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0% found this document useful (1 vote)
494 views23 pagesRiemann Pyqs
Uploaded by
Bgmi 1Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 23
SEMESTER-IV [CBCS}
Sc. (Hons.) / I YEAR / MATHEMATICS ~29 7
[C-9: Riemann Integration.and Series of Functions]
Maximum M, =
Time : 3 Hours , 1 atke:75
= Attempt any two parts from reach question.
All questions are compulsory.
‘ ts S
0.1. (a) Prove that a bounded function fon [a, b] is integrable if and only if for
each £>0,3.@6>0 such that:
mesh (P) <5 => U(i,P)-LY,P) etncte
2 clita
Y
We can always choose r st.r—x2 1. Hence let
= ye ffetetacnfy
“The last integral is egt as p=2>1- 2
a Liscgt _ —
Combining (and (@), weget > :
T= 1, + hiscgtiff'x>0.
(W) Determine the convergence or divergence of
Sol. Let
fae
ar hog
Letk be a number greater than Land ©. =
In lowpets k >
and UE: eh neg o
Next
Now: 37-
wae
and fF 5
Hence by comparison test *
Le foe et ae ge
Hence I= 1+ hogs.
SATISH :B.Se. Hons.) Mathematics /51 Year [SEMESTER-IV]
(Inthe following, determine the values of for which the integral converges!
eee rea ate ct cscgce ta Cosson amrerpenee
es
0 feva
} 3
Bike
a
Sol. (Let an fet are is
Mr<0, the integral -> 0 and herice itis dgt. -
trtmne Be [Bo in IE
: + im [log 2] -+
caida,
C-—9: Riemann Integration and Series of Functions —2017
Hence legsilfr>1
let
Fork proceed asin pat (9 above
: de
Now 4: LE
Jfr=1, then], = lim, [log
= Lisdgt
fret thent,= tim,
Legsiffr - V,)-F0)1 = be |- ey. poet better vey
1
te" ae sce [05x <8) for any e>0(given)
forzin 0,11 Find the point- wise limit fof the segjuence (on 10,1 : i tees wee eked
‘Does {f,) converge uniformly to fon [0, 1) ? Justify. 6 if log b< log og
1 x
ee ar OD Take m= [[eBE] + wien ic independent of
ee ge cs iD ea = [2S @) =e V nam :
ore ala Sip gs uniformly fon ta ene
‘Thus, the pointwise limit fis given by
But it does converge uniformly on (0, 1]
Penioer frimiformly on 10,1). a [Asa fisoxccme see
(ch Show that
J, > funiformly on [0,1].
Q. 5. (a) State and prove Weierstrass M-Test and hence examine the uniform
‘convergence of the series :
Sx in R, x2 0s uniform on the interval [0, 6], but is not uniform on
‘ am . 0, bl, but is not unife the
‘ 6 re
Ste f9- Frame nocses Fecal CPA Ts oan poe
f “Here the series is 3° f,(2) where
Fors €10,61(0 1, but is not uniformly convergent on
ne
‘Sol, Here the series is ¥/,(2), where
By Weierstrass M-test, the given series is unformly cgt V x ¢a, «© [(e> 1)
Now in the interval [1, cof
- 8h gays lve
SH for 1 1)
Te
= Fu)=0 Yrelsaf ana,
1
yen- Ieasx)
‘uniform norm and hence examine for uniform convergence the
LG)= 45x © (0, 11.
C—9: Riemann integration and Series of Functions —2017 39
Sol. For the first part, consult your Test Book.
Here S6e= 5x6 (0,1) :
JfO)—> 0 fh)
and for 0 fuvitormly on (0,11
2.6.0) @ Given:
for bt<1. Evaluate 3 25
core
Sere Layx” 7
for s1 «-0Voddn.
©) @ If the power series a,x” has radius of convergence R, then show
that series =
Smee ana $e"
also have the radius of convergence R.
G9 Show that: =
- soe EE sorven
o
is well-defined, Also show that:
1@)= f'@), forx eR.
Sol. () Here Sa, 2” has rad.of egce, R call it2u,.
e Again, tet
©-9: Riemann Integration and Series of Functions—2017
,
tin
-@)
Bea
= The two series Zu, and Zw, have the same rad. of egce,
Hence the two series Do, and Tw, have the same rad. of cgce, R
Se
@ fa
‘Check that fis well-defined
Now Fe)= 0197 543
(0) Define interval of convergence fora power serie Fi the rd
terval of convergance forthe following power a
25
i) State Weierstrass’s Approximation Theorem.
Sol. (3) For det, consult your Text Book.
For the power series, 3 cepa ie
tn
1 oR + i ay oo :
aye 50
A 1. 2t 3
» din wy a5 8
: on
ee oe
presets 35 z : —— eo
: = . 3
1. oR= lim [a, |" i
oe mek 10
oo Ti 1 oe
= me (lh ee
Thins face 1 :
yeu i Text Book. SEMESTER-IV [CBCS]
B.Sc. (Hons.) / 11 YEAR/ MATHEMATICS-2018
'C-9 : Riemann Integration and Series of Functions
Maximum Marks
integrable ifand only if for
P Ris defines
inedy
_ fe xetomn:
= Q
4 = fe xe10,11\Q
Ricmann Integrable ? Justify.
i Show that a decreasing functi ;
function on Le Dlisint
Sol Giiee/:10.1iRen ah aaa eee a
Let
jeo-f
P be any arbitrary partition of [0, 1]
Reg ceeaih
SC e eee
Se einen ae
eNO
2100 r
UC f)= EM, Ax,= EAx,= 1-0-1
L@® f= EmAx,= 20.Ax,~0.
Since P is arbitrary, every upper sum has value land every lower sum seqal
=f
frou fs-0 feels ‘
is not R-integrable on [0, 1)
(i) Here fis a dec. function on {a,b
IEF (2) = K (a constant), ¥ x € [a,b], then fis Reintegrable on [5014
- strictly dec. function on fa, b].
NS arity meters
where €
eJol fa fh wintPl< 7TH
> Ois arbitrary. .
Since fis strictly dec. on [2, b], we have for every subinterval,J= 1-79?
> $£%_)> F@)> FG) for x,
exci,
Hence! m= int (G):x €N=fte)
and
M,= sub (f(x € =f)
U@)-L(R P= EM, Ax,-EmAx, ee ss
garth Be (ewe) Mattaonatics (1 Yow [AMAT
= UM, Ae,
§ Fea D-H
* ja <5 11%) 1)
5 UH - son)
os fre Roategrabe o ba, O
ants Ste Vandana) Theorem of CaleulusL
fa, bh Let F bea partition of ta, bland
oars ve wnioncpraie tention ry
‘Lala etinement of F such that F~ "U tad. Show that LY, P)< Lf, F°).
Sot 1) For statement, consul yout Tent Book
(otien ivefinemens of partion 31.7" FU
Soppone, x tes in x, 2h where
en, 4<8<— stan Now lt
cxsut 7 Wh Ytdwses2)
excel, W,~ PYG MexE
14,- wp YOD24, 552 2P
4084
Now LO PLE
= boy-m)o~
sce all hacen ane positive
Wore LO fzLOH
2 LENS LO seg
10 Fora bounded function fon
pended fai tdci eee
Cede fim BP? H-
Peon ety men arc “mre oh sr 2% ©
Sol V6 remit ras Loot Roa en he bfiwere,
(2) remit ree Set eet hon Hove preom
(9. eb here tat
hye o
4
pase 0-00 tt cemmengenes
A Bye [FO Hines
170774 eeneoremtyhags
O and | oe te pono ceo
Outen se Oand Y whemye
pre <0 and 9 <0 eng seme ay 5 haere Sah sae
sesegyat me
to Beo-wa fire ahh
Ceceatt= Chor, Let
fine CO-P awd or
£2. nm -?
Me 7
Hence by Lions Coomparinan Tet,
. 1
> Bae BA wnencertrr one
Tras fps iff x1
t= how, Let 'SATISH B.Sc (Hons) Mathematics / Il Year [SEMESTER AV]
7 whighegs at t= Litt=y—1.
‘Combining I, and, weconchade that I=1, + Liscgtifr>—Landy>=10 |
(9 Define improper Integral of Typetl. When does it converge ? When sit” |
said to diverge? o
Gd Determine it fe &x is aconvergcnt integral. Justify. @
: i
‘Sel. (9 See Artin your Text Book
ler ze feare te flee
= +e
Fee ec.
is > Ane i
= Tis mot a cgt integral.
49 @ Determine if the following integrals are Improper Integrals. If so, what |
= hind ? Justify.
o
aU)
C—9: Riemann Integration and Series of Functions —2018
&
/ 2)"
Fron < [te )
‘Thus 1 is not an improper integral and it is cgt.
Net let t= [briny ae.
First note that im 2 ln)
tim 8G) (z
gee Nom That no point of discontinuity and tsa proper intega. tga we
eu at 1
1 [Een ~ has *
Hence lis cgt.
(Let
Now
te Binal sg1tzB.Se.(HHons.) Mathematics! Year [SEMESTER
qv}
oo tin, SS phar
198 (nid
= lim [log x].
= tim [log nx — login 1m)
= sin toe( =") = ee (1* 4)
we ma
eddy:
2-1
series, with n-th term > 0as 11>, Alsoitiseasy tosee
ap
pichisan alternating
that? 37
= [llisegt by Leibnitz test-
= lisabsolutely 0, then the converges uniform
@ sequence We") on
1 eee a eee
Varm
Sol Here f2)= Fe"
. Pointwise limit =/(2)
2
2 oe
ee
= ty> Sap the fool= max feDL 92 _SATISH=B. Se. Fons.) Mathematics II Year [SEMESTER-1V] ‘C9: Riemann Integration and Series of Functions—2018
Verify :It is uniformly egtin (a, ),4>0. :
0.5.) Iff, is continuous on Dc R, for each n € N aiid i€Ff, converges tof
uniformly on D; then fis continuous on D. o
Sol See Art. in your Text Book.
Taking m=
a
show iat thee ree
,*2.0, converges uniformly
U,G)-fI 1, itis not possible to find same m, for all x.
<= Cgeeis not uniform om {0,1}
However, when ais fixed and less than 1, you may verify that cgce is uniform
2 x20
=
> on
(© A sequence {f} converges uniformly to fon Ay if foreach «> 0 theresa
natural number Kt; depending nly ome such hat Hn then:
\,@)-fal 8
We prove below : f(2)] isnot uniformly cgt. on {0,1}. = 2
Lete>Obegiven. . ‘Then show that f f(t)dt = =4y°" for kj Forx=Oort, [f,(2)-fi=0 ——
‘ é. : Sol. () Here F)= U4 has radius of egceR>0
ie ifx"(1-e)
a
on i
Forr=-1, pe ea
= T “Letonite Test
Baad ee geomet. 1] and radius of cgce=1.
ae
wy the given power veisis 5 OE
ces
Gm
(m+ 9p
fs” Bie DE SEMESTER-IV [CBCS]
B.Sc. (Hons.) / Il Year—2019.
MATHEMATICS
(C9: Riemann Integration and Series of Functions
ae arin
to pees om
'e upper and the lower Darboux integrals for fix) = 2x on
Q. 1.9) Find th
6
0, 1). Is fintegrable on [0, 11 Justify.
ded function fon {a, b] is Riemann integrable
Darboux Integrable and the value of integrals
» Prove that a bouns
6
if and only if
agree. coe
© fey Prove that if fis integrable on [a, b] then Ift
ana {f_s]s [[1A- What about he converse? Justify your answer. 6
{0, 1] in» equal parts as
is integrable on [a, b]
‘Sol. (a) Consider the partition P obtained by dividing
O22.
yee ea view!
a
Here ns,
AS --Ck
= o[or+1+2?+. (n—1)
eee 2S)
ae UR) = EMA,
i
C-9 : Riemann Integration and Series of Functions — 2019
Thus
= UP) s 7SUPF. Lettingn >=
~ fislerds = [(2P r=} and fis Ricamann
integrable.
() See Art. in your Text Book.
(0) See Q.1. (#), 2018 (C-9) for the first part.
Convere of this result is
‘af \ft is integrable on {a, b, then so is fon fe, BL”
This is not true in general
Consider a function f defined as:
f= is aaa =
Then frac = [rdr=b-«
el flier = flener=-0-2)
= Jie « [52 fis not integrable.
Next Yi@)=1 ve
= 5 fie = Tans freee
= Iflis integrable. .
Q.2.{2) Prove that every bounded piecewise monotonic function f 0
ma [a, b] is integrable. “6s
te Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 1. Let f be defined 35
ws: sqmisHtsB Sc. (Hons) Mathematics /1 Year SinEStTER yy
=
fort1
dine the function Fx) = f° f(¢)dt. Discuss the continuit
‘and differentiability of F and also calculate F’. ie
Let fbe a bounded function on {a, b}.1f P and Q are partitions of
Oe Etech that PCO. show that
U.P) S LY, D SUY, Q < UY, P). 6s
"Sol ta) See Art. in your Text Book.
@ For statement of Fund. Th. of Calculus II, consult your Text Book.
Heref: R-+R is defined as :
P 0 for #<0
fit)= ft for Ostst
4 for t>1- 3
” Note that this fis not cont. at x= 1- 2
Now the function FOX) = J (At is given by
| y= fLptoare fiseoat
= [irate Saar
saa (lem Lea)
z
= 4x5.
Eats,
toring improper eacset
sg Nea acm me otis ch Fence — 209
ms
j«
wo IS ‘
©) Prove that:
5s convergent. : m
(6) Examine the comverzence ofthe improper integra:
Jeto-sf ;
Sok tax Let fe
ae
1 aE
‘Put: ae =
. tener
= tune -<*)-2.
pte" é
: af —
jue ee
A ccm imegrag phe nteral LNT
~The only point of discontinuity ae
1 Dols 3
- LSS
tt psentecghoigiingle
cehinlemegrn eter KGaT Sas SATISH: BSc. (Hons) Mathematics /4l Year [SEMESTER IV]
ci lisdgt.
- 1 fe
sinx
Here 0 isnot a point of discontinuity as == +1 asx -+0.So we put
(pater = fete [2a
and test [[2¥ dx for cgce at = (the first integral being proper).
: 2
__. Forany €>0, Let X, X;be two numbers both greater than 2
| Now z tes 2
~ sothat Pes
Pe sin foosX, cosX% , |(% cos,
(raze <5 = Hess]
ee :
Aa?
(2
Ba (2
2 2
“x ( x>2)
ae and consequent |{;* ae Bet
Be y)= fr a—x) arnt
We prove: Bx, y)iscgtiffa>0,b>0
. Obviously if a2 1, b21, then lis a proper integral.
: ‘The points x = 0, x = 1 are the only points of infinite discontinuity, when
@<1, <1. So we split the range (0, 1} to get
:
7
[etna ace fie tay deat, 41, (sy).
eT Rowe,
‘€-9 : Riemann Integration and Series of Functions — 2019
y
(Cece atx=0 fort,
J) = x04 (12) and g(a) = =
Le)
lin TS) ~ lmgQ—2""=1 which site and son ore.
Hence by Limit Comparison Test, I, [g(z)ar=
‘The last integral cgs iff 1—a<1 ie iffa>0.
tegral ces
_ Thus, I, is cgt iff a> 0.
(il) Cgce at x=1 fort, me
Leese) = 29 Oa shed = a= ae
im £2
a@) 7"
=1 (20nd finite)
; es
aoe Lae
The last integral cgs if —B<1 ke. tf b> OL
Thushisegtifd>0, 0
Combining these two, we get that
T=1,+1isegt iffa>0,b>0.
Again by LCT,
2-4. (a) Let(f) be a seqiuence of functions on fa, b] converging uniformly
to fon (a, b]. Prove that fis integrable on a, bl and
[r= umf.
() Let £0) = Sa Weer. yo
(Show that (f) converges pointwise to fiz) =00n R.
i) Does (7) converge uniformly tof on 0, 112 Justify.
(tii) Prove that (f.) converges uniformly to f on {1, =L. gqristt:BSe (Hons) Mathematics /1 Year (SEMESTER AV]
qr AT FIOTI + R be defined form > 2 by
adhe
: x for0sx<1/n
f= Fe (@-2In) fortinsxs2in
for2inex<1,
how that the sequence (f) i
ga. a) See Art. in the Text Book,
not uniformly convergent, 6.5
qtere £0
_—=
Tentat’ VeeR,
{Here pointwise limit
4.) <5 point-wise to fx) = o.
(@LetT=(0, 1]. Clearly 0 € 1.
2 ace 2t
VeeR(1-a)' 20-21 +a" 22a es.
i= zee
a
temas =
New b= p/m
“Thus (f) does not converge uniformly in 1.
Re eee or een oey
2 max f(2)= 5 ;
5
wx ler
(i Here ae
(ues paca ae
Brae 7-8 (ews)
For x21,
This seq. cqs tof, where flz)=0 vxe(0,1]
—Each function f, and fare cont. on [0 1].
i
ation and Series of Functions — 2019 in
n-ne)
¥
oa oe
(fee
a=
S.y~
F(A) = limf.(3)=0~ f(2) (By part
2.0.) «6s uniformly over {1, =f oe
(© The given seq, is
ms, Osast
Haya \-wee2m, Lexs?
ln Bexst
fire -0,
Thus, limf. fare fl fax.
= The seq. (f) can't converge uniformly on (0, 1).
Q.5.(a) Let (f) be a sequence of continuous functions ona set Ac R-If
(J) converges uniformly to f on A, prove that fis continuous on
x 140 'SATISH :8.Sc. (Hons) Mathematics / It Year [SEMESTER-1V]
(i) Prove that he ssis:
Ea(S
is uniformly convergent on [-2, al, V a> 0, but is not uniformly
convergent on R. 6
(@) Frove that the series:
z represents a continuous function on R. 6
Sol. (a) See Art. in your Text Book.
48) The given series is. B.(2)= Esin(3) xel-n.e} 2 >0
Here S9a)~ 50 xe[-a 0]
ay lim f.(2) = /(2)=0. This is point-wise limit.
Now Ly = Hoos
vre[-ae] f-(2)+0 asn— [-fe=3f=a]
Batak Fee) = in f.(2)= f(2)=0
22°SffuP ces uniformly on 4,
= Bf,{2) gs uniformly on [-4,,
But the samecantt hold VreR.
fo Here ¥.00) = veer
le fey AE 1)
ar M,= 4.Vn. Then 2M,
y
(€-9: Riemann Integration and Series of Functions — 2019
mw
lcos(x* +1)
Wecey = FS
M,YVrer
and EM, is egt (: p=3>1)
= by Weierstrass M-Test, 2f,(x) is uniformly cgt VzeR.
Q. 6. (a) Find the radius of convergence of the power series:
o TEs
Ga SI ‘
3
() Let Sa,x" have radius of convergence R > 0 and let:
fod= Dax for ixt Gee
for Ix! <1, Hence evaluate:
+ 6s
Let
Now a
_— Thisisthe radiuSof cgce of this Power series.
SATISH: BSc. (Hons) Mathematics /1 Year [SEMESTER 1V]
C9: Riemann in
Aeain diff. both sides wrt x
Ved ear
ati
Hom and Series of Functions —2019 1g
wedge
et 910 a8 sta y5¢9)
declan eae
Oy
fe
fo : any
Again multiply throu,
I lxl <1, L=O.1f Ix1> 1. Lam, ish out by x
Hence the power series cgs only if 11 <1 Petes away 2 Mea
( s : tie
and the radius of egceiis 1. (vR=P :
= a(L+x)
Bre ED ie
() Here the power series Ea, x" has jadius of cgce = R > 0 and fix) = Ea, x for -
ixt f= Fypaze for at eR =" i
(€) Consider the geometric series : ant pis
axt<) :
De apexes tet
Diff. both sides, wart. x
L424 3x... me +
Multiply thro’ out by x
X4 2a + Ba 4. ome _—_____ SEMESTER-V ICBCSI
BSc. (Hons) MATHEMATICS/I Year-2022 (LOCH)
co: RIEMANN INTEGRATION AND SERIES OF FUNCTIONS
Druration =3 Hours Paper Co 33357402, =
“atempl any fo parts rom cach question. AN questions carry equal marks
Gul. (@) Latfbea bounded function on [ab Define integrability offom (a 1}
in the sense of Riemann. 6
(@) Prove that every continuous fun
ion on [a,b] is integrable, Discuss about
hein Sony taacotinos fnctine “3
ne letfnmsin ors 0 an )=0 Show ae tegen
omnia ere s2 fi
tim Yea
od : 6s
Oi Lefresetectee Balen 5
: ha, 10 :
: p= {eoste1
ap) a
= @ Determine the function F (x)= J [44
5) Sketch F. Where is F epee
Gi) Whereis F differentiable? Calculate I” at points of ditferentiability
oe cr dcr feousiy re uncon cae SENS
@ Letfbe a continuous function on %. Define G (3) = Pros forxe %.
Show that Gis differentiable on 2 and compute 65
3.4) Let Bp.) (where p.4> 0) denotes the deta function, shor that
is 1
: ra Sauces .
peas [—toraee |= .
Pas | tare .
a x *
Ar
C9: Riemann Integration and Séries of Functions —2022,
m
(6) Determine the convergence and diverrsnce of the folowing
integrals. “he
1
ee
© Seana" S
a
@ | ores ‘
(0 Define Improper Integral of type It
aia tmp eget | = comer ’
@) Show thatthe improper integral | ==
dx is convergent but dest
‘
jons on fa, bl and supper
‘integrable, .
converge absolutely.
oO. 4 (a) Let be 2 sequence of integrable fun!
thot cf converges uniformly on [a,b] tof Show thot
(b) Define ;
{i pointwise convergence of sequence of functions
ii) oniform convergence of a sequence of functions
(ii) WAC Rand @: Ay & then define uniform norm of Oon A
2B pgeseh
convergence off, 8)
(€ (i) Discuss the pointwise and uniform
nen.
(i) Show that t "sa"
convergent in any fini
“(@)C)Show the the sequence where a )=
on {0, x). > i
(Gi) Discuss the pointwise and uniform conver
xorreRmeN.
Q. 5. (a) (State and prove
series.
Fo-ax" isnot uniformly o0reTR a
ane Cauchy Criteria for uniform 182 SATISH : B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics / [{ Year (SEMESTER-Tv) ICBCS]
(- 1" xen
n? (4y
(b) Show that ¥
converges absolutely and uniformly for all
values of x if p> 1.
(c) Is the Sequence where f, “=
Justify.
(4) IF f, is continuous on
uniformly on D then Prove that
A uniformly convergent on 2?
65
De® to % for each n © N and Ef, converges to f
Sis continuous on LD,
Q.&. (a) Find the tad
65
ius of convergerice and exact interval of convergence of
the following power series: oe Gise
ay!
os
n=1 Nn
(x +1)"
(iy Ex"
n=0
65
ee) tfr)- 5 a, x
. n=0
” has radius of convergence R > 0. Show that the function
fis differentiable on (= R; R) and
“paya Samy aster 65
(c) Show that 2
(i) log (1+ x)= for Ixt <1
es 65
(ii) log2=1-—54+374 are :
2
> ie ius pence R>0. ..
(d@) Let f(x)=" ¥ 4, x” be a power series wyh radius of convergence R
é a=0 A fi. R,). Also,
oe WO0