B.K.N.

S GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
GOPALGANJ

SUBMITTED TO :
BRAJ KISHOR NARAYAN SINGH
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, GOPALGANJ
SUBMITTED BY : SONU KUMAR
ROLL NO : 411362121301
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
4TH SEMESTER , 2nd YEAR
How to make a solar tracking system using
Arduino step by step

Hello and welcome back. In this project, we will learn how to make a simple DIY
solar tracking system using Arduino. Also, it moves through the dual axis. I used one
servo motor and two LDR sensors for that. If you want, you can expand it up to four
axes.

What is a solar tracking system and how does it work?

A solar tracking system is a technology used to enhance the efficiency of solar energy
collection by ensuring that solar panels or photovoltaic (PV) modules are positioned
optimally to receive the maximum amount of sunlight throughout the day. The basic
principle behind a solar tracking system is to orient solar panels or mirrors in such a way that
they are perpendicular to the incoming sunlight, thus maximizing the amount of energy
captured.

There are two main types of solar tracking systems: single-axis and dual-axis.
1. Single-Axis Tracking System: A single-axis tracking system moves solar panels or
mirrors along one axis of rotation, typically either the north-south axis (azimuth) or
the east-west axis (elevation). This allows the panels to follow the sun as it moves
across the sky, maintaining an optimal angle for sunlight exposure.
2. Dual-Axis Tracking System: A dual-axis tracking system, as the name suggests, can
move solar panels or mirrors along both the north-south and east-west axes. This type
of tracking system provides even higher efficiency as it not only adjusts for the sun's
daily movement across the sky but also accounts for seasonal variations in the sun's
path caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis.

Benefits of Solar Tracking Systems:

1. Increased Energy Output: Solar tracking systems can significantly increase the energy
output of a solar installation compared to fixed-tilt systems. This is particularly
advantageous in locations with varying solar angles throughout the year.
2. Improved Efficiency: By maintaining an optimal angle relative to the sun,
solar tracking systems can capture sunlight more effectively, leading to
improved conversion of solar energy into electricity.
3. Longer Effective Daily Operation: Solar panels with tracking systems can operate for
longer periods during the day, capturing sunlight during the morning and afternoon
when the sun is at lower angles.
4. Maximizing Land Utilization: Tracking systems allow for higher energy production
per unit of land area, making them suitable for installations where space is limited.

Challenges and Considerations:

1. Complexity and Cost: Solar tracking systems are more complex and expensive to
install and maintain compared to fixed-tilt systems. They involve moving parts,
 motors, and control systems that can increase initial investment and ongoing
maintenance costs.
2. Maintenance Requirements: The moving components of tracking systems
require regular maintenance to ensure their proper functioning over time.
3. Energy Consumption: The tracking system itself consumes some amount of energy
to operate, which needs to be considered when evaluating the overall energy
efficiency of the system.
4. Reliability: The reliability of a solar tracking system is crucial, as any malfunction
can lead to reduced energy production and potential downtime.

In conclusion, solar tracking systems can be an effective way to increase the efficiency and
energy output of solar installations, especially in locations with significant variations in solar
angles throughout the day and year. However, the decision to implement a solar tracking
system should take into account factors such as cost, maintenance, energy consumption, and
the specific energy goals of the installation.
A solar tracking system is a mechanism that adjusts the orientation of solar panels or solar
collectors throughout the day to optimize their exposure to sunlight. The goal is to maximize
the efficiency of energy generation by ensuring that the solar panels are always pointed
directly at the sun, thus increasing the amount of sunlight they receive.

There are generally two main types of solar tracking systems: single-axis and dual-axis
trackers.

1. Single-Axis Trackers: Single-axis trackers move solar panels along a single axis,
typically the horizontal axis (azimuth) or the vertical axis (elevation). The two
common types of single-axis trackers are:
 Horizontal Single-Axis Tracker: This type of tracker adjusts the solar panels'
angle of tilt as the sun moves across the sky, keeping the panels facing
directly at the sun's position. It typically rotates the panels from east to west.
 Vertical Single-Axis Tracker: Instead of rotating the panels horizontally, this
type adjusts the panels' elevation angle, allowing them to follow the sun's path
as it moves from sunrise to sunset.
2. Dual-Axis Trackers: Dual-axis trackers offer more precise solar panel orientation by
adjusting both the horizontal and vertical axes. This allows them to track the sun's
movement throughout the day and across seasons. As a result, dual-axis trackers are
generally more efficient than single-axis trackers in terms of energy generation, but
they are also more complex and expensive to implement.

Benefits of Solar Tracking Systems:

 Increased Energy Output: Solar tracking systems can increase energy output by 20-
40% compared to fixed-tilt solar panels, as they maximize the amount of sunlight
absorbed by the panels.
 Improved Efficiency: By maintaining an optimal angle relative to the sun, tracking
systems reduce the angle of incidence between sunlight and the panels, resulting in
better energy conversion.
 Time-of-Day Optimization: Solar panels with tracking systems can generate more
power during peak demand hours, aligning energy production with periods of higher
electricity consumption.
 Seasonal Adaptability: Dual-axis trackers can adjust panel angles for the changing

angle of the sun throughout the year, maximizing energy production across
seasons.
Challenges and Considerations:

Complexity and Cost: Tracking systems are more intricate and expensive to install
and maintain compared to fixed-tilt systems.
 Maintenance: Moving parts in tracking systems can lead to increased
maintenance requirements and potential mechanical failures.
 Space Requirements: Tracking systems need more space than fixed-tilt systems due to
the range of motion required for tracking.
 Application Suitability: The benefits of tracking systems are more pronounced in
locations with high solar insolation, making them more suitable for areas with
consistent sunlight.
In summary, solar tracking systems are designed to optimize the energy generation efficiency
of solar panels by keeping them aligned with the sun's position throughout the day. While
they offer increased energy output, they also come with additional costs and maintenance
considerations. The choice between fixed-tilt and tracking systems depends on factors such as
location, available space, budget, and desired energy output

Play
Un
Loade %

R Time -11:01
LQ
(360p )

These consist of three main parts. These are the single axis, dual-axis, and four-axis.
Of these, dual-axis and single-axis are the main ones used. This method allows us to
generate electricity through the sunlight at maximum efficiency. This is because the
solar panel opens automatically toward sunlight. For that, the light-sensitive sensors
are incorporated into these systems.
Step 1

Firstly, identify these components.

Step 2

Secondly, cut the base part of the project. To do this, use the following sizes.

Step 3

Thirdly, attach the following pieces to the base part.

Step 4

Then, attach the servo motor. For that, use the pictures below.
Step 5

Next, attach two pieces of rigifoam to the solar panel. After, attach an iron stick to one
side of the solar panel.
Step 6

Now, connect one side of it to the servo motor and the other side to the rigifoam piece.
Step 7

Then, solder the 10k resistor to one leg of the LDR. Also, solder this way for both
sensors.
Step 8

Next, solder these sensors together. For that, use the circuit diagram below.
Step 9

Afterward, solder the two jumper wires to the voltage divider points of these sensors.
Please look at the circuit diagram above.
Step 10
Now, solder the 5v and GND jumper wires.
Step 11

Then, connect these sensors to both sides of the solar panel.

Step 12

Next, mount the Arduino board and connect the LDR sensors and servo motor to it.
You can use the circuit diagram above for that.
Step 13

Now, connect this project to your computer and upload the following program. It is as
follows.
  The full program of this project — Download
/*Solar tracking system
https://srituhobby.com
*/

//Include the servo motor library

#include <Servo.h>
//Define the LDR sensor pins
#define LDR1 A0
#define LDR2 A1
//Define the error value. You can change it as you like
#define error 10
//Starting point of the servo motor
int Spoint = 90;
//Create an object for the servo motor
Servo servo;

void setup() {
//Include servo motor PWM pin
servo.attach(11);
//Set the starting point of the servo
servo.write(Spoint);
delay(1000);
}

void loop() {
//Get the LDR sensor value
int ldr1 = analogRead(LDR1);
//Get the LDR sensor value
int ldr2 = analogRead(LDR2);

//Get the difference of these values

int value1 = abs(ldr1 - ldr2);
int value2 = abs(ldr2 - ldr1);

//Check these values using a IF condition

if ((value1 <= error) || (value2 <= error)) {
 } else {
if (ldr1 > ldr2)
{ Spoint = --Spoint;
}
if (ldr1 < ldr2)
{ Spoint = ++Spoint;
}
}
//Write values on the servo motor
servo.write(Spoint);
delay(80);
}

Step 14

Finally, select board and port. After, upload this code to the Arduino board.





 


Ok, enjoy this project. The full video guide is below. So see you in the next project.
 SOLAR PANNEL
 ARDUNIO-UNO
 SERVO MOTER
 LDR SENSOR
 JUMPER WIRE
 RESISTOR (10K OHM)
 CABLE PORT
Solving problems related to solar tracking systems involves addressing various challenges to
improve their efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. Here are some approaches and
solutions to consider:

1. Advanced Tracking Algorithms: Develop sophisticated tracking algorithms that

take into account factors like solar position, weather conditions, and shading. These
algorithms can enhance the accuracy of tracking, ensuring optimal alignment with
the sun.
2. Sensor Integration: Integrate advanced sensors, such as light sensors, GPS
modules, and inclinometers, to gather real-time data on solar position, weather, and
shading. This data can be used to make precise adjustments to the tracking system's
orientation.
3. Predictive Analytics: Use historical data and predictive analytics to anticipate the
sun's movement and weather patterns. By forecasting cloud cover and other
atmospheric conditions, tracking systems can make proactive adjustments to
maintain optimal positioning.
4. IoT and Remote Monitoring: Implement Internet of Things (IoT) technology to
enable remote monitoring and control of tracking systems. This allows operators to
monitor system performance, diagnose issues, and perform maintenance remotely.
5. Self-Cleaning Mechanisms: Integrate self-cleaning mechanisms that keep
solar panels free from dirt, dust, and debris. Dirty panels can reduce efficiency,
and automated cleaning can ensure consistent energy production.
6. Redundancy and Fail-Safe Mechanisms: Design tracking systems with redundancy
and fail-safe mechanisms to minimize downtime. If one component fails, backup
systems can take over, preventing a complete shutdown.
7. Maintenance Strategies: Develop proactive maintenance schedules that include
regular inspections, lubrication of moving parts, and replacement of worn
components. Predictive maintenance techniques can also be employed to
identify potential issues before they cause failures.
8. Durability and Materials: Use durable materials and coatings that can withstand
harsh weather conditions, temperature fluctuations, and UV radiation. High-quality
materials can extend the lifespan of the tracking system.
9. Energy Storage Integration: Integrate energy storage solutions, such as batteries,
to store excess energy generated during peak sunlight hours. This stored energy can
be used during cloudy periods or during the night, reducing the need for
instantaneous high energy output.
10. Modular Design: Opt for modular design and standardized components to simplify
installation, maintenance, and upgrades. This can also reduce costs associated with
custom-made parts.
11. Machine Learning and AI: Implement machine learning and artificial intelligence
to continuously improve tracking accuracy based on historical data and real-time
inputs.
12. Hybrid Approaches: Consider hybrid tracking systems that combine the benefits
of both fixed-tilt and tracking systems. These systems can adjust panel angles for
optimal energy generation without the complexities of full tracking.
 13. Community and Educational Outreach: Educate the community and potential users
about the benefits of solar tracking systems, dispelling misconceptions and promoting
wider adoption.
Solving the challenges related to solar tracking systems involves a
multidisciplinary approach that combines engineering, technology,
data analytics, and innovation. By continually refining tracking
mechanisms and integrating cutting-edge technologies, the efficiency
and reliability of solar tracking systems can be improved,
contributing to more widespread and effective use of solar energy

Certainly, here are some solutions and approaches to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of solar
tracking systems:

1. Advanced Tracking Algorithms: Develop and implement sophisticated algorithms that

accurately predict the sun's movement based on real-time data from sensors. These algorithms can
calculate the optimal angles for solar panels, ensuring maximum energy capture.
2. Dual-Axis Tracking: Invest in dual-axis tracking systems that adjust both horizontal and
vertical angles. While more complex, these systems can significantly increase energy capture by
keeping panels aligned with the sun throughout the day and across seasons.
3. Real-Time Data Integration: Integrate real-time weather data, cloud cover predictions, and
historical sunlight patterns into the tracking system's algorithm. This enables the system to
make dynamic adjustments for changing weather conditions.
4. IoT and Remote Monitoring: Implement IoT technology to enable remote monitoring and
control of the tracking system. This allows operators to monitor performance, diagnose issues,
and make adjustments from a distance.
5. Predictive Maintenance: Use predictive maintenance techniques that analyze sensor data
to anticipate component failures. This can help prevent downtime and optimize maintenance
schedules.
6. Energy Storage Integration: Combine solar tracking systems with energy storage solutions like
batteries. Excess energy generated during peak sunlight hours can be stored for use during
cloudy periods or at night.
7. Bifacial Solar Panels: Employ bifacial solar panels that can capture sunlight from both
sides, increasing overall energy generation.
8. Machine Learning and AI: Utilize machine learning algorithms to continuously learn from data
and improve tracking accuracy over time. AI can also optimize panel angles for various weather
conditions.
9. Automated Cleaning Mechanisms: Implement self-cleaning mechanisms that keep solar
panels free from dirt and debris. Clean panels can maintain optimal efficiency.
10. Hybrid Systems: Consider hybrid systems that combine solar tracking with fixed-tilt
panels, especially in areas with unpredictable weather patterns.
11. Precision Motors and Sensors: Invest in high-quality motors and sensors that offer accuracy
and durability, reducing the risk of mechanical failures.
12. Educational Initiatives: Raise awareness about the benefits of solar tracking systems
among consumers, businesses, and policymakers to drive broader adoption.
13. Regulatory Support: Advocate for policies and incentives that encourage the adoption of
solar tracking systems, making them more economically viable.
14. Collaboration and Research: Collaborate with researchers, engineers, and industry experts
to explore new technologies, materials, and methods that can enhance solar tracking
efficiency.
15. Lifecycle Analysis: Conduct lifecycle assessments to evaluate the environmental impact of
solar tracking systems and identify areas for improvement.
The future of solar tracking systems holds promising developments driven by
advancements in technology, energy demand, and sustainability goals. Here are
some key areas of future scope for solar tracking systems:

1. Advanced Tracking Algorithms: Continued research and development

in tracking algorithms will lead to even more accurate and efficient solar
tracking. AI and machine learning algorithms will be able to predict solar
movement patterns with high precision, maximizing energy capture.
2. IoT Integration: Internet of Things (IoT) technology will play a vital role
in solar tracking systems. Sensors, connectivity, and real-time data
analysis will enable remote monitoring, predictive maintenance, and
dynamic adjustments based on weather conditions.
3. Smart Grid Integration: Solar tracking systems can be integrated into
smart grids, allowing them to interact with energy demand and supply
fluctuations. This integration will enhance the overall stability of the
grid and support more efficient energy distribution.
4. Energy Storage Synergy: Pairing solar tracking systems with energy
storage solutions, such as advanced batteries, will ensure a continuous
power supply even during non-sunny hours. This combination can
provide consistent power output and reduce reliance on conventional grid
sources.
5. Bifacial Solar Panels: Bifacial solar panels, which capture sunlight
from both sides of the panel, can be optimally utilized with solar tracking
systems. These panels will become more common as their efficiency
improves, enhancing energy capture potential.
6. Floating Solar Farms: Solar tracking systems can be applied to floating
solar farms on bodies of water, where space is not a constraint. These
systems can significantly increase energy generation in areas with
limited land availability.
7. Energy Yield Prediction: Future solar tracking systems could include
energy yield prediction capabilities. By considering weather forecasts and
historical data, these systems can estimate the expected energy output
over various time periods.
8. Lightweight Materials: Advancements in lightweight and durable
materials will make solar tracking systems more cost-effective and
efficient. Reduced weight will also help with ease of installation and
maintenance.
9. Automated Cleaning Mechanisms: Self-cleaning mechanisms that keep
solar panels free from dirt and debris will become more sophisticated. These
systems will enhance energy capture efficiency and reduce maintenance
needs.
10.Hybrid Systems: Hybrid solar tracking systems that combine various
tracking techniques or integrate with fixed-tilt systems will offer
flexible solutions for different locations and energy demands.
 11.Sustainability and Circular Economy: As the solar industry matures, there
will be a greater emphasis on sustainability and circular economy principles
in the design, manufacturing, and disposal of tracking systems.
12.Urban Solar Installations: Solar tracking systems will find applications
in urban environments, where space is limited and energy demand is high.
Rooftop installations and other urban settings can benefit from increased
energy capture.
13.Research in Emerging Materials: Research into emerging materials, such
as perovskite solar cells and other innovative technologies, may lead to
breakthroughs that improve the efficiency and affordability of solar
tracking systems.
14.Mass Adoption and Cost Reduction: With increased adoption and
production, the cost of solar tracking systems will likely decrease,
making them more accessible for residential and commercial
installations.
15.Regulatory Support: Favorable regulations and incentives for
renewable energy will encourage the integration of advanced solar
tracking systems, fostering their growth in the energy market.
In summary, the future of solar tracking
systems holds immense potential for
enhancing energy generation efficiency,
integrating with emerging technologies,
and contributing to the global transition to
sustainable energy sources. Continued
research, innovation, and collaboration
will play a pivotal role in realizing this
future scope

THANKFULLY