Lecture no # 03

By: Miss Maliha

Parts of speech:
It deals with how the word functions in meaning.
There are eight parts of speech in English Grammar:
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection

Noun:
Naming words are called noun.
Kinds of noun:
1. Common Noun:
Common noun is a name given to everyone in common. It is not
specific.
Examples: girl, country, boy, city, etc.
2. Proper Noun:
Proper noun is a particular name. Proper means one’s own. Proper
nouns should always be capitalized. It always starts with a capital
letter.
 Examples: Saba, Pakistan, Peshawar etc.
3. Collective Noun:
Collective noun is a name of number or collection taken together
as a whole.
Examples: army, crowd, family school
4. Countable Noun:
These are those names which we can count easily. Countable noun
has plural forms.
Examples: book, pen, cat, table
5. Uncountable Noun:
These are those names which we cannot count, it does not have
any plural form.
Examples: milk, water, oil etc.
6. Concrete Noun:
Concrete nouns are those nouns/names which we can experience
with our five senses or we can see and touch.
Examples: book, chair, laptop etc.
7. An Abstract Noun:
It’s the name of quality, action, idea, feeling, and emotion. This
type of noun can’t be touched. We can only feel it.
Examples:
Quality: brightness, goodness, manners, etc.
Action: laughter, judgement, etc.
Idea: dictatorship, democracy, belief, etc.
Feeling: love, hate, etc.
Emotion: happiness, sadness, etc.
8. Compound Noun:
These nouns contain two or more words, which join together to
make a single noun.
Examples:
 key + board = keyboard
Compound nouns can be formed in several ways.
Closed form: Sun + Rise= sunrise
Hyphenated Form: six- packs, five-years-old, son-in-law
Open Form: post office, middle class

The Pronoun:
It is a part of speech which functions as a replacement of noun or a
noun phrase.
Kinds of Pronoun:
01. Personal Pronoun:
• Personal pronouns are such pronouns which refer to a
person, group or a thing.
Examples: I, me, mine us, we, etc.
• Subjective Personal Pronoun: It acts as a subject of a
sentence.
Examples: I, you, he, she, it, they, etc.
• Objective Personal Pronoun:
It is a pronoun that is an object of verb, compound verb and
preposition.
Examples: me, you, her, him, etc.
1. She appreciated her for a good result.
2. Ali Looked at me happily.
02. Demonstrative Pronoun:
These pronouns are used to point out the person or thing we talk about.
Examples: this, that, these, those, etc.
03. Interrogative Pronoun:
These pronouns are used to ask or make questions.
Examples: which, whom, what, who, etc.
04: Relative Pronoun:
These pronouns are used to combine or relate sentences, clauses,
together to show the relationship with noun and modify the same noun.
Examples: who, which, whose, whom, that.
1. This is the car which I bought.
2. I have a friend whose brother is a good doctor.
05: Distributive Pronoun:
These pronouns are used to talk about each and every person separately.
It refers to individual.
Examples: each, neither, none, etc.
1. Neither of the children study well.
06: Possessive Pronoun:
These pronouns are used to express ownership.
Examples: mine, his, theirs, ours, yours, etc.
1stperson Pronoun 2ndPerson Pronoun 3rdPerson Pronoun
I, me, us, our it, we, You, your, yours, He, him, his, himself, she, her,
mine, ours, myself, yourself, hers, herself, it, its, itself, they,
ourselves. yourselves. them, their, theirs, themselves.

Adjective:
Words which describe noun and pronoun are called adjectives.
Kinds of Adjective:
1. Adjective Of Quality:
Words which describe the quality of noun or pronoun.
Examples: beautiful flower, green tea, good person etc.
2. Adjective of Quantity:
Words which describe the quantity.
Examples:
• I have many things to do.
• How much time is left.
3. Adjective of number:
This adjective has been divided into two parts.
• Definite Adjective:
It again sub-divide into two parts.
• Cardinals: It denotes how many, e.g. one, two, three, four
etc.
• Ordinals: It denotes order of thing in a series, e.g. 1st, 2nd, 3rd
etc.
• Indefinite Adjective:
These are those adjectives which do not denote an exact number
of person or things.
Examples: many, much, little, few, etc.

The verb:
Verb describes an event or action being done by someone or
something.
1. The girl is eating.
2. He helped me.
3. He is sleeping.
Kinds of verb:
 01: Transitive Verb:
These are those verbs which have an object to receive the action.
1. He rides the bicycle.
2. He kicked the ball.
02: Intransitive Verb:
These are those verbs which don’t have an object to receive the
action.
1. He laughed.
2. She wrote.
3. He played.
03: Auxiliary Verb:
These verbs have no meaning of their own. These are necessary for
the grammar structure of sentence. They are added before the
main verb.
➢ These verbs are divided into two groups.

• Primary Helping Verbs: We use these as helping verbs with

the main verb.
• Examples:
is, are, am, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had.
• Models Helping Verbs: These verbs add meaning to the
main verb by expressing possibility, ability, permission or
obligation.
Examples:
Can/ could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, must,
ought to.
04: Regular verbs:
These verbs follow standard pattern of words. These form the past tense
by adding ‘d’ or ‘ed’.
Examples:
Fade = Faded
Join = joined
05: Irregular Verb:
These verbs do not follow the standard pattern. They follow a different
pattern.
Examples:
Go, went, gone.
Eat, ate, eaten.
06: Participles:
There are two types of participles:
• Present Participle: It is the fourth form of the verb. They are
the words that end with ‘ing’ e.g. sleeping, rising, playing, etc.
• Past Participle: It is the third form of the verb. These words
end with ‘ed’, ‘d’, ‘t’, ‘en’, ‘n’, e.g. risen, boiled, built, etc.

07: The Infinitive:

These verbs usually proceed by the word ‘To’
Examples: to run, to sing, to dance, etc.
08: Gerund:
It is the ‘ing’ form of verb which functions as a noun in a sentence.
Examples:
 1. Running is good for health.
2. Reading is my hobby.

The Adverb:
Adverb modifies verb, adjective, and another adverb by giving us the
following information.
1. How the action occurs?
2. Where the action occurs?
3. How many times the action occurs?
4. Intensity of action.
Kinds of adverb:
01: Adverb of Manner: This adverb tells in which manner the action
occurs, occurred, will occur.
Examples:
1. She speaks loudly.
2. He was driving slowly.
02. Adverb of Place:
It advertises about the place of action that where the action occurred.
Examples: here, there, near, somewhere, outside, etc.
1. He will come here.
2. They are playing outside.
03: Adverb of Time:
This adverb informs us about the time of action.
Examples: Now, then, soon, tomorrow, today, etc.
1. I’ll buy a story book tomorrow.
 2. Now, I’m doing my homework.
04. Adverb of Frequency:
This adverb tells us how many time the action occurred.
1. He goes to school daily.
2. He always speaks truth.
05: Adverb of Degrees/ Quantity:
This adverb shows how much or in what degree or extant.
Examples: too, almost, any, pretty, etc.
1. You are too careless.
2. The homework is almost done.

The Preposition:
Preposition is a word which is placed before a noun, pronoun, or a noun
phrase in order to show its position.
Kinds of Preposition:
01: Simple Preposition:
Simple Preposition consists of one word and are very simple to
understand. It is the most basic preposition.
Examples: on, in, out, up, down, under, etc.
1. The book is on the table.
2. The fruits are in the fridge.
02: Double Preposition:
These are two prepositions but joined together to make a new whole
word.
Examples: inside, outside, into, etc.
03: Compound Preposition:
These prepositions consist of two or more words and remain as different
words.
Examples: According to, out of, in front of, etc.
04: Prepositional Phrase:
Prepositional Phrase is a group of words which contains a preposition.
1. In a deep sleep.
2. On a journey.
3. Out of date.
4. At the end.
05: Preposition of Place:
These preposition shows where something is located.
Examples: above, up, on, outside, between, etc.
06: Preposition of Time:
This preposition shows when something happens/happened.
1. The Match began at 8 ' o clock.
2. We are going to the zoo on Sunday.
07: Preposition of Movement/ Direction:
This preposition shows movement from one place to another.
1. The car went towards the market.
08: Preposition of Agent/ Instrument:
 These prepositions indicate that an action conducted on a noun is caused
by another noun.
1. She was hit by a car.
2. I opened the door with a key.
09: Preposition of Purpose and Source:
For and from are prepositions that indicate purpose and source.
1. He goes for a walk.
2. The earth receives light from the Sun.

Preposition Uses

On Surface: on the table, on the floor, on the plane,

Dates and Days: on Saturday, on Sunday, on 25th December
Machine: on the phone, on the TV, on the calculator
Body parts: ring on his finger, fell on my hand, slapped on his face
State: on fire, on bed, on demand.
Onto We use onto to talk about movement and direction to a position on a
surface.
The cat climbed onto the roof.
The path leads onto the main road.
In Big cities: lives in Islamabad, lives in Canada, etc.
Period of Time: he will come in an/one hour. She will reach there in two
weeks. In the morning/evening.
Dress: he looks good in black jacket.
Condition: in good health.
Job: in army.
Locations within a large area: the book is somewhere in the room. She
works in an office (we use on for ‘farms’)
With class: it is not difficult to concentrate in class.
Into What something is within or inside:
Please put the fruits into the basket, he placed the letter into a red
envelop, he jumped into the river.
From Starts: started his journey from Lahore.
Belonging: from Lahore.
Who sent: a gift from me.
Position: from the top.
Reason: he felt sick from tiredness.
By Future time: I will be back by this Friday.
For creator: a Painting by Haris.
Possessive words: by her, by him, by us.
Gerund: you can get successes by studying hard.
At To refer to a position or location which we see as a point: Sitting at the
desk.
 To talk about locations, workplaces when we see them as a place of
activity: how many people are working at Microsoft? at cinema, at
university, at KFC, at McDonalds, etc.
To refer to an address: he lives at street 11.
With particular points on the clock: at five o’clock.
Particular points in the day: at midday, at night, at noon.
Particular points in the week: what are you doing at the weekend?
With special celebrations: at the new year.
Of It indicates relationships between other words. Such as; belonging,
things made of other things that contain other things.
Ali shared the piece of his sandwich.
He resigned as a principal of the school. He picked up a piece of wood.
Off It usually is used as an adverb or a preposition. In both cases, it indicates
separation or disconnection.
Turn off the lights, the dog ran off, he cleaned the spilled soup off the
kitchen. They took the wheel off the car.
Under Below 3 dimensional objects: under a tree, under the table.
Layers of something: shirt under my jacket.
Numbers: under 17.
Mental state: he is under stress/pressure.
Below Comparing the level of one thing against the other:
The red photo is below the black one (hanging position, on the wall).
 The level of temperature/sea level: the temperature has dropped below
freezing point tonight, 100 feet below the sea level.
Things that are mentioned later: read the instructions below before you
start.
Beneath Being covered by something: beneath the blanket, beneath the water,
Emotions/feelings / actions: beneath it all, she still loves her family.
People of low social position/ disgusting attitude: she treats people as if
they are beneath her.
Down Lower position: gets down, he keeps his bag down, ran down to the hill,
fell down.
Across When we talk about something extending or moving from one side to
another. We took a boat across the river, Spread across the table.
Over Movement or position at a higher level than something else: bird flew
over the lake, umbrella over his head, coming up over the mountain,
Time: happening over and over, over a period of three centuries,
Numbers: over 100 people, over 10 kilos, over the age limit.
Over as an adverb: the bird flew over, come over.
Over as an adjective: the film was over.
Through When moving from one side to another while surrounded by something.
We cycled through a number of small villages.

The Conjunction:
Conjunctions are words that join words, phrases and sentences.
Examples: and, so, but, when, etc.
Types of Conjunctions:
01: Coordinating Conjunction:
It gives equal importance to words, or sentences, it connects. There are
seven coordinating conjunctions.
Examples: but, for, so, yet, and, not, or.
I like coffee but my friend likes tea.
02: Subordinating Conjunction:
These conjunctions connect main (independent) clause and subordinate
(dependent) clause.
Examples: although, as, because, after, before, unless, when, whenever,
etc.
1. Although I failed, I was still confident.
2. Ali didn’t go to school because he was ill.
03: Correlative conjunctions:
These are those conjunctions which function in pair with both words,
phrase, and clause.
Examples:
Both & and, either & or, neither & nor, whether &or
1. Both the teachers and students will be happy
2. They will either work full time or study full time.
04: Conjunctive Adverb:
These are usually adverbs but act as connectors/ conjunctions.
Examples:
After all, besides, however, nevertheless, therefore, etc.
Note: The Conjunctive adverbs need semicolon (;) or period (.) before
them and comma (,) after them.
1. Ali loves the book; after all he likes the story books.
The Interjection:
These are the words which express strong feelings and emotions. They
usually come at the beginning of sentence, and are followed by an
exclamation (!) Mark.
1. Ahh! I lost my mobile.
2. Hurrah! we have holidays from tomorrow.
3. Ouch! I hurt my leg.