, the
government opened Teacher Training Colleges in Kanye and Serowe. The government also became
involved in supervising schools and making education.

B. Health
– Like education, the colonial government spent very little money on healthcare. Lobatse mental hospital was
the only hospital that the government built.
– Missionaries built and ran the hospital and clinics in Molepolole, Mochudi, Kanye and Maun. The Seventh
Day Adventist began training nurses in Kanye. There were no clinics outside the main villages.

C. Water supplies
– During colonial period Bechuanaland had a serious shortage of water. Ngamiland and Chobe were the
only rivers that flowed all year round.
– The rest of the country depended on the drilled wells. However, the government drilled a few of those
only in the main villages.

2. Economic development
A. Tax
– The British government did not want to use its own money to pay for the cost of governing
Bechuanaland. They therefore introduced tax in 1899.
– All Batswana men had to pay tax or else they could be fined or jailed for up to three months. The tax was
collected by the dikgosi.
– In return, the dikgosi were given 10% of the tax that they collected in their area.

B. Labour migration
– Many Batswana could not find jobs in Bechuanaland. As a result, many of them went to work in South
Africa to earn the money they needed to pay tax.
– They also wanted to earn money to buy goods sold by Europeans.

C. The Southern African Customs Union (SACU)

– SACU was formed in 1910. Its members were South Africa, Bechuanaland, Basutoland and Swaziland.
Southern Rhodesia dropped out in 1923.
– The aim of this organisation was to promote trade between the members. No taxes (duties) were charged
on goods imported from other member countries. Instead, tax was charged on goods that came through
South African ports from non-member countries. The money collected was shared by SACU members.

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D. Crop farming
– The British did not do much to improve crop farming among the Batswana. After 1935, the government
introduced some schemes to help improve crop farming. These schemes failed because of a lack of
money. Batswana could not afford to buy materials such as fertilizers and insecticides.

– In 1947, the government began training some Batswana as master farmers. The idea was that the master
farmers would teach others better farming methods. The scheme was not successful because only a few
Batswana were trained. In 1960, a grinding mill was built in Lobatse. This encouraged the Barolong to grow
more maize.
– European commercial farmers received more help from the government than Batswana. They were given
loans to fence their farms, buy equipment, seeds, and fertilizer. The farmers grew cash crops such as
sunflower and groundnuts, which they sold to South Africa.

E. Cattle farming
– Cattle farming received more help from the government that crop farming. The government
established a Veterinary Department to control animal diseases. Vaccination, cordon fences and
quarantining all helped to control the spread of disease.
– An abattoir was opened in Lobatse in 1934 to process beef for exports to Europe.
– Dairy farming began in 1926 but it remained a small industry and was mostly done by European
farmers. Batswana farmers could not afford the cost of dairyfarming.

F. Water
– People depend on water in order to live and carry out many of their activities. The colonial government,
dikgosi and some individuals drilled boreholes to provide water. By 1940, all the main villages had
boreholes.
– Gaborone dam was built in the 1960s to supply water to Gaborone and surrounding areas.

G. Mining
– Gold mining in the Tati area started in 1869. It was the main mineral being mined in the country. The
colonial government made very little effort to look for other minerals. Gold mining stopped in 1964.
– Small quantities of other minerals such as copper-nickel, asbestos and silver were mined.
– A department of geological survey was created in 1948. It was more concerned with looking for water
thanminerals.

H. Transport
– The main transport development was the construction of the railway line by the BSA Company in the
eastern part of the country. It was used mainly to transport goods.
– Gravel roads were built, which linked the European farms in the eastern part of the country with the railway
line. The only tarred roads were in Lobatse (4 km) and Francistown (1km). The rest of the country had
dirt tracks.

I. Trading
– Traders were among the first Europeans to come to the land of Batswana. During the colonial period,
Europeans owned shops in most villages. These shops sold goods made in South Africa and southern
Rhodesia.

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 NATIONALISM
3.2.1.1. Explain nationalism

The rise of nationalism

During the colonial period, some Africans began to demand that Bechuanaland should be given
independence. They no longer wanted Britain to rule them. They wanted to choose their own leaders and be in
control of their own leaders. To be an independent country and not to be ruled by a foreign country is called
nationalism.
Nationalism: pride and love for one’s nation and country

3.2.1.2. Explain the factors that led to the rise of nationalism

Reasons for the rise of nationalism

There are several reasons why Batswana demanded that Britain hand over political power and grant
independence to Bechuanaland. Some reasons are as follows:

 The colonial government discriminated against Batswana and treated them as inferior to white
people. If Batswana ruled themselves, this would not happen.

 The colonial government did not do much to develop the country. Batswana believed that if they
ruled themselves, they could do more to improve the lives of Batswana.

 Some educated Batswana were unhappy with the way the dikgosi ruled. They wanted Bechuanaland
to be ruled by leaders chosen by the people through general elections.

 Batswana knew that Britain had already given independence to other African countries and this
encouraged Batswana to demand independence.

 Batswana wanted real power to run in the country. The British only created African Advisory
Council and Joint Advisory Council. African representatives sat on those councils but could only
advise the government, they had no power t make laws.

3.2.1.3. List political parties formed before independence

Party Stands for Year Formed by

BPFP Botswana Protectorate 1959 Leatile Disang Raditladi

Federal Party

BPP Bechuanaland People’s 1960 Kgalemang Tumediso

Party Motsete

Phillip Matante

Motsamai Mpho

BDP Bechuanaland 1962 Sir Seretse Khama

Democratic Party
Sir Ketumile Masire
A M Tsoebebe

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 BIP Bechuanaland 1964 Motsamai Mpho
Independence Party

BNF Bechuanaland 1965 Dr. Kenneth Koma

National Front Ray Molomo
Daniel Kwele

3.2.1.4. Discuss the approaches used by nationalist parties to gain political power

1. Holding political rallies

– They campaigned for support among the people in the country.
– The BPP held political rallies in beer halls and football grounds in the north east.
– The BDP held meetings all over the country.
2. Gaining support from the United Nations
– The BPP leader, Phillip Matante, went to the UN in 1962 and 1963 to protest against colonial rule. He
wanted the UN to support Botswana’s demand for independence.

3. Visiting othercountries
– BPP and BIP leaders visited other countries such as Ghana and Tanganyika in 1962 that had already been
granted independence. They wanted to learn from their experience and to ask for financial and moral support.

– Civil disobedience
The BPP organised demonstrations, boycotts and strikes against people and companies that practiced racial
discrimination, especially in Francistown.

Raising awareness through newspapers

– There are many people who could read in Bechuanaland. The BDP started a newspaper called Therisanyo to
share their ideas and news with the people.

3.2.1.5. Describe how the first general elections were conducted

After the British finally agreed to give Bechuanaland independence, a meeting was held in Lobatse in 1963
where it was agreed that:

 General elections would be held in March 1965.

 The country will be divided into 31 constituencies. Each constituency would elect one
Member of Parliament. The political party that won the most constituencies would form
the government (Fist Past the Post electoral system).

 An adult would have the right to vote.

 Each voter could only vote once.

BDP won 28 seats, BPP won 3 seats. BNF did not take part in the first general election because it was
formed after elections were held.
Sir Seretse Khama, the leader of BDP became the first Prime Minister. Bechuanaland was granted full
independence on 30 September 1966 and Sir Seretse Khama became the first president.

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 GOVERNANCE IN BOTSWANA
Governance: It is a way in which people in authority manage, administer or govern.
4.1.1.1. Describe the characteristics of good governance

The characteristics of goodgovernance

1) Democracy
 This is when people are allowed the right to elect their leaders and to enjoy rights such as freedom of
movement, speech, movement, fairness etc.
 Botswana is a democratic country because it allows people to elect leaders such as the president,
members of parliament, councilors etc…
2) Participation
 Citizens take part in making decisions that affect them and their country. People can take part through voting
during referendums and general elections.
 They can also participate by being free to say what they think and to form and belong to organisations that
represent their interest.

3) Transparency
 Good governance requires transparency. Transparency involves the government being open about its
decisions. People should know why, how and when decisions that affect them were taken.
 Information should be available freely and easily to anyone who wants it. People should be able to
understand the information easily. Transparency helps prevent abuse of power and corruption.

4) Responsiveness
 Responsiveness is about leaders and others in positions of authority listening to people’s views, problems
and requests. It also involves solving the problems, helping people and giving people answers to their
questions on time.

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 5) Promoting general agreement
 In every society, there are different groups of people with different views and interests.
 Good governance promotes general agreement among people on what is in the best interest of the whole
community. This helps bring peace and harmony to a country. For example, Botswana has a vision of what
Botswana should be like in 2036. This vision was written after many people were consulted.
6. Effectiveness and efficiency
 Effectiveness means being able to produce the desired result.
 Efficiency means doing the work well without wasting time or energy.
 Good governance requires that government and leaders make decisions that meet the needs of the people and
the country without wasting time and resources.

7. Fairness and inclusiveness

 Good governance requires that everyone should be treated fairly and reasonably. Citizens should be made
to feel they belong to the country. They should not feel let out or that their needs are being ignored.
 The wealth of the country should be shared out and used fairly. Everyone should have a chance to
improve their lives.

8. Accountability
 This means having to give reasons for your decisions and accepting responsibility for the
consequences. Good governance involves accountability.
 The government and people who make decisions on behalf of the country should be willing and able to
explain how and why they made those decisions. They should take responsibility for the consequences of
their decisions, even the bad ones.

4.1.1.2. Discuss the concept and process of the rule of law

– Governance depends on the rule of law.

– The rule of law means that no one is above the law, not even the government. Once a properly elected
parliament makes laws.

– The following happens in a country that have rule of law:

 The government protects the human rights of everyone living in the country. If a person’s rights are
violated, s/he can take the case to courts. The government arrest and takes to court people who
violate people’s rights.

 A country is governed according to the Constitution. The government cannot make laws or policies
that violate the Constitution. Leaders cannot make decisions that break the law or do as they please.

 The country, judges and magistrates are independent. The government or individuals do not influence the decisions that
they make. Everyone is equal before the law. No one is allowed to break the law. Cases are judged in a fair and open manner.

 Parliament just makes reasonable and fair laws.

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 4.1.1.3. Explain the five national principles

Botho – means being well behaved, polite, caring and disciplined. It also means respecting and treating others
fairly.

Examples of botho

 Taking care of the elderly.

 Helping a person who is hurt.

 Helping a disabled person.

 Showing respect to an elderly person.

Democracy – Botswana is a democratic country.

Botswana believes that citizens should be allowed to have a say in who rules
the country.

This is why general elections are held every 5 years.

Development – Botswana would like to improve the living of all Batswana.

For example, the government does this by building schools, clinics, and
hospitals, roads, paying pension to the elderly, having drought relief
programs when the rains fail and helping business people through various
financial schemes.

Self-reliance – means to depend on oneself. Batswana are encouraged to work

hard and take care of themselves instead of waiting for the government to do
everything for them.

Unity – Batswana belong to different ethnic, racial, religious and political groups. The principle of unity
encourages Batswana to work together for the good of their country. Everyone, no matter which group they
belong to, should be treated fairly and with respect. There should be no discrimination.

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 The relationship between vision 2016 and the national principles
What is vision 2016?
Vision 2016 is the goal that Botswana wants to achieve by the year 2016. The goals are about the kind of
country Botswana wants to be like when she achieves 50 years of independence. The goals of vision 2016
are based on the five national principles.

The seven goals of Botswana vision 2016 should be:

1. An educated and informed nation

Batswana will be highly educated and trained in the skills needed by the country. Information will be freely
available and Batswana will know what is going on in the country and the rest of the world.

2. A prosperous, productive and innovative nation

Botswana will be a richer country with a higher standard of living. People will be hardworking, disciplined
and creative in everything they do.

3. A compassionate, just and caring nation

Wealth will be shared fairly so that there is no poverty. There will be good quality healthcare facilities for all
Batswana including those with HIV and AIDS.

4. A safe and secure nation

There will be no serious and violent crime. There will be no violation of human rights.

5. An open, democratic and accountable nation

The government leaders and people will be accountable for their decisions.

6. A moral and tolerant nation

Citizens will obey and uphold laws and have high moral values. There will be no discrimination and
prejudice.

7. A united and proud nation

Batswana will share common goals. Batswana will use the national symbols more often to show they are
united and proud to be Batswana.

NEPOTISM
The word nepotism is from the Latin word “Nepos”, meaning nephew.
– It is the favoring of one’s relatives because you are related. For example, employing or promoting
someone in a job simply because they are a brother, sister, cousin nephew or niece.

The dangers of nepotism

 It puts pressure on the person who is favoured. The person being favoured may never be sure if s/he
has been awarded for their ability or because of family relationship.

 It can make the organisation inefficient and ineffective if the person being favoured is not
productive.

 It can make it difficult to supervise a relative of the boss.

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  It may be difficult to dismiss from work the favoured person who is not doing their job well.

 Family and personal problems may be brought into the work place. If your quarrel with you relative,
it may be harder to face them at work. The strained relationship can affect the whole company.
 It’s unfair to people who work hard but are deprived promotion simply because they are not related
to their bosses.
 People who are treated unfairly can cause unrest and disturbances.
 It lowers productivity because people who are treated unfairly become demotivated and stop
working.

CORRUPTION
It is the abuse of public office and one’s position of power for private gain. Corrupt activities include:

 Giving and accepting bribes.

 Using one’s position of authority to favour friends (cronyism).

 Demanding money, goods or services by force or using threats (extortion) and nepotism.

 Using one’s influence with people in authority to obtain favours or special treatment for others,
usually in return for payment (influence peddling).

The dangers of corruption

 Corruption weakens good governance be discouraged from opening business in the
because laws are broken and there is no country.
rule of law. As a result, people may lose  It often encourages crime e.g. a corrupt police
trust in their leaders and the government. force may not arrest people they know are
breaking the law.
 Corruption can lead to some parts of a country
being more developed than others. For example,  It can lead to the abuse of human rights.
a leader can develop an area where they come
from although other areas need them urgently.  Poor people who afford to pay bribes do not
get good services.
 Conflicts and wars as people fight each other
 It destroys good values such as trust and
for control of a country and its wealth for
honesty.
their own benefit. Conflicts and wars leads
to poverty. Money that should be spent on  It chases foreign investors because they do
improving people’s lives is spent on buying not want to set up business in corrupt
weapons. countries.

 Goods and services may become more  Countries and organisations that give
expensive than they should. This is because the foreign aid do not want to help corrupt
difference between the real price and higher countries, because they do not want their
price is given as a bribe to officials. People money misused.
who cannot or do not want to give bribes may

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 4.1.1.6 INSTITUTIONS OR ORGANISATIONS THAT DEAL WITH NEPOTISM AND
CORRUPTION
Nepotism and corruption are bad because they hold back the development of the country and people are not
treated fairly. In Botswana, the following organisations and institutions deal with nepotism and corruption.

1. Directorate on corruption and economic crime (DCEC)

 It was established in 1994.
 Is a government department.
 Its aims are to:

 Prevent corruption by educating the public against the evils of corruption.

 Encourage the public to support the fight against these problems.
 Investigate reports of corruption and economic crime.
 To take people who are charged with corruption to court.
2. The office of ombudsman
 Was established in 1995. Also known as mosireletsi or the public protector, is a government
department that was created by parliament to fight corruption and nepotism in government
departments.

 Its aims are to prevent bad administration in the government.

 The ombudsman has the power to investigate any action or behaviour by public servants that is not
proper and to suggest what should be done to solve the problem.

3. The Botswana police services

Corruption is a crime. This is why the police can investigate cases of corruption and take law breakers to court.

4. Transparency international (TI)

 It was founded in 1993 and has local branches in many countries including Botswana.
 It helps fight corruption by educating people of the dangers of corruption. It collects information
about corruption.

5. United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNODC)

 the United Convention on crime was signed on the 18 December 2002.

 It binds countries belonging to the UN to cooperate in the fight against corruption.

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 GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION STRUCTURE
4.1.2.1. Differentiate between local and central government

Local government Central government

 Is responsible for running a part of the  Is responsible for running the whole country. Its
country such as a district, town or city. decisions affect the whole country.
 The following bodies carry out the duties  Headquarters of central government are located
of local government. at Gaborone
 District, town and city councils.  Different ministries carry out the work of the
 Tribal administration. central government.
 Land board. 
 District administration.
 Departments of central government.
 District development committees.
 Village development committees.
,

4.1.2.2. THE THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

GOVERNMENT

EXECUTIVE JUDICIARY
LEGISLATURE

The executive Functions of the executive

President  Make government policies

Vice president  Plan the development of the country
Ministers  Plan the financial budget
Assistant ministers  Implement government policies through public services
Public services

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 THE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PRESIDENT

ROLES RESPONSIBILITIES

Head of Government  Dissolve government and call for general elections every five years.
 Appoint and assign duties to the vice president, Ministers, Assistant
ministers, the Chief Justice, High Court judges, Attorney General,
Commissioner of Police, and Commander of the armed forces and
Permanent Secretaries.

 Signs all laws after parliament passes them.

 S/He can pardon people found guilty of breaking laws or reduce the
punishment.
Head of state  To lead and guide the country.
 To protect national interest of Botswana.

 To develop good relations with other countries.

 To appoint ambassadors and high commissioners representing

other countries in Botswana.
 Sign agreements with other countries.
 Receive ambassadors and high commissioners to represent Botswana
in other countries.
Head of cabinet  Takes/chairs cabinet meetings.
Commander in chief  Decides how and when to use the armed forces.
of the armed forces
 Appoints, promotes and dismisses members of the armed forces.

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 THE LEGISLATURE
– The composition consists of parliament and Ntlo ya Dikgosi (House of Chiefs).
– Parliament is made up of the national assembly and the president.

Parliament Ntlo ya Dikgosi

 National assembly

 President

The national assembly consists of:

 57 elected members.

 Four members nominated (chosen) by the president

 The speaker and deputyspeaker.

 A clerk and assistant clerk of the national assembly.

The main functions of the parliament are to

 Respect the views and wishes of the people.

 Pass new laws; make changes to existing laws and to remove existing laws.

 Approve how the government should use the country’s money.

 Hold the government accountable for its decisions.

 Approve the national development plan and annual budget.

 Give the government permission to borrow money from other countries and international
organisations.

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 MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT
Member of Roles Responsibilities
parliament

Elected Represent their  Make government aware of the needs of

members constituencies their constituencies.

 Explain to their constituencies about

government policies and decisions.

Speaker and Control proceedings  Chairs discussions in parliament.

deputy speaker in parliament
 Makes sure members have a fair and
adequate opportunity to express their views
on any issues being debated.
 Maintains order during discussions.
Clerk of the Helps parliament  Keeps records of all discussions of the
national carry out its duties national assembly and parliament
assembly committees.

 Carries out any instructions given by the

national assembly.

Legal advisor Provides legal  Explain bills to members of parliament.

advice
 Provide legal advice to parliament and to
Ntlo ya Dikgosi.

 Checks if Members of Parliament’s

questions follow the rules of parliament.

 Helps draft, edit and protect bill suggested by

members of parliament.

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 NTLO YA DIKGOSI
Composition Procedures and process of selecting the dikgosi
or members
 Barolong farms- Southern – Each area will choose one kgosi to represent it.
district – The dikgosi will be those chosen by the people
according to their customs
 Ga Malete – South east district
 Ga Mmangwato-central district

 Goo Tawana – Ngamiland

 Kgatleng district

 Kweneng district

 Ngwaketse – southern district

 Tlokweng – south east district

 Chobe – Chobe district Each district will choose one kgosi to be a member.
Those who are performing the duties of a kgosi in
 North east district each district choose the members.
 Ghanzi district These districts will choose their members using one of
these methods.
 Kgalagadi district – Each district will choose their members. Those who
are performing the duties of a kgosi in each district
will choose the member.
OR
– They can choose two members using the Electoral
College selection method.
 Twenty selected members Regional electoral college.
– The country will be divided into 20 regions.
– Each region will have a regional electoral college
composed of a headman and a kgosi in that region.
– The Electoral College will meet and select a person
to be a member of Ntlo ya dikgosi for their region.
– A government official appointed by the Minister of
Local government will chair meetings of the
Regional Electoral College.
 Five appointed members To be chosen by the president

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 THE ROLE OF NTLO YA DIKGOSI
 Advise the government on matters about the traditional customs and laws.
 Discuss any bills sent to it by parliament and send their comments and views back to
parliament.
 Provide an opinion on any matters any minister requests them to advise on.
 Discuss any matter which affects the interests of the tribes or tribal organisations, represent
and give their views to the president of national assembly.
The ntlo ya dikgosi has no powers to make laws.

THE JUDICIARY
 The judiciary is the branch of government that offers administrative justice.
 It is separate and independent from the legislature and the executive. This means that the other two branches
cannot influence or interfere in the decisions it makes.

The composition of the judiciary

– The judiciary in Botswana consists of the chief justice, the courts of law and the judges, magistrates and
dikgosi. They hear the cases in the customary courts.
– Judges hear cases in the courts of appeal and high commissioner courts.
– The chief justice is appointed by the president and is the most senior judge of the high courts. The chief
justice also makes rules about how the high courts operate.
– A judge is in charge of the industrial court.

The High Court, The Magistrate Court, Customary Court and Industrial Court.
– The highest court is the court of appeal.
– The industrial court was created in 1992 to settle disputes between workers and their employers.
– Children between the age of 14 and below 18 are tried in special courts called juvenile courts.

COURT OF APPEAL

HIGH COURT INDUSTRIAL COURT

MAGISTRATES’
COURTS CUSTOMARY COURT OF APPEALS

JUVENILE COURTS CUSTOMARY COURTS

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 Members of judiciary
 Chief justice
 Court of law
 Leader of migration and dikgosi
Functions of the judiciary
 Hear and judge cases of people accused of breaking the law. If the court finds a person guilty of
breaking the law, it decides on a suitable punishment. Punishment includes a fine, strokes or
imprisonment. If a person is not guilty, the courts set him or her free.
 To settle disputes even where no law has been broken. These are known as civil cases, for
example, debt and divorce cases.
 To interpret what the law and the constitution mean. Remember that the legislature cannot make laws
that violate the constitution. The judiciary ensures that the laws parliament makes do not violate the
constitution.

THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENTMINISTRIES

Ministry of environment, wildlife and tourism Ministry of trade and industry
 To improve the environment policy and  To attract foreign and domestic
management of forestry investment
 To promote tourism and conservation of  To register new companies
wildlife  To protect the rights of consumers
 To manage meteorological services.
Ministry of state president Ministry of lands and housing
 Provide overall leadership and  To decide on the best way to use
direction so that Botswana can achieve government land.
its national goals and vision  To manage land in urban and rural
 Ensure the proper use of national areas.
resources in order to achieve national  To carry out the national housing
goals. policy and ensure every citizen is
 Provide national security and create housed decently.
stability in thecountry
Ministry of local government Ministry of works and transport
 To provide basic physical and social  To plan, build and take care of
infrastructure. government buildings, roads and
 To guide and supervise local airports.
authorities such as the councils.  To maintain government equipment
 To carry out national government  To make travel in Botswana safe and
policies at local level efficient.
 To provide social welfare services.  To educate the public about road
safety.

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 Ministry of labor and home affairs Ministry of foreign affairs and international
 To ensure labour laws are obeyed. cooperation
 To promote national unity, harmony,  To plan and manage Botswana’s
welfare and justice. foreign policy and promote the
 To provide safe custody of people country’s interests.
sentenced to imprisonment.  To maintain Botswana’s diplomatic
 To issue national identity cards missions in other countries.
(Omang), passports, birth and death  To gather information from around the
certificates. world in order to know how it will
 To provide libraries. affect Botswana.
 To conserve and research the culture  To ensure foreign Heads of State and
and history of Botswana. other important people visiting
 To control movement of foreigners in Botswana are treated according to
and out of the country. international accepted ways.
 To maintain effective communication
between Botswana and other countries
and international organisations.

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 Ministry of education Ministry of communication, science and
 To lead the development of human technology
resources of the country.  To manage government computers,
 To provide quality education and printing and publishing services.
training that is accessible to learners  To plan and carry out the development of
of all age groups. communication, science and technology
 To manage the national education and in Botswana.
training system.  To provide services for mass
 Develop and implement education communication through Daily News,
policies. Radio Botswana and Botswana
Television.
Ministry of agriculture Ministry of health
 To promote a productive and  To develop and carry out national
sustainable agriculture sector. health policies.
 To educate farmers and public about  To promote personal and public
various agriculture services. health.
 To prevent and control the outbreak of  To train and employ medical and
animal diseases. health care workers.
 To improve crop production.  To prevent and control the outbreak
 To carryout research that can help improve of infectious diseases within the
agriculture production. country.
 To provide medical treatment and
care for people who are ill,
handicapped or disabled.
Ministry of finance and development planning Ministry of minerals, energy and water
 To coordinate national development resources
planning.  To plan and develop water resources and
 To plan the economic development of the supply water to people and industries.
country.  To issue mining licenses.
 To make and present the annual  Enhance the benefits that Botswana gets
government budget. from exploitation of its mineral
 To ensure government resources are resources.
used properly.  To make national policies and manage
 To encourage and support citizen activities in the energy water and
economic empowerment schemes and mineral sector.
initiatives.

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 HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION
What it means to violate human rights:

 To violate human rights means to deny individuals or groups of people their rights or
entitlements as human beings. It also means to treat people as if they do not deserve to be respected
in the same way as other human beings.

Examples of ways in which human rights are violated include:

Genocide – the planning and deliberately killing of members of a single ethnic racial or religious group. This is
violation of the right to life.

Massacres – killing large groups of people especially civilians. This is a violation of the right to life.

Starvation – this is deliberately denying groups of people food as punishment especially in times of famine.
We all have a right to have enough food to eat and stay alive and healthy.

Slavery – buying and selling people as goods or property. This is a violation of human rights because we are
all born free.

Servitude – this means forcing people to work for no pay. This is a violation of a person’s right to payment
for workdone.

Discrimination – this is treating people differently because of their sex, skin colour, culture, race, religious
beliefs, political leaders or origin. As human beings we are all equal.

Unlawful imprisonment – arresting people and keeping them in prison without them being tried in the court
oflaw.

Rape – this is forcing someone to have sex against their will. We all have a right to choose with whom to have
a sexual relationship.

Torture – this is to cause harm or pain to someone in order to make them give you information or to do
what you want.

4.2.1.1. Explain the vulnerability of different groups of people to human rights violations

– Some groups of people do not have the same ability or power to protect and care for themselves as other
members of society. Such people may be treated unfairly or discriminated against.

– Their rights are more likely to be violated than those of other members of society.
Some groups of people whose human rights are likely to be violated are described below.

1. Children
– Children have a right to be loved, cared for, to go to school, to have enough food to eat and health care.
Sometimes the rights of the children are violated because they cannot take care of themselves.
– They depend on adults to protect them, to provide them with the things they need to live happy, healthy
long lives.

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 2. Orphans

– Orphans are children whose parents have died. Sometimes adults who care for orphans ill-treat and abuse
them. They may do this by not giving them enough food, beating them or forcing them to do work that
is not suitable for their age, governments may violate orphans’ rights by not giving them the extra care and
protection they need.

3. People with HIV/AIDS

– The rights of people with HIV/AIDS are vulnerable to violation because many people do not know
how HIV spreads and fear becoming infected.
– Some people lose their jobs or are shunned by their relatives and neighbours once it is known that they
have HIV.
– Health workers may also violate the rights of people with HIV/AIDS by gossiping about their HIV status.
4. The disabled
– In every society there are people who have different disabilities. People with disabilities usually have special
needs. Their rights may be violated when their special needs are ignored and not adequately provided for.
5. Women
– In many parts of the world, the rights of women are violated. Domestic violence and rape are very common.
Many are beaten and even killed in their homes.
– In many cultures women are treated as inferior to men, they are not allowed certain jobs or to hold high
positions.
6. Prisoners
– Prisoners are a group of people whose rights may not be respected.
– The human rights of prisoners may be violated because some people may feel that prisoners have
broken the country’s laws and therefore they do not deserve to be treated with respect and dignity.
– The rights of soldiers taken as prisoners during war may be violated because they are regarded as the
enemy.
– The rights of prisoners are violated when they are not allowed to have a lawyer to defend themselves,
when they are sick, not given food, tortured.
7. Minority ethnic groups

– Most countries have many different ethnic groups. Minority ethnic groups are the smallest groups in
society e.g. in Botswana the Basarwa are a minority ethnic group.
– The human rights of minority groups maybe abused in different ways, for example, they may be
forced to adopt the culture of the bigger ethnic tribe.

4.2.1.2. Discuss the effects of violation of human rights.

The effects of violation of human rights

A. Individual suffering
– Human rights violations affect individuals and countries in many different ways. For example, a person who
has been raped or tortured will suffer from physical and emotional pain.
– People who lose their property unlawfully become poorer and may not be able to care for themselves.
– Some family members are killed or separated from each other and children are left on their own.

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 B. War and conflict
– Violation of human rights often leads to conflict and war. For example, discrimination against people
because of their skin colour, race or political beliefs may lead them to fight for their rights.
– War and conflict hold back the development of a country.

C. Unfair and unequal sharing of wealth

– The violation of human rights may lead to some groups being denied a fair share of the country’s wealth.
They remain the poorest members of society. For example, women are often paid less for doing the same
wok as men. As a result, homes where women are the main breadwinners have a lower standard of living
than homes where men are the main breadwinners.

D. Lack of national unity

Human rights violations can make it difficult to have unity in the country. Individuals and groups of people
whose rights are violated may feel they are not respected and treated with the dignity they deserve.
E. Refugees
– Some people react to human right abuse/violation by fleeing their homes and countries thus becoming
refugees. They walk long distances without food, water and shelter. They end up living in poorly built
shelter with little food, water, medical care or education.
F. Loss of useful skills and service
– Discrimination against people especially the disabled in job opportunities denies them an opportunity
to earn a proper living, therefore forcing them to become dependent on other people and the
government.
– It also denies them a chance to sever their country as sometimes they have skills that are needed and
by passing them forces the country to spend a lot of money on expatriates who have the same skills.

4.2.1.3. Discuss the causes of human rights violations in Africa

Case studies of human rights violations in Africa

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 4.2.1.4. Investigate ways in which organisations/institutions deal with the violation of human rights

Organisations and institutions that deal with the violation of human rights
a. Court of law
– In most countries, the court of law tries cases of people who have violated human rights.
b. Ditshwanelo Centre for Human Rights
– It protects citizens from being abused by the state. It sees to it that each citizens rights are ob served as stated in the
constitution.
c. Emang Basadi
– It addresses the empowerment of women. It campaigns for the removal of laws that discriminate against women.
– It educates women on how to fight discrimination at home and in the work place and gives legal advice to abused
women.
d. Childline
– Deals with the protection of children’s rights.
– It takes legal action against child abusers and teaches children about their rights.
e. Botswana Council for the disabled
– Fights for the right of the disabled.
– it appeals to the government to make public facilities and employment accessible to Disabled people.

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 f. The African commission of human and people’s rights
– It is an organisation of the African Union.
– It investigates and reports violations on human rights in African countries to the African Union.
– It prepares cases of human rights violations for hearing in the African Court on Human and People’s
Rights.
g. Amnesty international
– It investigates and reports cases of human rights violations all over the world.
– It puts pressure on government and international organisations to stop human rights violations.
h. International Red Cross and Red Crescent
– Official of the Red Cross visit prisons to ensure that their rights are not being violated.
– They report violations of human rights to the government of the country where prisoners are being held.
i. United Nations
International court of justice
– It is an organisation of the United Nations.
– It try cases of people accused of genocide.
Special tribunals
– Sometimes the United Nations establishes special tribunals or courts to try serious cases of human rights
abuse. For example, a special tribunal was set up in 1998 to find and arrest leaders of Rwanda who
organised the genocide of the Tutsi citizens. Some leaders were tried and imprisoned.

PEACE KEEPING
Peace keeping involves the provision of soldiers, police and security personnel to restore peace in countries
experiencing war, riots and other disturbances.

What does civil unrest mean?

– Civil unrest happens when a large number of people in a country are unhappy or angry with certain
government decisions and show their feelings through demonstrations, rioting or strikes and disobeying
laws. Rioting usually results in damage to property.

– Civil unrest can result in civil wars. Civil wars happens when citizen of the same country fight against
each other. It has happened in Sudan, Somalia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi,
Algeria, Liberia, Sierra Leon, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and South Africa.

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 4.3.1.1. Identify countries of Africa experiencing civil unrest

Countries of Africa experiencing civil unrest

4.3.1.2. Discuss the causes of civil unrest in African countries

Causes of civil unrest in African countries

Cause Example

Disputes over control, Communities living in the Niger Delta are unhappy because although
ownership and sharing of that is where Nigeria’s petroleum oil is produced, it remains one of the
wealth and natural resources poorest areas in the country. Oil production has also caused serious
pollution.
They want the government to spend money developing the area,
creating jobs for local people and controlling pollution.
They want oil companies to clean up the environment.
Political differences In the Democratic Republic of Congo, some people are fighting to
overthrow the current leaders in government.
In Zimbabwe, opposition political parties such as the Movement
For Democratic Change (MDC) were unhappy with the Robert
Mugabe and his party was ruling the country. To show their
discontent, the MDC organised demonstrations and strikes by
workers.

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 During the apartheid period at South Africa, the oppressed
group used riots, strikes and demonstrations to show the
government that they were not happy.
Corruption In the Ivory Coast in 1990, civil servants and students went on strike to
protest against government corruption.

General elections that are not Opposition parties in Zimbabwe and Uganda protested against the
accepted as free and fair and government for not allowing them to campaign freely
whose results are not accepted by Violent civil unrest in Lesotho after the 2004 elections because the
most people results were disputed by opposition parties. They accused the ruling
party of cheating.
Ethnic conflicts Somalia has been without a government since 1979 when the
president at the time Said Barre was removed from power by an
armed rebellion.
In 1994, ethnic conflict between the Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda
resulted in over 500 000 people, mainly Tutsi being killed in a very
short period of time.
Religious differences Nigeria is approximately 50% Muslim and 40% Christian.
Muslims are concentrated in the northern part of the country. The
Christian majority is in the south.
These religions engage in violent activities against members of
other religions resulting in religious wars.
Christians are against the implementation of Muslim Shariáh law.
Tribalism Tribal hatred and the desire by certain tribes to benefit from
natural resources alone can result in civil unrest. For example, in
Rwanda the Hutu group killed 800 000 Tutsis in an attempt to
wipe them out.

4.3.1.3. Outline the effects of civil unrest

The effects of civil unrest

 During riots some people may be killed as the army or police try to stop the riots.
 People may not be able to grow crops and look after their livestock.
 Civil unrest can result in an increase in health problems.
 It hinders economic development because money and time that should have been spent on
improving people’s lives instead of dealing with civil wars.
 During riots, property is damaged or destroyed.
 People do not feel safe or free to work and do what they enjoy.
 It can lead to increase in crime.
 If cause people to migrate thus breaking up families. If skilled people are leaving, it will hold back
the developments in the country.

4.3.1.4. Discuss ways of maintaining peace in the world

Ways of maintaining peace in the world

 Government should rule their countries in a fair and just manner.
 Citizens and countries should be encouraged to settle their disputes peacefully.
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  Countries should be encouraged to solve world problems.
 We should all be more tolerant to our differences.
 Countries should be encouraged to respect and be friendly with each other.
 Human rights should be respected and protected.

4.3.1.5. Discuss roles played by Botswana in international peacekeeping

Botswana’s role in international peacekeeping

 Botswana helps to maintain peace by sending in the world by sending the Botswana Defence
Force (BDF) to other countries as peace keepers when asked. For example; BDF was part of
UN peacekeeping missions at Somalia 1992-1994, Mozambique 1993-1995 and Lesotho
1999.
 Botswana encourages the peaceful settlement between countries. For example, Botswana and
Namibia both claimed ownership of Sedudu Island on the Chobe River. Botswana agreed to
have the dispute settled by the International Court of Justice which ruled that it belonged to
Botswana.
 Botswana is a member of many international organisations that promote peace in the world such
as the United Nations, the Commonwealth and African Union.
 Botswana is friendly with countries all over the world and believes in being a good
neighbour.

4.3.1.6 Discuss the role of Peace Parks in promoting international peace.

The role of Peace Parks in promoting international peace

Peace parks in southern Africa are:

– The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe).

– Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (South Africa and Botswana).

– Ais Ais-Ritchtersveld (South Africa and Namibia).

– Maloti-Drakensberg (South Africa and Lesotho).

Peace parks help promote peace in the following ways:

 Promote friendship and good neighborliness between countries.
 Managing Peace Parks jointly makes it possible for countries to share information about the
environment and work together on environment research projects.
 The area created as a peace park is a protected area, this helps promote better control of cross
boarder problems such as poaching, illegal logging, bushfires, pests, pollution and smuggling.
 It can improve relations between countries, especially countries that have been at war or in conflict
with each other.

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