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Jeevesh Awasthi Pyqs Multivariate Calculus

Calculus pyq solutions

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Jeevesh Awasthi Pyqs Multivariate Calculus

Calculus pyq solutions

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yadavmilth2006
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Paper Code N : $23561303 Name ofthe Paper; C7: Multivariate Calculus © Of Course : B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics II Year ee : IIL (CBCS) Uration Saas 8 Hours Maximum Marks ' 76 = See2tt6 tempt any five questions from each Section, All questions carry equal marks. SECTION-I Q.1. Show that is continuous at (0, 0) where fo.) = Meats x40 0 x=0 Ans. The function f(x, y) is defined as: " fey) = ysin (2):26 0 é =0 ;x=0 Let € >0 be any given real number, va()-0 | ysin (2): I yl | sin (2): 1 S | y| because | sin =| <1 Now, \f, ») -—f0, 0)| > If Y-fO,0)1 < ly! > | £G »)-f(,0) 1 < | y-0| Let |x-0| zis acomposits function of X and Y. G2 _ a ax, ae AY ou aX du OY ou dz dz = S(1-0)+2 0-1) ox 0)+F 0 ) - ax dY 2. de OX, de OY av aX dv OY ov ~. From (3) and (4) we have: Q. 4. Suppose at point P,(-1, 2), a certain function f(x, 9)! directional derivative 8 in the direction of v, = 8i- 4j and 1 in the diredt C.(2.4, 3) Ax+C, (2,4, 3) Ay+C,(24 (28) (0,02) + (16) (0.02) + (18) (0.02) = 0.46 + 0.32 + 0.36 $1.14 Hig dz az ax D+ 550-0) SE IOe) ax” oY dz = ere ax ax)*\ ay ‘ay mathematics: Maltvsint Cau (9 De. 2016 “1S ie irectional derivative of fat P,inthe direction = ti ane ‘ ott ae ybea functional that is differentiable at P, (xy, yg). Then, /has ge UA erivative of the unit vector ii = 4; + gy is given by D, f (9, ¥0) =f ee (S90 patios ih el) et vation @ ee ” Hs, Hee directional derivative 8 in the direction of v, = 31 — 4j . It Ae 8= f,8)+f,(-4) o 3f-4h-8= © (2) tion @) re pee " girectional derivative 1 in the direction of u, = 12i + 5). It ere AS He - 1= f,(12)+f, (5) 12h,+ 5 fy- 1=0 +3) and 8): Using cross multiplication ym webave: fe fy aE 8 -4 -8 3 -4 : 12 5 Mos fe Seal 4+40 9643 15448 Gea 44 -93 63 44 2 f= 63 93-31 fh 3" 21 Hence , the directional derivative of fat P, (—1, 2) in the direction of v=3i-— ywill be: Dy f Gq. 39) = f(B) +f, 9) hon ( Pa = ad leo 21/8/21 22) 21 ; nad UI all of f(x, 9) = xy - 2x ~ by on the Set S where S is the triangular region with vertices (0,0), ant and (7, 7). » Ans, Here, § and (7,7) fey) = ay 2x By i ot is closed bounded set Sic. triangular region with vertices 0), 3 y \. (5) From (1) of ) = ==(l)y-2(1)-0=y-2 f= 5-=(l)y-2(1) y a ie $f - x4)-2(0)-50)=2-5 When 0, We have: y-2 2 When = 0, We have: x-5 £55 *. Let = PO, 2) Since P (5, 2) lies with the closed triangular region. It means at theeritia Point P, there is neither maxima nor minima Online AB f(x, 0) = x(0)—2x~5 (0) =— 2x > foax = Oand f pin =—14 Online AB fx, ») Ty—-14-5y=2y-14 > fonax = O-and f pn =—14 Online AB c7: Mathematics : Multivariate Calculus (9 Dec. 2016) 5 157 fe, 9) 2 fogs = 0 874 fig == 14 1 ce, We have: absolute maximainS= 0 absolute minma inS= -14 ad 6. Find the point of intersection ofthe plane x + 2y+z= 10 and th wity =x +92 that is closest to the origin. Ne ry ee math point exists: ; ‘Ans. The equation of the plane is: x+2y+2= 10 . The equation of | the paraboloid is: “4 z= x+y? a (2) The distance from a point (x, y, 2) to the origin is S = [FagaP ie instead of minimizing this quality it is easier to minimize its square Hence, We will minimize, _ fey a= etyt2? ae Subject to the joint constraints 6) ne aes (A) and h(x, 2) = 2 +¥- ee From (3) : Tes Baas f= Sa From (4): + 8, = a1 he Caen Amar: B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics II Year (Semester—II1) From (5): A= eel To apply the method of Lagrange's multiplies, we use the formulas; VF (qs Yo 29) = AVE (os Yor 20) + HV RG + Yon 29) Which leads to the following systems of Equations: : % Qe = A(1) +p (2x) 2y = (2) +n Qy) 2y = AC) +n CL) xt+2yt+z= 10 z= 2+? i This is not a linear system , so solving it require ingenuity. Multiply the first equation by (2) and substract the second equation, We get: 4x—2y = (4x—2y) wp (4x — 2y) — (4x-2y) = 0 (4x —2y)(1—p) = 0 4x-2y = 0 or 1-p=0 Case (1):When 4x-2y= 0 If 4x—2y =0, then y = 2x. Substitute this in to the two constant equations: x+2y+z= 10 xtyz=0 x+2(2x)+z= 10 x2 + (2x)? -z = 0 ax+z= 10 Bry NG) z= 10-5x ee > z=10-5x = 5x7 5x? = 5x-10= 0 x2+x-2= 0 + 2x-x 2= 0 x(x+2)-1(w-2)= 0 (x+2)(x-1)= 0 x= 1,-2 Rigi) fo emer hee Ra athematics : Multivariate Calculus (9 Dec. 2016) cr: ch gives 1 x y= 2x=2(Q)=2] y ; z= Ot=5()'=5| 2=5x2=5(-2)!"= 20 (1, 2, 5) and (- 2, —4, 20) are candidates for all minima wn ts as, the pon Ps re * gy :When 1 pao case Wo, then H= 1 We look at the system of equations involving x, y, z, Aand yee i ; Qx = A(1) +p (2x) 2y = 22) +n Qy) 2z= A(I)+ HCl) xt+2y+z= 10 iz Seen hny hat equation becomes 80 t] thet? ore Noe Qx= 2+2()x 2x = A+ 2x A= 0 Andalso, 2z= A- 2z2= 0-1 saa ogg Next, turn to the constraint equations: x+2y+z= 10 w+y-z=0 1 1 x+2y-— = 2 een y 2 10 e+ y+ 3 0 1 1 +2y2 = apo ee By ai PAG ety’ 5 21 +2y= = eta > There is no relation because x2 + ® can not equal to a negative number Wecheck the candidates for minimal distance : f(x,y, 2) = 2 +y? +2, 80 that (1, 2,5) = (2+ (2)? + 6)2=14+4+25=30 f (-2,—4, 20) = (-2)?+ (4)? + (20)? = 4 + 16 + 400 = 420 s Red Amar: BSc. Hons.) Mathematics Il Year (Semester-11) Sa Because fix, Y, 2) represents the square to the distance the minimal qj V30 0 and the point on the intersection of the two surface nearest to the ori, any 2,5), Bini SECTION-II 9.7.Com pute [[— dA where Ris the rectangle L . = <1. Ans. Consult text book SECTION. III § Q- 18. Lot Fle, ») = ef + xe¥), Verify that the vector fiela p Conservative on the entire xy-plane. Use a potential function of ae, Werk dono by the field Fon a particle that moves in Anticlocky rection from (1,0) to (-1, 0) along the semi-circular path y= Vi-xj-1 F is conservative f Ans, Gi) In the x, y plane we have: r= xityj dr = dxi+ dyj Fedr = (eit xe j). (dxitdyj) a = (€) (dx) + (xe¥) (dy) Neg (© dx + xe” dy) 7: Mathematics : Multivariate Calculus (9 Dec. 2016) 163 jtong the cure Cy y= i= y-15x51,80 1 +2 => dx dy 2Ji-x =xdx the required both done (w) will be: we [mar c xl J [edx+xe! ay] ri 1 Q. 14. State Green’s theorem for simply connected regions. Verify Green’s theorem for the field F(x, y) = (« — »)i + xf and the region R bounded by the unit circle C : r(t) = cos ti + sin tj; 0 0, then y—> o along the path y= my, any Fealin 3 lim, yf) = tim —#lmxy (.)-00) (eg nt0.0) (mae 344 ei iy (90,0) x? 4. 85.8 34 = lim ue (909(0,0) 2 (1 4. m6 x!) 3.2 * Sig imei (9)-9(0.0)1 + m5x4 mo)? sae 1+ m8 (0)! =0 > (edhe oy fl 9) = (0, =0 > fx, y) is continous at (0,0) (202) ae te Mathematics: Multivariate Calculus (Nov./Dec. 2017) 203 @ 9, Find the equation for each horizontal tangent plane to the prce 22 B-stoyty pns. Lat My) = 5-24 4y f.(% 9) = a = 0-2x-0+0 = ~ 2x oj f,@9) = * = 0-0-2y+4 =~ 2y44 let required point P be q+ Yq» %) . a= f, By Yo) B= by (oy 9) =— Byy + 4 Equation of tangent to the surface f(x, y) at P (x, 9.) be : 2— 2% = f, Xqy Yq) (XX) +f, Go ¥N- Yo) 2—2 = a(x x) + bY —y) 22 = € 2%) (- x9) + 2yq + 4) ~¥0) Z—%y = ~ Wx — xy + Qx,? +(— Dyy + 4) y + 2? — Ay Ixxy + (2y- I ¥ +z = 2x? + 2y,? — Ay + 25, Ans. Q.3. Let f and g be twice differentiable functions of one variable nd let u (x, t) = f (x + et) + g (x - ct) for a constant c. Show that : at? ax?! Ans. u(x,t) = f(x+ct) +g (x-ct) +(1) Diff. Eq. partially w.r.t.t. : m = f (xt+ct).c+g’ (x-ct)(-1) = of (x«+ct)—cg’ (x-ct) -(2) Diff Eq. (2) partially w.r.t.t : ou i sie aaa cf (x + ct) +c? g’ (x—ct) +(8) Diff. Eq. (1) partially w.r-t. x, a = f (xt+ct)+g' (x—ct) «.(4) Diff. Eq. partially w. r. t.x: Pu 7 o Sa = FP @etet) +a” (x-cl) ==(5) Ix Using Eq. (5), Eq. (3) can be solved are: 2. > Se = CLS Getcha” ten) = Amar: BSc. (Hons) Mathematics I Year (Sem) au uy ©, a Sai Q. 4. Let f have continuous aut dorivatives an : Maximal directional derivative of fat Py (1, 2) has candy hc attained in the firection from P, towards Q (3,4). Use this j, to find af (1, 2), Ans, We know that the directional derivative of fat the point a 6 the direction of unit vector @ is given by Df Gy sdo) = V fy & Which gives: eae VANE LMS GNI at Py (1, 2) VQ, 2) = fe, 2146 Cy 2)) ‘The maximum value of directional derivative is : at P, (1, 2) NY /Q, 2)\| = Vi20.2)+ 20,2) = 50 £2(,2)+ #2 (1,2) = 2500 The maximum value of directional derivative occurs in the fA, 2) . The unit vector in the direction of this vector, pe ui) Sea wWVEG,2) 1 1G =Di + (-4.2)7 £.Q.2i+60,2)) 956) V20.2)+ 20,2) *Jav36 fe(2)i+f(2)j _ 2-6) 50 40 of direction i! £4, 2)i+f, (1, 2y = pi w) £0, 26+ f, (1, Di = age 6j) £0, 2)i +f, (1, 2) = ais) On comparing cefficients of i and j on both sides, we get : 50. f,(,2) = Yo’ 9,2) be the pint the dade on the pla rset to (0, 0) con cans that the problem a to find out the ratnlcorval of the _ lorl = + ea +(ve-v)' +(en-2) .s nearsel in fa -0F @-0F +(2-0)" | subject t the constraint that wreytz= 1 oe) since |OP| has minimum value, whenever the function, fy, 2) = mete hee fh «(2) et g(%y, 2) = Wtytz-1 pe f= 2x f= 2y [= 2 ei ae gl. er jt By Lagrange's multiplers, we have : * fy) = 48, 9) " 2x = 2.(2) x= ih (3.1) f,@ 9) = 28, (9) ay = 2h a Sey ++:(3.2), £.@ 9) = 28,9) 22— Uae du Zaher «(3.8), . (Hons.) Mathematics II Year (Semin —_. 8% yz) = 0 7 Qt+y+2-1= 0 2@+(4), a = 0 2+A-1= 0 ‘ 8A-1= 0 1 Mans 1 1 it Hence, Tens mg tae Thus, the point ( 3° é, G) 18 closed to the origin. SECTION-II Q. 7. Find the area of the region D by setting doubl, le ints D is bounded by the parabola y= x*- 2 and the line y=. ea” Where Ans. y= 2 ti =x Fa: () represents a parabola and Bq, (2) represents a straight ling” The parabola and the line interest, where : : 225% xtox-2=0 xX -Ox+x-2= 0 x(x—2)+1(r-2)= 0 (x-2)(@+1)=0 . = 2,-1 Thus, at x =~ 1, y atx=2,ysx Hence, they interest at (-1,-1) and (2, 2). The graph of D is as shown below: Mathematics: Multivariate Calculus (Nov./Dec. 2017) 207 _ ———$—$_$——————————————— -— rogion D can be diveribed asthe sto all point (x,y) such that french Sate ay eee is given by: 2 As 3 dy dx “r% zg = JOIa, de a {loo-c -2) Jax flo +2))dx ae I = |S +rex [ ohare ‘ 3 ret Q 8. Write an equivalent integral with the order of integratio versed and then compute the integral: jf owe oo Ans. Consult text book Q.9. Calculate the Jacobian of transformation from rectangular to Jar coordinates and hence evaluate the integral : rs 2 0 0 \o-x*-»? Ans. Jacobian of transformation from rectangular to polar co- dinates : i Let [be a continuous function on a region D in the xy-plane and let T be a .-to-one transformation that maps the region G in the uv-plane into Dunder s change of variable x = g (u, v) , y =h (h, v) for the functions g and h stinuousely differentiable function i a. Then, dxdy. Jf seordyde = [J flacu.v),h(u)]| J(usv)dudo Q) D a where, J(u, v) is called Jacobian and is given by: =m Amar: BSc. (Hons.) Mathematics Il Year (Sem.-tH) ™ ax dx} an au ou dy ay) au avi Hu, v) = Ox dy dy ax Ou dv du dv “f a(x,y) O(uv) can change the variables from rectangular to polar by my “tion x= rcos 0, y=rsin 0, Then, the Jacobian of the change of van We subatit: iss ax ax 29) _ lar 30 9(r,0) ~ lay ay ar a0| cos8 -rsin@ sin6 rcos@ = rcos*@ + rsin2@ =r (9 “ solid bounded above by the evtindg 1 Then, Jf yadxay Jf f@cos0,rsin0) r dr de c D Q. 10. Find the volume V of the o°+2=4 and below x? + 3y? = z, Ans. Do your self Q. 11. Evaluate the integral below, where D is the region bounde pas by the sphere x? +? 4 22=9 and below by the paraboloid xan Sffzax ay ax, Ans. Let Dis the region bounded abov below by the paraboloedz = x2 ++ iy Thus; x’ +y2+22= 9 z= Pay? Using (2) , Eq. (1) can be solved as: z+2= 92 e by the sphere x? + y? +22=2anj sa(l) Since, rejected as z>0 ) ) oT ; Mathematics: Multivariate Caleulus (Now./Dee. 2017) 209 —— wee ows that the projected rogion in the x~y plane is the dists © tts jul i ‘n of D integration is D, where : pee D= {(xy,2)s.t, RSS Be aatbys -Vi=x? < ys Vie? and —1s te} = fede ay dx D regio’ 1 vice? faextay? 5 J J zazdydx AVYies? Pay? may seen that transforming to spherial co-ordinates may result in a less ft : ated integration, since the upper boundary of D has the simple form, complic oe (2, but the lower boundary 2 = x” + y* hasa the form, z= xeryar Pos = (Psin 4)? P= get its cosec 1 Now, O< os . o< Ps V2 But 0 < P< cot $cosec > for T T Bee aes aanlav2 r= J | [(Pcos@)’P* sing d Pd odo 000 2 n/2.cot goosec +f ff @ooseytpisined Pde dd Onld oO If we are cylindercial co-ordinater, then : ve r= [J J -razdrde 0 2 oy rd ! W iat m0 Amar: B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics II Year (Semi) = THEE” a a = [Isler aan 0 femal 25 n 6 een 212! = ie , meri?) Q. 12, Let D be the region in the xy plane that is bounded ordinate axes and the line x + y= 1. Use the suitable change of y, to compute the integral: eine a? ff c = *) Cee Ans. xty=1 6 T=) ({(*S2: ff x4. 2) vide Let usx-y u=xty from (3) + (4) : utu= pe LeU 2 from (3) ~ (4) ; u-U= dy ys uae 2 ‘The Jacobian is ; (x,y) J= My” (u,v) ae au = [du du oy ay du du Multivariate Calculus (Nov./Dec. 2017) a1 2 (4s) 2 dul 2 dvi 2 aa) aca Fig. The transformed region D” To find the image D’ of D in the uv-plane note that the boundary lines x= 0 idy=0 for D map into the lines u=—v and w= v respectively, while x + y= uv ap into v = 1. Therefore, the transformed region of integration D’ is the angular region shown in above figure with vertices (0, 0) , (1,1) and (—1, 1). I= jeye« | 212 Amar: B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics II Year (Sem.-tny "6 ue Haw dv a 2| =14 : SECTION-I : Q. 13. State Green’s Theorem for s imply connected regions. Use Green’s theorem to find the work done by the force field F (x, y) i+(cosy+ x*) j along the circle x? + y2 = Ans. Green’s Theor Ans, = 4(an ‘am Sofas + Nip) W-24 Multivariate Calculus (Nov/Dec. 2017) 213 Mathematics eo —~ give the geometrical interpretation of the surface integral Q 44 a ecewise smooth surface S, Evaluate the surface integral over Fehe surface S which is the part of the plane x+y +2= 1 that Bee first octant. ; oO arface Integral. Any surface integral which is to be evaluated over ns? * “called a surface integral, Suppose Sis a surface of finite area. Suppose s* single valued function of position defined over S. Sub divide the ) nts of areas 5S, , 5S, ,....59,, In each parts 55,, we choose an js eleme , " P,, whose co-ordinates are (x), ),, 2,). We define / (By) =f py Ip YAP IBS, is Now, We take the sum limit of this sum a: ovthe area 85, approaches zero. This limi 2) over S and is denoted by, J of £2, Ys Jf foso,20ds D ipean be shown that if the surface Sis piecewise smooth and js continuous over S, then the above limit exists i.e., is in ioe of sub dimsion and points P,,. verify Stokes’ theorem for the vector field F (x, y, 2) = 22i + 3xj abtaking surface o to be the portion of the paraboloid z= 4 ~ may, gwhich z>0 with upward orientation and C to be positively oriented lex? +)" = 4 that forms the boundary of o in the xy-plane. ‘Ans. Consult text book Q.16. State and prove Divergence theorem. Ans.Guass's Divergence Therorem. Suppose V is the v ;closed piecewise smooth surface S. If F(, », 2 is a vector function of stion, which is continuous and his continousfirst derivatives is v, then [Iv-Fao = [LFras fi is the outwords drawn unit normal vector to S. sn -» in sub a way that the ie if it exists is called the surface ae re the function dependent of ‘olume bounded where Proof : Let F = Ruth jtkyk _ 4. Of oh ok eat ot VP aeuueyiy 02 We shall prove the theorem for a special region V which is bounded by a and has the property that any straight line zallel to any one of the co-ordinates axes and interesting V has only one ment in common with V, If R is the orthogonal projection of S on the xy line then V can be represented in the form, fx, 9) $ 2589) where, (x, y) various in R he = g(x, y) represents the upper position S, of S . z = f(x, y) represents the ier position S of S and there may be a remaining vertical position S, = Ss. sewi§e smooth closed surface S We have, [Me = [f Bawa oF = ff plFsGar2 852, de dy = Jf, [FGo),a0.9)— F(x, ¥.f(2,9,)) ae ~ WfpFaler.ecesNaedy ff, le,9.%.9) de alxy) i Fs oy alt dy z=f(x,9) Now, for the vertical angle r with k, therefore : . Jf, Fk tas, = For the upper Position S, of S the normal uy with k. Therefore, \ v2) | Position S, of S, the normal tig : Sy makes a right to S, makes an acute angle y, | hk. dS, = cos ¥, dS, = dx dy ‘ f Jl, Peas, = ff, [Fle.y,a(x,9)) dx dy For the lower position S, of S the normal ty to S, makes an abtuse angle Ye with k. Therefore, he ty dS, = 008.9» dS, =- dx dy r Hence, \ Jk, Pyk-tigdSy u Sh, Fix, y,g(x,y)] dx dy Mathematics : Multivariate Calculus (Nov./Dec. 2017) : ————————————e. ik Fgh fig Sy + IL" kefgd S, +fh,F he fygdS, =0 + Jf,Falsxe(e,yyidx dy — Jf, Fale xf nde dy RN) ar, , eae gimiarly bY projecting S on the other co-ordinate places, we get : : oA ae OF, [[R sivas {{ Ba [[R bids = {ff fev re eal) onadding (3), (4) and (5) , we get : [UR PA de Ry fides Fykeds = [[](Qev av ‘ Fav) Bee ae [ais Rot Ra a= (f(. 2, 2) ay | ae JU(M)-a as = fffv-F) av JF -#) as = ff Pav JJ Pav = [LGF-a) ds Which is Guass's divergence theorem. Q.17. Verify that the vector field F (x, ») = (e* sin y- y) i + (e* cos y- s-2)j is conservative using cross partial test. Use a line integral to fad the area enclosed by the ellipse. ns @) wl) x y* ae Ans. F (x,y) = (e'siny—y) i+ (cos y-2-2)j el) On comparing above with F(x,y) = u@eyitv@di v2) We get : u (x,y) = e&siny—y -(8) v(x, y) = ecosy—x-2 wl) ou anaean — = =e siny- 5 = y-¥) = e*cosy-L (5) 216 Amar: B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics II Year (Gemeily : nell i | ) a The elliptical path E is given parametrically by x= a cos 0, y=bsing; O<2n, We have: Os dx = ~asin 0 d0 dy = bcos0d0 IfA is the area of the ellipse, then : 1 ae af dx +x dy) 2n - 7 = ; J [Hesin0(-asino do) + (acos®)(beose ao] 0 1 ox i aes J ab (sin? 0 + cos? a0 ° 7 = =Jabdo 20 IfF (x, y, z) = 2xyi + Byej+xsin zk, find the integral [Fn ds over surface S using divergence theorem, Ans.Consult text book. 900, Se yoique Paper Code — 89951909 yame of the Paper : ©-7 Multivariate Caleulus xameofthe Course : B.Sc. (Hons,) Mathematics 11Year semester t uration : 3 Hours Maximum Marks :75 All questions carry equal marks, Section —1 Attempt any six questions from this section xt 4 ay? Q. 1. Let fbe the function by f(x,y) = py for (x, y) # (0, 0). ) Find li . ame Gay) rea, y LO) ~—« (6) Prove that fhas no limit at (0, 0), "1 Cine} lim (x,y) i xo +ey Sol. (@) ¢, vty, y [Y = agen a ae (+20 442 ne (@? +@? = 441 (6) Let (x, ») > (0, 0) along the path y = mx, when m is a real number. When x > 0, then y — 0 along the path y = mx ala x? +25? pe lim | of Coa) lim\ iy eta ; (z, 9) > (0, 0) (0,0) x? 4 42 lim 22 +20mx)? @, 9) 0,0) x2 + (mx)? ; 27(1 42m?) lim =e (> 0,0) x? (1 4m?) 4 142m? 142m? = tn eames z (x, y) > (0,0) 14m’ l+m Thich is different for different values ofm eer lim. f(x,y) (, y) > (0, 0) does not exist, * f(x,y) has no limt at (0, 0), Proved. (255) 4 aa 256 AMAR: B, Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics II Year [Semester I Q. 2. The temperature at the point (x, y) on a given metal pla; = te PrPlane is determined according to the formula Tx, y) x sate lath, degrees. Compute the rate at which the temperature changes we *y tance if we start at (2, 1) and move: ah, (@) parallel to the vector i (6) parallel to the vector i. Sol. The temperature at the point (x, y) is given by : T (x, y) = x° + 2x y? + y degrees ach (a) The rate at which temperature change unit distance and move Parallel Vector is calculated as partial derivation of Tw. r.t. y : to at ey a me + 2x? +9) (2,1) (2,1) i + 4xy + Dio) = Gry + Dip 1 = 4x 2x1+1=84+1 = 9 degree/unit length (8) The rate at which temperature change with distance and more paralla| to vecter i is calculated as partial derivative of Tw. r. t. x: : ot o/3 2 — ae + 2x" + y Orla, 1) = Ox ( lb =O bay] a2) 4 4c) 12+4 16 degree/unit length 0.3. The Company sells two brands X and Y of a commercial soap, in thousand-pound units. If x units of brand X and y units of brandy are sold, the unit price for brand X is p(x) = 4,000 - 500x and for brand Y is q(y) = 3,000 - 450y. (@) Find the total revenue R in terms of p and g. (6) Suppose the brand X sells for $ 500 per unit and brand ¥ sells for $ 750 per unit. Estimate the change in total revenue if the prices are increased by $ 20 for brand X and $ 18 for brand Y. Sol. The unit price for brand X is : " P (x) = 4000 - 500 x mal The unit price for brand y is .. q (y) = 3000 - 450 y AB Equation (1) can be solved ce ee Mathematics : C-7 Multivariate Calculus (Nov/Dec. 2018) 257 p= 4000 = 500 x 00x = 4000~p aes AB) 500 Equation (2) can be solved q = 8000 -460y 450 y = 8000-q SO wn(4) * 450 : | (a) The total revenue R is calculated R= (x(p).p +y (q).q = xp +yq 4000 ~ p -( 500 Jee( _ 4000 2p 2p ) Rp= “500 500 = °~ 500 AR = Rp Ap +Rq Aq : oP 20 2q -( sau)? + (3-2) ag Here, p=500 ; Ap=20 q=250. ; Aqz=18 The change in the total seheme i.e 2+ 6500 20 2x 250 = |8-—— |(@2 ey = ( 500 J 0+ ( 3 450 Jas) (3-3) = (8-2)(20)+| 3 -y] ao) (6) (20) (20) + 2 x18 120 + 60 = 180 The revenue is increased by $ 180 (approx) I I AR na To ll lh ee 258 AMAR: B, Se. (Hons.) Mathematics II Year [Semester IIT] Q4If we (24), show that roe, =) Sol. If Let Hence, LHS Q. 5. Find the directional derivative of f (x, y= the direction toward Q(2, 3). Sol. Oa Ws (=) 8 r-s fr xe —e--l 8 8 x= f(x) yxisa function of randy. ee ae Or” & ay Or “ar a St La - & 8 & ow ow oe &.2(£-1) a ~ & & & as\s aw BE ir WO ir ao tc ot SOP ee eh ee as as - GZ)--(-4% s Ox 2 Oe TT AOE a TO} Soe tran OHS fGy)= gx*y? P(1,-1) Q(2,3) A vector in the direction Q is given by : os u = PQ ie eee i () (2) BAG) Proved. — By? at P(,-1)in ~~) The unit vector i) in the direction of i a ata beat where, AtP(1,-1) fe(1,-1)= 2Q)e0” OF? Lo, A—D= A1|l” CV? __ 29 The directional derivative of the function f (x, y) at the point P (1, — 1) =(t,,¥q) in the direction of {) i.e. DFG 1%) =f, Gy Yo) ty + AY Cy Wn) Uy D,f(,- = f,,- ul + fy ,- 1) u, 1 = (2e) (+) (-2e) (&) = 260 AMAR ::B, Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics II Year (Semester III] Q. 6. Find the absolute extrema of f (x, y) = 2 sin x + 5 cosy in the rectangular region with verices (0, 0), (2, 0), (2, 6) and (0, 5). Sol. f(x,y) = 2 sin x +5 cosy (1) which given, fe ae Zeesins +5 cosy) = 2cosx and fy= # = z (2sin x + 5 cos y) . =-5siny For cirtical points of f (x, y), we have fe=0 and 2cosx=0 ‘and cosx=0 and x=90 and Hence, (90, 0) is the ciritcal point. To find the cirtical point on boundary (0, 0) (2,0) y=0,x=t; Os t<2 (G,/t)=2sine+5 G,'/t)=2cost For critical point Gy @=0 2cost=0 Mathematics : C-7 Multivariate Calculus (Nov./Dec. 2018) cost=0 ted x © critical points are (% 0} A&B BC: x=22,yut posts a Ws 2sinx +5 cost G,! @=-65sint For critical points Gy @=0 —5sint = 0 sint=0 t=0 > :. Critical points are (2, 0), B & C cD: x=ty=5;0sts2 G, @) = 2 sin t +5 cos G,' = 2 cost Forcrital point —G,'() = 0 2cost=0 cost=0 t= wla x For critical points are § 5), C&D DA: x=O,y=t:0st< 5 G,@= 2sin0+5 cost = 5cost Gy @®=-5sint For critical points G/=0 -5sint=0 t=0 «. Critical points are (0, 0), D & A. The total critical points are Tm T (= 0) (0, 0), (2,0), (2, 5), (3 5), (0, 5) Ba ——_— 261 . fle, y)= sine +B cosy 7(F.0)«20in 566 cox 07 abeutute mum — 710, 0) = 2 sin 0 +6 cos 0= 5 F(2, 0) = 2 sin 2 +5 cos 0 = 6.8186 F(2, 5) = 2 sin 2 +5 cos 6 = 3.2364 r(3+s Qsin © +5 cos 5 = 9.4183 915) =2sin 5 +5 cos 5 =3. £(0, 5) = 28in 0+ 6 cos 6 = 1.4189 = absulute Thus, the absulute max value of fis 7 which occue at (@ + 9). Q. 7, Let R = xi + yj + zk and r= |[R||, evaluate div (S R}. a Sol. Let R made) + eh andr =| es R =xi+yy' +2k | ra |B] = (Paptae Oat ested 1 Let == #5 A=R Lied 3 & 3 (x aor: ama) =— 8x 775 Similarly é ao = —yr-5 a ane) = 8275 ou(s)-2(8}-818)-26) Section II ‘ Attempt any five questions from this section Q. 8. By using iterated integral, compute ff x1-x* e da iB , where R is the rectangle 0 < x<1,0< y-2, Ans, [[xvi-2?e” aa, } R Osx O A(-2,2) The point of intriangular of x = ay and y = 2 i.e. N= gy and yo? > x= 2(2) and Jie > xe 4 and yo? = B(4, 2) The point of intriangular of x = 2y andy =— and =-x > cE = x= 2(—x) = Sx= 0 > x=0 > ye-x=0 => c (0,0) ‘Along PQ + y = Constant At P> x=-y At Q> w=-y 2 2y Is =o dedy Delta cece yaaee 2 a: 2y A 1. dx dj ae A yn ee = ig qt ef, dy = j wy -Cy)dy _ y=0 + ¥20 3ydy [log (y? + vf yo 41> ‘ : 5 [low (2 +1) — log 10? +15)| 3) 3 = 5 [log 5 —log 1] = 5 Log 5 - 0} = Stogs 266 AMAR::B, Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics Il Year [Semester IIT} Q. 10. Evaluate the double integral 1 dedy J vi tats y® by converting to polar co-ordinates, Ans, Let x= rcos0 ye rsind Region: ea to xey to x? = B-y' wey to x%+y7= 8 Since, y varies from 0 ‘\o 2 Hence, we until only consider in Ist quadrat Point of intersection : xey and x? +y? > yry=8 > 2y’ => 4 = ys22 > xsysn2 Hence, the point of intersection of x = y and x? + y? = 8 are (2, 2) and 2, -2) y Bie TAG, Q=0r= Ie ee ee came ee ee er) a aaa ineememeemeee Mathematics : C-7 Multivariate Calculus, {NoviDee, 2018) 267 let r+ie et Qrdr= 2tdt rdr= tdt at r=0, @= 41204121 => tel at r= je ,@er+le8e129 => t28 5 te d oft dt do te J fae 0 = fu O=0te-l O=0t=1 x x x ; ore EG more = J UP,do= f @-1d0= f 2d0 8=0 0=0 O=0 2 0),.,=2[4-9] Q. 11. Find the volume of the tetrahedron T bounded by the plane 2x ,y + 8 = 6 and the co-ordinates plane x = 0,y = 0 and z =0. x+y 4+32=6 i Ans. =O; pie Ota 0) 3 from (1) 32 = 6-2r-y 1 3 (6 -2x-8) I Here, T is bounded below z = 0 and bounded above by z = 3 6-2x-y) The projetion of T on xy plane Y Putz =0, ety +3z=6 > Q+ys6 o[ 3 y 6 0 268 AMAR: B. Sc. (Hons,) Mathematics I Year [Semester If] Along PQ -+ x = context (from x = 0 tox =>) At Poy=0 At Qoy=6-2% (2x +y = 6) 16. Qe a Ve Mav . if dA Rar iS (6= mt + (6- ax ir i 0 "dedy dy ioe? i ery cyte 0 40 - aie 3 [6 — 2x - y)dydx] 0 62x = ible Day - 2] dx 10 1,3 2x9 - 5 [| 1666-20) - 20 (6 - 26)- 6-3) )-l0-0-0)] dx (6 - 2x)? 2 113 A = jl 66-20 200 2e j= fre- 4x-ZA)dx = [ox-2e? +228] 10 = (18-18+6)-(0-0+0)=6 Q. 12. Find the volume of the solid D bounded by the paraboloid z= 1-4 (x? +y°) and the zy-plane. Ans. Do yourself. Q. 13. Evaluate [fe + 0 (x -99? dy dx D by using change of variable u = x + y and v = x ~ y, where D is the region in the xy-plane which is bounded by the co-ordinate axes and the linex+y=1. , Mathematics : C-7 Multivariate Calculus (Nov/Dec. 2018) 269 Ans. usx-y vexty [Jen e-vPavae Let l= D from (i) and (ii) : ut v = (xty) + (ety) utvn2e uto s28 from (i) Gi) in u-ve(x+y)—(e+y) u-ve-y = 1 y= Fu-= 7-4) Let the region D is modified into D* x+y = limpliesv=1 x= Oimpliesu=-v y= Oimliesu =v jae ae a Fe Ce ye OEE oie O(v,uy |Y Olja 4 ju aul [> 2 pe Sf -Wex+yPaudo D = ffuPo? idudo D u J 8 dudv u=-v =o 1 af 46 ° [E| dv 6 =v AMAR: B. Sc. (Hons) Mathematics IT Year { Section — 11 - Attempt any four questions from this section Q. 14, Evaluate the line integral at where en y i- j Fe Te y Jat +y and C ls the quarter cirole path «+ y' = a) traversed arma (am (0, a), . x ; Ans. F = i j Ve +y* Ve +y? eee I= f Far SS pela putting (a,0) to (0,0) Let x=acos@ y=asin@ R=acos@x+asin0y > dR = (-asin@i+acos@y)d0 tai. Ge eae i. (a sin 8i+acos0j)d0 x+y (j= ._asin® . - eeu sin 0i +a cos6j)d'0 oye). = (cos 0 i — sin 6j) . (-a sin 6i + a cos 6j) d 8 = [(cos 0 )(-a sin )+(—sin@ ) (a cos) ]d0 (a sin 0 cos 6 —a sinO cos 6) dO —2a sin 8 cos 0d 0 I= j Far Mathematics : C-7 Multivariate Calculus (Nov/Dec. 2018) way n/2 « 13 no (-2a8inBcos0)a0 cos20f"*? 2 [resin20 a0 = -a 0-0 ae 2/2 = 4 [cos20 = $ [cos x ~ cos 0} a a 7 b-O)= 22s -0 Q. 15, Show that the vector field F (x,y, 2) = (sin z, ~z sin y, x cos z+ cos y) is conservative and evaluate, fF.ar c for any piecewise smooth path joining A(1, 0, ~ 1) to B(0,-1, 1). Ans. F(x,y,z) = (sin z, -z sin y, x cos z + cos y) wali) j k 2 os ey Es sinz -z siny X cosz + cos y| gle = : ES @ CurlF == i [sin y)-(sin y] —j [(cos z) -(cos2)) +k {(0)-@)] 0-0+0=0 ay =< Curl. F'='.0 Ey =F isa conservative vector field. = (2) let f be a scaler potential of F then E = yagi Tie Se h ae ere, aoa 272 AMAR ::B, Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics II Year (Semester II] = -zsiny 2s = x cosz + cosy 1 2 5 y From (2.1) on integratry wort. x f= xsinz+C(y,z) Diff. partially wrt. y 212 FX 7 ee ay = + ey an From by = Oy From (2.2) and (4) . x -zsiny= oy x ; > oy 772 8iny On integrating w.rt. y C¥y)=zcosy +K Let constant = K=0 C(y)=zcosy Therefore, from equation (3) we have scalar potential are : f= x sinz + (ly,z) f=xsinz+zcosy 2 [Fak (0, -1, 1) (1, 0, -1) [0 + cos (— 1)] — [six (— 1) - cos 0] [cos (— 1)] - [sin (- 1)- 1] =[ cos (1)] -[- sin (1)- 1] cos 1+sin1+1. Q. 16. Use Green’s theorem, to find the work done by the force F(x, y) = (8y—4x)i + (4x-y)j ‘ a, ; F.dk =f(0,-1,1)-f(1,0,-)) nonow P| ey OPS a aes aaa Mathematics : C-7 Multivariate Calculus (Nov./Dec. 2018) 273 when an object moves once counterclockwise around the ellipse 4x” ayia Ans. Fe, y) = (By =4x)i + (de - yf va (L), 4x24 y?= 4 + (2) Work done (W) is calcualted as : We $F dk Gy — 4x)! + (Ax — y)j). (axi + dy] (Sy = 4x) dx + (4x - y) dy] ¢ where, M= 3y—4x N= 4e-ay Using Green’s theorem; we have, we (San D= region enclosed by ellipse (z) ffl¢-3iaa = da. = gum dx — N dy} area of ellipse = x ab Here, 4x? + y? W = nab=nx(1)(2)=2n Q. 17. Use Stokes’s theorem, to evaluate the line integral $(8y dx + 2zdy - 5xdz) c where C is the intersection of the xy-plane and the hemisphere yl- 2, traversed counterclockwise as viewed from above. 274 AMAR ::B, Sc, (Hons.) Mathematics II Year [Semester III) _ Ans.Lot I= .[3y dx + 22 dy - 5x dz] + = fF.dR s where, F = Syi+22j-5xk using Stokes’ theorem, ae § Fak = [f(Cure F.N)ds c s S= xy plane ;z=0=f(x,9)= ji-2-¥? Re xtt+yi a-ni-x-2xa-2 a Jo 2 a fps0-x? ~3xq-s?] 4 = ae 1 2 Al: Jo3z G- 2 de = 5. eee Es. Sr.No. of Q. Paper =: 7465 Nov/Dec, 2019 Unique Paper Code ; $2251803 Name of the Paper: MULTIVARIATE CALCULUS Name of Course : B,Se.(Hons.) Mathematics II Year Semester : 8 (CBCS) Duration : 3 Hours Maximum Marks : 75 ET REVISED SYLLABUS (With effective from Academic year 2019-20) ‘All Sections are compulsory. Attempt any five questions from each Section, All questions carry equal marks. SECTION-I Q. 1. Given that the function 3x*-3y* fixyy)= 4 xt-y? B otherwise for x? # y? is continuous at the origin, what is B. 3x9 -3y8 25.2 re es Sol. f(xy) =} x?-y? i B otherwise Since, f(x, y) is continuous at origin. Let y= mx where me +1 3x3 -3y? It (x,y) = = a Gaston) =e athonee’ -y 3x5 -3m5x9 2390 x? —m?x? 3x3(1-m’) x90 x7(1—m?) 2 Sita ey 290 lim =0 (asm #+1) It yy) = me aon y 2 (303) 304 AMAR : BSc. (Hons.) Mathematics II Year (Sem.-3) But eye” (xy) = B (as fis continuous at origin) > Be=0 Q. 2. In physics, the wave equations is: He it an ax? and the heat equations is: de eats ae" gt Determine whether z = sinbct cosbx satisfies the wave equation, the heat equation, or neither, Sol, 2 = sin Sct cos 6x Diff. z wart. ¢ dz > = 5c cos Bet cos 5x () ot é Again diff. w.r.t. ¢ 2 Aa = ~25c? sin Set cos 5x (2) Diff. 2 wart. x = = —5sin Set sin x (3) Again diff. w.r.t. x 2. = = -25 sin 5ct cos 5x 4) From (2) and (4) 2 ax and from (1) and (4) a ae at ax? = zsatisfies wave equation but it does not satisfies heat equation. Q. 3. The radius and height of a right circular cone are measured with errors of at most 3% and 2%, respectively. Use increments to approximate the maximum possible percentage error in computing the volume of the cone using these measurements and the formula V = ; niPH. Mathematics : Multivariate Calculus (Nov./Dec. 2019) 305 Sol. Percentage error in measurement of Radius is = 3% Percentage error in mesurement of Height is = 2% = Let change in radius be AR and Change in height be AH AR = —= = 0.03 > R 0, AH and rae 0.02 oD) Let change in volume be AV dV dv AV= an tare AV _ dV AR dV AH V~ dRV dHV AR hana Lr = SF = Sn2RH => Using Equation (1) m 2 (0.03) + 0.02 — = 0.08 = Maximum change in percentage error of measurement in volume is 8%. Q. 4. If f (x, y, z) = xy*e* and x = 2 + 3t, y = 6 - 4t, z =f”, Compute a (). r Sol. f(x,y,2) = xy df _ of dx | af dy, of dz dt ~ dxdt dydt dedt = (ye + xy? ze) [3] + Qry e* [-4] +x? y? e* [24] } =o {(y? + xy? z) (3) + Qxy (— 4) +x? 9? (201.1) 306 AMAR : B.Sc, (Hons.) Mathematics II Year (Sem. -3) 4 Since xe 2+3¢ Sx(De\b ye 6-4 = sy(teo ze? >2(iel x Lay = oY 2452.18) + ES axe) + [2 « (6)? x (2) x 1) e° [(24 x 8) = 80 + 200] e° (72 - 80 + 200) “192 e° Q.5. Sketch the level curve corresponding to C = 1 for the function S/arce fy) =~ a and find a unit normal vector at the point P, (2V3). a ! 2 ye Sol. Ce os fay miauEs oa) 1 > fy=e¢ ees xe y Se ne a’ b = Level curve of f(x,y) atc = 1 is hyperbola with verties (+ a, 0) For unit normal vector consult your text book. Q. 6. Find the point on the plane 2x + y -z = 5 that is closest to the origin. Sol. Let P (x,y,z) be the point on plane 2x + y —z = 5 that is closest to (0, 0, 0) It means that the problem is to find out the minimum value of the function. [OP] = ley =x)? +o -2 +4 V(x -0)? +(y-0)? (2-0)? 2 = yx ty? +2’ Subject to the constraint that Qwey-z= 5 Since |OP| has the minimum value, whenever the function f(x, y,2) = x°+y? +27 has minimum value Let g(x,y,2)= Ww+y-z2-5 Mathematics : Multivariate Calculus (Nov. /Dee. 2019) Then f= 2x f= f= % ae 8 ge a= -1 By Lagrange’s multipliers, we have f= ABs Qx = (2) > xek f= day 2y = A(1) > gy=d spt Sto f= ha, > 2,= 4-1) = ae Scene On putting above values of (x, y,z) ing (x,y,z) = 0 = g (x,y,z) = 0 W&w+y-z-5= 0 ee M+s+= = => + Q* 2 5 eo 3 > (x,y,z) = (28.2) is the closest point to origin. 3°66 SECTION-IL Q. 7. Find the volume of the solid bounded above by the plane z = y and below in the xy-plane by the part of the disk x” + y* < 1 in the first quadrant. 1 1-2 Sol. ery > y AIA In 1" quadrant. O y-varies from 0 to V2x— x? and x varies from 0 to 2 for 2x y= 2 . y= Qe? > e241 $y? = 1 AMAR : B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics II Year (Sem.-3) = (x-1P ey? = 1 i Which is equation of circle with centre (1, 0) => Region of integration is Let x= reos0 ye rsind wm” Ovvarion frum Oto wand varied = | Bt \ from 0 to 1 al T= [frsinoVr* cos’ 0+r? sin? @rdr do 0 0 T= Te sin @dr d6 0 " coun 4 [=] sind do 4 Jo x = [sine do of dj = qleosels c= nie Q. 10. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the plane 2x +¥ + 3x =6 and the coordinate planes x = 0, y = 0 andz = 0. Sol. See Q. 11, Nov./Dec, 2018, Page 267. dx dy d: Q. 11. Compute ff J plcetengere where D is the solid sphere x” + Dyx* +y% +22 y +2" <3. Sol. Since x+y tes 3 Let x= Psincos0 ' Mathematics : Multivariate Calculus (Nov./Dee. 2019) a y= Psingsind 2= Pcosd = weyeete Ped => P varies from 0 to v3 6 varies from 0 to x 8 varies from 0 to 2n sae a , P* sing dp do do Wie: x? +y? +27 Laelia Qnnv3 = JJ J Psing dp do do 000 Qe ok v3 o J a0-fsing do J P dp 0 0 0 ws 2 P? = [b]o"[-coso]t ek 2 = ax B 2 = 6x Q. 12. Use the change of variables to compute ff &—” ay de, p(x+y) where D is the triangular region bounded by the line x + y = 1 and the coordinate axes. Sol. Let aty=u x-y=u as Aa a Sane) u-vu d =o an y 2 Let the region D is modified into 0* xtys1 x= 0 y=0 32 AMAR : B.Sc, (Hons.) Mathematics II Year (Sem.-3) ax dx Ju} = [2 = ou a Au,v)| ay ay| du du} y (es mM erie 10 SECTION-IIT i x y oy Q.13.Find the work done by the force field F = i-——j yx? +y’ yx? +9 when an object moves from (a, 0) to (0, a) on the path x? +y" = a”. Sol. etysa Let: x=t a If vay 7 ae then F-dr is independent of path, 314 AMAR : B.Sc. (Hons,) Mathematics Il Year (Sem:-3) Since, f(xy) = 8x24 Ox 4 y? of ee oF . (1) o ay and & (x,y) = Qey ey 28 } Ss wel) e ox *y : 2) From (1) and (2) of oe dy ox = Line integral is independent of path Q. 15. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate ue sin x dx - exp(y”)dy) where C is the elésed curve joining the points (1,~ 1) (2, 6) and (<1,-1) in counterclockwise direction. Sol. Using Green theorem. a [flaps etey)dy= [2 R Compare f(xsinx dx—e?") with [ f(«,y)de + glx, y)dy c Cc 2 > f(x,y)'= xsinx and g(x,y)=-2 og ae > je 7 0 ands = = f(xsinx de-e”"%) = Q. 16. State Stoke’s theorem and use it to evaluate eg as where Fe xz de ge je ayh and S is the part of the sonerees $y 42 4 that lies inside the cylinder x* + y* = 1 and above the xy-plane. Sol. Stoke’s Theorem Let o be a picewise smooth orinted surface that is bounded by a simple, closed, piecewise smooth curve C with positive orientation. If the components of the vector field Fix,y,2) = flx,y,28 + glx,y,2)) + Ws y2k are continuous and have continuous first partial derivative on some open set containing o and if T is the unit tangent vector to C, then §FTas = ffoulF nas Cc 6 Multivariate Calculus (Nov./Dec. 2019) 315° = azit+yz j+xyh Qn *% z 3 J (cos0i +sin Gj +cosOsin 04\—sin 01 + cos6j)d0 0 2n J -cos@sin6 + cos Osin0 do 0 Qn J 0.0 3 =0 Q. 17. Use the divergence theorem to evaluate the surface integral ey Bam Ss Se Uige Nas, where F = (x +y?-z*) i +yx* j+3zk; Sis the surface coaricca of the five faces of the unit cube 0 fJpnas = | f [ (2? +2x43)dx dy de Ss 2-0 y=0x=0 1 1 [asfayfx? + 2x43 dx Om. Oe: a6 AMAR : BSc. (Hons.) Mathematics IT Year (Sem.-3) 4 $$$ Sind Core) Mathematica 1 Year (Sem=3) list [+2 sar] 7 ‘13 = a 18. Evaluate J J2x dS where is the portion of the planex +y + s z= lLwithx>0,y>0,250, Sol. Since, xt+ytes > z= l-x-y (=a (x,y) Let) > reer =t- ES gee Using formula ffey,2a8 " W If teexaceyn (2) +(e) +1 lie Jf 2xVp? + (0? +1 dy ae oo 1. 2V8)x[y]y* dx 0 1 28 f x(1- du 0 1 2N8 fe x? )dx 0

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