INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORK Intranetwork

➢ Two or more computer network, LAN or

Information Technology – set of information
WAN or computer network segments are
technology components that are the foundation of
connected using devices and they are
IT services.
configured by a local addresing scheme
Network Technology – is any technology by which
Intranet
two or more computer systems are connected
and communicate information between them. ➢ Private networks based on the internet
protocol
Network – is created by connecting two or more
computer using wireless devices. Extranet
➢ Is a communication nework based on the
3 Speed internet protocol.
▪ Ethernet
Storage Area Network (SAN)
▪ Past Ethernet
➢ A specialized, dedicated high-speed
▪ Giga Ethernet
network that interconnects and presents
shared pools of storage devices of
TYPES OF NETWORK multiple servers.
➢ A network is group of computer linked to
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
each other that enables the computer to
➢ Private network that is constructed a
communicate with another computer and
public network infrastructure such as a
share their resources. global internet.
➢ Based on coverage and availability ➢ Offers secure, reliable connecting over a
➢ Local Area Network and Wide Area Network shared public network infrastructure such
as internet.
Personal Area Network (PAN)

➢ Is the smallest network which is very NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

personal to a user
➢ Defined as physical and local design of the
➢ This network normally range with 10 meters
software, hardware protocols and media
➢ PAN network may include Bluetooth enable
transmissions of data.
devices and infrared enable devices ➢ Simply we can say the how computers are
Local Area Network (LAN) organized and how task are allocated to the
computer.
➢ Which is used in local area means it is a
small network that covers small area Peer to Peer Network
➢ Which all the computers are directly linked
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) together with equal-privelage and
➢ That covers a larger geographic area by responsibilities for sharing the data.
interconnecting a different LAN to form a
Client / Server Network
larger network
➢ Designed for end users called clients, to
Wide Area Network (WAN) access the resources such as songs, videos,
etc. from a control computer known as
➢ That extend over a larger geographic area servers
such as states or countries ➢ Servers is responsible for managing all the
➢ The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the resources such as files, directories,
world printers.
Internet Data and Information
➢ As an information super highway to access ▪ Data - refers to the raw facts that are
intermation over the web. collected while information refers to
➢ World wide global syrtem of inter connected processed data that enables us to take
computer networks decisions.
➢ Uses the standard internet protocol (TCP / ▪ Data Communication - the exchange of
IP): data between two devices though a
➢ Identified by unique IP Address transmission medium called data
➢ IP Address is unique sets of numbers communication
▪ Local communication - same
Domain Name System geographical, same building or face to face
➢ Domain Name Server is database ▪ Remote communication - takes over a
containing may information of particular distance, the devices are farther.
name and its corresponding IP Address ▪ Delivery: delivered to correct and
➢ It helps to revolve the hostname to an correct users
address ▪ Accuracy: deliver the data
accuratelywithout introducing errors.
▪ .Com — Commercial Organizanions ▪ Timeliness: delivery should be on time
▪ .Org — Non-profit Organization
▪ .Edu — Educational Institutions
COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION
▪ .Gov — Government Institutions
▪ .Int — International Entities ▪ Message
▪ .Mil — Military Organizations ▪ Sender
▪ .Net — Network Backbone ▪ Receiver
▪ Transmission of data
Computer Network ▪ Protocol
➢ Collection of nodes
➢ Simply referred to as a network, collections
of hardware components DATA TRANSMISSION MODES

Features of Computer Network ➢ The way in which data is transmitted

▪ Performance: measured in terms of
response time. Simplex Mode
▪ Reliability: should not be any failure in the ➢ Devices can only send the data but cannot
nervork recieive the data but cannot send the
▪ Security: should be secure data.

Properties of Good Network Half-Duplex Mode

▪ Intrapersonal Communication: we can ➢ Message flow in born direction, but not
communicate the same time (walkie-talkie)
▪ Resources can be shared: share physical
resources by making them available Whole Duplex Mode
▪ Sharing files, data: authorized users are ➢ Both station can send and receive the
allowed to share files on the network. message simultaneuously

Data Communication Network

➢ To enable seamless exchange of data
between any two points in the world.
➢ This exchange of data takes place over a
computer network between them
 LINE CONFIGURATION
➢ Two or more devices connected though
links

Point to point
➢ Dedicated link between two devices. The
entire capacity of the links is reserved for
transmission

Multi point
➢ Is one in which more than two specific
devices shared a single link. In a multi
point environment. The capacity of the
channel is shared either spatially or
temporarily
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA OF COMPUTER Twisted Pair Cable
NETWORK ➢ Physical media made up of a pair of cables
Transmission Media twisted with each other
➢ Maybe wired or wireless ➢ Most frequent used type of transmission
➢ A communication channel that carries the media and is available in two types
info from sender to receiver
Unfinished Twisted Pair (UTP)
➢ Data is transmitted through
electromagnetic signals ➢ Common type of telecommunication
➢ Characteristics and quality of data ➢ Consists of 2 conductors covered with
transmission are determined by aluminum foil
characteristics of medium & signal ➢ Is a 4-pair wire medium used in variety of
networks
Factors in selecting transmission media
➢ Each of 8 copper wires is covered in
o Transmission rate
o Cost and ease of installation
insulating material
o Resistance to environmental conditions
o Distances ▪ RJ-11 — 6 pin
▪ RJ-45 — 8 pin
TWO TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP Cable)
— guided media and unguided
➢ Combines the techniques and wire twisting
➢ This cable has aluminum/material foil
Transmission Media covering which encases each pair of
insulated conductors
➢ Electromagnetic noise penetration is
Guided Unguided prevented by metal casing

Twisted Pair Media Wave Ethernet

Cable
➢ Most widely installed LAN
Microwaves ➢ A link layer protocol in TCP/IP stack,
Coaxial Cable describing how network devices can
format data for transmission to other
Infrared
network devices on same network
Optical Fiber
segment
Cable

GUIDED MEDIA
Coaxial Cable
➢ Those that provides cable from one device to
another, includes twisted pair cable, coaxial ➢ Commonly used transmission media
cable, and fiber optical cable ➢ TV wire is usually a coaxial cable
➢ Defined as the physical medium through ➢ It is named coaxial because it contains 2
which the signals are transmitted conductors parallel to each other
➢ It has a higher frequency as compared to
twisted pair cable
3 Most Common Type of Coaxial Cable: ▪ Multimode step-index — fiber; density of
▪ RG (Radio Grade)-6 — commonly used by core remains constant and center to edges
cable companies ▪ Multimode greater-index — fiber;
▪ RG-68 — popular by early 10BASE2 decreases the distortion of signal through
▪ RG-58 — was common in early networks the cable
▪ RG-59 — carry composite video between 2 ▪ Single mode — uses step-index fiber and
nearby devices highly focused source of light that limits
beams to a small range of angles, all close
2 Types of Coaxial Cable: to the horizontal
1. Baseband — process of transmitting a
single signal at high speed ➢ Transmits electromagnetic waves without
2. Broadband — process of transmitting using any physical medium
multiple signals simultaneously ➢ Often referred to as wireless
communication
1000 BASE – T ➢ Data is transmitted in form of

UNGUIDED MEDIA
electromagnetic waves
▪ BNC is a connector used to connect the end ➢ Do not require any physical conductors for
of cable to device such as TV set transmission
▪ T-connector is used to Ethernet networks to ➢ Signals are normally broadcasted through
branch out connection free speed and thus, available to anyone
▪ BNC terminator is used to the end of cable who has a device capable of receiving them
to prevent the reflection of signal
Antenna
Fiber Optic Cable
➢ Metallic structure that acts as transducer
➢ A cable that holds the optical fibers coated that converts electrical energy to
in plastic that are used to send data by electromagnetic energy and vice versa
pulses or light
➢ The plastic protects the optical cable from ▪ Transmitting Antenna — converts
heat, cold, and electromagnetic electrical energy to electromagnetic
interference from other types of wiring energy
➢ Provides faster data transmission than ▪ Receiving Antenna — converts
copper wires electromagnetic energy to electrical
energy
2 Types of Fiber Optic Cable:

1. Single mode — allows only one mode (or

wavelength of light) to propagate through
2 Main Ways How Antenna Works:
the fiber. Capable of higher bandwidth and
has greater distance than multimode and is 1. Directional Antenna — issues wireless
often used for campus backbone. signals along a single direction which
2. Multimode — allows multiple modes of employs high frequencies at wider distances
light to propagate through the fiber. Often 2. Omnidirectional Antenna — issues and
used for workgroup applications and receives a 300-degree horizontal.
intrabuilding application such as rises.
Radio Wave

➢ Are electromagnetic waves transmitted in

all direction of free space.
➢ Refers to transmission medium that is
used for multicast communications and
paging systems over long distances
➢ Functions with or without line of sight since
it utilizes the different types of propagation
methods

Propagation Methods:

▪ Line of sight — which radio waves travels

from transmitting antenna to receiving
antenna
▪ Ground wave — a method which radio
waves are radiated directly towards the
Earth’s surface
▪ Sky wave — method which radio waves
radiated upwards from the transmitting
antenna of the Earth into a direction toward
the ionosphere