SURFACE TENSION AND VISCOSITY

217
pulled slowly by a short distance &r such that its corresponding mechanical work done be Wand H
temperature does not change and it does not gain be the heat absorbed, then these are related by
B the equation
E = W+ H

9 F+

F
Wis defined above as the surface tension T.
.:. E -T+ H
By thermodynamic arguments it can be shown
SURFACE TENSION AND VISCOSITY D that
Fig. 9.3 H=-T where is temperature in
9.1 ntroduction any kinetic energy. The work done in stretching de
Smaliliquid drops and bubbles in a liquid are force. In other words the molecules on or very absolute scale.
the liquid film is given by
alw ays spheres. For a given volume,. sphere has near to the surface have somne higher potential SW= 2F&r = 2T18Sx = TSA Hence total surface energy. E -T-0
the minimum surface area. Hence the surface of
energy. Potential energy has anatural tendency to Increase in surface area as a result of the As temperature increases surface tension
a liquid always tends to have the minimum area. decrease. Hence there is a spontaneous tendency stretching is SA = 218x. dT
We place an iron needle or a blade on a piece to reduce the surface area, so that minimum decreases, therefore is negative. Hence E is
of blotting paper and place the paper upon water This work is stored up as potential energy in always greater than surface tension. Only at
number of molecules may reside on the surface. the liquid film. It can be compared vwith the energy
in a beaker. The blotting paper soaks water and This behaviour of the liquid surface can be absolute zero (0 = 0) E= T.
after sometime sinks. The needle and the blade stored in a stretched spring. This energy is called
described in a simple way if we suppose that there surface energy. 9.5
are found to float in water. though these are eight |Angle of contact
times heavier than water. Insects can walk over is a tension parallel to the surface of the liquid. .:. Surface energy per unit area Whenever a liquid meets a solid. its surface
But it should be notea that there is no physical
the surface of a liquid without wetting their legs tension or contractile skin on the liquid surface. .(9.2) near the plane of contact with the solid is, in
and small depressions are produced at points where Thus we get an alternative definition ofsurface general, curved. The liquid surface is either rises
9.2
their legs touch the liquid surface.
These and many other well known facts can
Surface Tenslon tension :Surface tension is the surface energy per up a little or is depressed a litle. Fig. 9.4. The
If we imagine a line AB of length Lon the free unit area of a liquid surface. angle (0) between the tangent to the liquid surface
be explained if we imagine that there is a tension surface of a liquid,
like force parallel to the free surface of a liquid. In 9.3.1 Shape of a liquid drop
opposite forces F act
other words the free surface of a liquid behaves at right angle to the We have seen above that owing to surface
iike a stretched elastic membrane, which tends line, Fig 9.2. This force tension shapes of liquid drops and bubbles are
to shrink. per unit length is spherical. When the size is small, surface tension
Thus we arrive at the idea of surface tension defined as the surface 1s the dominant force and we observe almost Fig. 9.4
ofliquid. tension (T) of the Fig. 9.2 perfect spherical shape. But as size increases force
at the point of contact and the solid surface, inside
9.1.1 Explanation On the basis of liquid. of gravity becomes more and more important. As
a result large drops have oval shapes. the liquid, is called the angle of contact. It bas a
intermolecular force of attraction .:. Surface tension. T= dyne/cm or N/m definite value for aparticular pair ofsold and iquid
This surprising property of liquid surface is the L ..9.) 9.4 Total surtace energy If the liquid wets the solid. angle of contact is
result of short range intermolecular force of liquids spread over the surface of the
Dimensions of Tis It should be noted that the above mechanical solid. Such
acute.
not wet the solid, angle of contact
attraction between the liquid molecules. Liquid wOTK does not represent the whole of the energy
Ifit does
molecules well within a liquid are equally is obtuse. Such liquids do not spread over the
surrounded by other molecules and feel no net (n=MLT-[MT] expended when surface is increased. It depends
on the situation.
surface of the solid For pure water and clean
attraction. But the molecules on the surface of a angle of contact is nearly cqual to zero.
liquid or very near to the surface are not equally
9.3 | Surface Energy ror example. if the surface is increased glass
Surface tension is in fact a manifestation of suddenly, ie., adiabatically, the liquid is cooled 9.6 Excess pressure inside a lquid fllm
surrounded by the other molecules, Fig.9.1. As a
Tesult each of these molecules feels a net inward some energy which is always associated with free down. That means internal energy is expended to As all liquid drops or bubbles, wbatever is the
surface
Surtace of a liquid. This is called surface eneis increase the surface energy and also shape. tend to shrink, there must be an excess
We imagine a liquid flm formed inEFis tension increases
as temperature drops.
pressure inside the drop or bubble to balance that
n the case of slow isothermal extension. as
rectangular wire frame ABCD, 1the arm tendency. Narurally his excess pressure depends
friction.
supposed to be movable without anysurfaces nbed above, some energy flows in from the upon the size and shape of the bubble or drop. We
unchanged
Fig.9.3. The liquid film has two free Surroundings to keep the temperatureenergy when shall now findthis exCeSS pressure.
EF with Let E be total additional surface
Fig. 9 1 Therefore the liquid filmisspulling the armanyEF s
aforce the surface area is increased by uni,
We first discuss a few points about the
2F. Now we imagine that the
216 3251-14
 A HAND BOOK OF DEGREE PHYSICS
218 SURFACE TENSION AND VISCOSITY 219
Dat....
curvature of a surface. If we draw twvo short lines Here we have neglected the square of the smal Special cases : outside by the amount given byy
through a point on the surface of a sphere, both quantity ôz.
Increase in area of the film,
1. Spherical liquid drop: For aliquid drop there
the lines will be part of two circles, whose radii is one surface, therefore the factor 2 does not
are equal (r, =r,). Hence they have the same 84 =2x(n tr, )öz®,®2 occur. For asphere r, =,=,radius of the drop.
radius of curvature, which is the radius of the circle.
But for any surface, in general, the two radii 0f
The factor 2 comes here because the film has
two surfaces on the two sides. Excess pressure, p= 2T .(9.5) -2r|-as D» d.
curvature will be different. It is found that there Area of the plate = . Hence the force
2. Spherical liquid bubble: For a liquid bubble
are two short lines at right angle to each other for there are two surfaces, because there is air both
which the radii of curvature has the maximum and D
inside and outside the bubble, the factor 2 should
which opposes the separation of the plate is given
minimum values. These two radii are called the
by
0CCur.
principal radiiof curvature. Curvature of asurface B
47 4 2d
is completely characterized by the principal radii (P+p) (P+p) Excess pressure, p=.......6)
of curvature. Sections through these two lines at 9.8 Varlatlon of surface tenslon with
right angle to the surface are called principal 3. Cylindrical liquid bubble : If the radius of temperature and other factors
the cylinder has radius r, then one radius of
sections. In the principal sections through apoint, Surface tension decreases with rise of
the two centres of curvature lie on the same line. curvature r, = r and for the two plane surfaces
radius of curvature is r, = o. Here also there are tenperature. Near critical temperature it vanishes.
The shape of liquid surface may be of two For small changes of temperature, the variation is
kinds: (a) two surfaces.
(6) given by relation
(i) Anticlastic surface for which the two Fig. 9.5 Excess pressure, p= T= T,(1 - a)... ..(9.7a)
centres of curvature are located on opposing sides We know that the surface tension T is surface Tand T, are the surface tensions at °C and
of the surface. This is commonly described as a 9.7 Force between two plates
energy per unit area. Surface energy in the 0°C respectively and a is a constant for a particular
saddle shape. increased area is separated by a thin layer of lquld
(ii)) Synclastic surfaces for which the centres liquid
due to surface tenslon
T-84=T-2x (r +rn)820,0, .......ii) For a wider range of temperature, surface
or curvature are on the same side of the surface. It is a common experience that if there is a tension Tat T'K is given by
This is a dome shape. Equating (i) and (ii) we get liquid drop squeezed between two glass plates, it
In Fig. 9.5a we see a rectangular portion ABCD pr®r0, ôz =T·2x (r +n)6z®,,
of a curved liquid film bounded by lines parallel to is very difficult to separate them normally. This is . . . . . . .(9.7b)
:. Excess pressure, because of surface tension. When one of the plates
the principal section. Normals to the surface at A is raised a little vertically, a thin layer of liquid is
and B intersect at 0,and those at Band Cintersect formed between the two plates as shown in Fig. Here TA is the critical temperature and Aand
at O,.Hence O,and O, are the centres of curvature 9.6. The liquid layer wets the glass plates over nare constant for a particular liquid, but varies
and radii ofcurvature are r, =AO, = BO, and r, = In Fig.9.5b we see the samne situation for an from liquid to liquid. Mean value of nis 1.21.We
CO, = BO,. As the two centres of curvature are see that surface tension is zero at critical
anticlastic surface; the centres of curvature are
on the same side, it is synclastic surface. on the opposite sides. All above arguments are temperature, when the interface between liquid
Let the pressure at the convex side of the film unchanged, only the area A'BC'D' is now
be P and that at concave surface be P +p. We and vapour disappears.
different. Surface tension increases if inorganic salts are
are to calculate the excess pressure p.
Let AB =xand BC=y. Then area ABCD =xy Area of A'B'CD' = (x+ Sx)(y - y) Fig. 9.6 dissolved in the liquid. If organic compounds are
= ®,z0,. :.Excess force pushing the film is =r+ôz) (r,- öz)0,8, -=rr,o,0, +( almost a circular area. The vertical side of the dissolved, surface tension decreases. When soap
8A.A liquid layer is concave outward. Hence pressure is mixed with water, its surface tension decreases.
pr®,z0, from the concave side. Now suppose .. Increase in area of the film, Inside it is somewhat less than the pressure outside. 9.9
that the film is given a small nomal displacement VIscoslty
8A =2x (r,-r) ôz0, We now calculate this pressure difference. Liquid in a container is at rest. If some portion
Jz, when the film reaches the position 4BC'D'. Let D = diameter of the circular area over of the liquid is given some moion relative io restL.
Work done by the excess force is Equation (i) becomes Which the liquid wets the plates, d = separation of
SW =F-8z = pr®,r,0, -8z .......) T-64=T-2 x(r-)öz0,02 .(iii) ue two plates. If we we find that the motion of the liquid slowly
assume the angle of contact
This work will be stored up as surface energy Equating (i) and (ii) we get 1S Zero, the radii of the curvature of the free surface subsides. The kinetic energy of moion is converted
in the increased area of the film. to internal energy. From this common obsenanon
Area of A'B'C'D'= (r+ ôr)y+ ôy) Pro,r, -ôz =T-2x(-)öz0,02 of the liquid are approximaely and ,D ,in
in and
we realise that if thereis arelative moton berween
the different layers of a liquid. a force develops
Perpendicular to the plane of the paper. Therefore between the adjacent layers which opposes the
=rr,0,0, + (r, tr)öz0,0, ne pressure inside the film is less than pressure relative motions. This force is called viscous force.
 A HAND BOOK OF DEGREE PHYSICS
220 SURFACE TENSION AND VISCOSITY 221
Viscosity is the property ofa liquid by virue of The constant of proportionality n is called the
coefficient of viscosity of the liquid. a particle arrives atA its velocity is V,, whenever
which it opposes the relative motion of its layers. aparticle arrives at B its velocity is va and so on. logn =4 (9.10)
We notice that whenA=land Therefore if a particle arrives at B after passing where A and B are constants. depend1ng on
9.9.1 Origin of viscosity
There is a force of cohesion between liquid Hence coefficient of viscosity may be defined
-1,F through A, then any particle passing throughA will nature of the liquid and Tis absolute tenperzture.
points
molecules. This attractive force prevents relative pass through B, because the velocities of all 9.12 Flow of iquid through a capillary
motion. When a molecule moves relative to other
as follows.
remain unchanged. Therefore each particle
Definition: Coefficient of viscosity of a liguijd point traverses the tube, Poiseuille's equation
molecules, it is successively linked with and then is numerically equal to the tangential force per unit passing through a particular
parted from the other molecule with which it comes same path with the same velocities. This path is We shall now study the flow of hquid through a
into contact during its motion. As a result, tangential
area between layers of liquid having unit velocity called streamline. Two streamlines do not intersect, horizontal very naow ube. Such a tube is called
gradient nomal to the direction offlow of the liquid. because at any point in a stream line flow, there capillary tube.
forces come into play between the layers moving This force per unit area is necessary to maintain cannot be two velocities. Suppose we have horizontal cap1lary tube
with different speeds. The faster moving layer the unit velocity gradient.
tends to accelerate the slower and the slower Streamline motion is possible only if theexceeds
velocity through wbich a liquid is flowing aconstant
moving layer tends to retard the faster. This Unit of n: Unit of coefficient of viscosity in of flow is small. If velocity increases and rate, Fig.9.9. We assume that (i) velocity of liquid
CGS system and MKS system are poise and a certain value it becomes turbulent. The velocity is sTmall and so it is streamline motion, (i) over zy
tangential force between the layers of liquid having
different velocities is the cause of viscosity. This
Poiseuille respectively. at which stream line motion becomes turbulent is
force is often called viscous drag.
Ifa tangential force of 1dyne (1N) is necessary called critical velocity. Then velocities of different
to maintain a relative velocity of lcm's (Ims) particles passing through a particular point vary R
9.9.2 Coefficient of viscosity between two layers of a liquid separated by a with time both in magnitude and directíon in
We suppose that a liquid is flowing over a flat distance of lcm (Im), then the coefficient of iregular way. The paths of the particles are
solid surface, Fig.9.7. The flow is laminar. That Viscosity of theliquid is 1Poise (1Poiseuille). Ipoise continuously changing and portions of the liquid
-0.1N s/m².
means that the different thin parallel layers are acquire a rotatory motion forming eddies and
F vortices. Eddies and vortices, s0 produced, move
Dimensions of n: n= down the stream. The speed at which streamline Fig. 99
motion becomes turbulent is called critical velocity. cross-section of the tube the pressure is the sarme
Critical velocity for liquid lowing through atube at all points and so there is no radial flow of lhquid
:.[n]= [MLT]
[L'ILT-LIMLT!)
is found to be given by within the tube, (ii) the liquid layer in comtact witb
L4]
dy
the wall of the tube is at rest this fact has been
Fig. 9.7 dz pd ....(9.9) confimed by many experiments.
moving parallel to the solid surface with different Eqn.9.8 is called the Newton's law of viscous Here and p are coefficient of viscosity and Let I= length of the tube, R = radius of the
velocities without mixing with each other. The layer flow. The liquids and gas for which this law holds bube. P = pressure difference between the rao
density of the liquid, d is the diameter of the tube.
in contact with the solid surface is at rest. Velocity is called Newtonian fluid. Most pure liquids and
Nis a dimensionless constant, called Reynolds ends of the tube. The iquid coluTn Toving through
of the layers increases as we go away from base common solutions are Newtonjan But blood and number. Value of N is about 2300. We can see the tube may be imagined to be composed of very
along Z-axis. paints, being non-homogeneous and colloidal n
how critical velocity depends upon n, p and d. In thin coaxial cyl1ndrical sbells moving with differens
The rate of changeof velocity wih the distance nature, are non-Newtonian. velocities. Velocity of the sbell in contact wJth the
(z) is called velocity gradient. Therefore velocity particular we note that for a liquid having no wallof the tube is zero and velocity IncTeZses 2s
9.10 Streamline and turbulent flow of viscosity (n =0), y, =0.This implies that for such Velocity
gradient is du Ifthe velocity of the layer Pat a we move towards the axis of the tube.
llquld aliquid, the motion is always turbulent, whatever has maximum value at the axis
of the tube We
distance z from the base is v, then velocity of the is the velocity. been
Flow of liquíd is called streamline flow ift ne
layer at a distance z dz is v+ dv. Let the area velocity of theliquíd at any point remains the same Suppose that a sieady velocity radient has
9.11 Temperature varlation of established.
of the layers be A. By virtue of viscous property in magnitude and direction, Suppose velocities
of liquid, the layer exerts a force F on P in the coefficient of viscosity Radial velocity gradient 1s dr
respectively
direction of motion to increase its velocity and the 2point A, B, and Care F,., and v-
Fig9.8. If the motion is streamline. then wheneva Coefficient of viscosity of a liquid decreases Each layer 15 exerting visCous
drag on the
layer P exerts a force F in the opposite direction Markedly with the rise in temperature.without
Hence adjacent layers. The pressure difference P prov1des
to reduce its velocity. eues of n is never to be quoted necessary force to maintain the
constant fow
From experiments it is found that mentioning the temperature. For example for water the
We notice that if there is no
viscOus drag no
Fz A| tenperature 20°C, n =0.010lpoise which drops pressure difference is necessary.
n=0.0047 at 60°C.
We imaginc a cyl1ndical column of liquid of
....9.8) For most liquíds variation of n wih termperature radius r around the axisof the tube. The viscous
Fig. 9.8 I5 given by the empirical formula :
 second.
tubeper total
thicknesssecond find the out Vo
is=distancer two
changes acting r outside drag 222
TPROr, Integrating
dV dV= liquid of Now Velocity We or,V= rP.Force
= ..increases,
volume the limits, When =-P or,dy -ve F=nxarea
This .:.F=-nx2arl x
= = the Rr°P=-n2rl on
f(R?-)rdr2nl V= we4n! PR' can on sign itthis
2ardr area dr, from volume istube from from viscous
this is
8n R
ofliquid different are 2n! weradius cylindrical
x asthe of seePR²-2 acting
thison velocityoccurs given
from xy=velocityshown per to the the R get v 2n cylinder
hollow of how to r drag
second. find flow axis. 2 changes rdr - x
(Vr=0
) 2r 0. because
gradient velocity by
liquid at the
in different velocity Integrating
...9.11) coming x cylinder along due must dr dv column
to - the volume
As
(dV) P from shell to be
gradient
r figure. velocity the changes is ofliquid
out = distances,
flowing of
theequal velocity
= negative.
of axis pressure
area
of R, radius liquid between tor
decreases
the we of of R, x to by
capillary get out we ow
flcoming the with velocity pressure P.the the
r these force liquid
the and per first tube the
of as
currentis respectively.
9.13 1.5and5 n we
distribution
uniform.
becomes acceleration energythe tocorections
tube inlet difference we OI we tube of(R) outlet
end.the very P,the ofthproportional time is
e the (P) ofliquid
and have n.Ihe must Rof As R, From average
VnPR Volume From Here n= get these lI is of has or smal,coefficient rR=V=velocity
Yay X If the tube. tube and Poiseuille'Thiss is
k To small the V liquid
8n! Poiseuille's have 8Vrp more a traversed the not equation take large tube, depends and
Poiseuille' s Also and tocoming
of tubes
liquld
Flowof is PR two tube, considered P are get so smaller the A
liquid + along
flowing is variation . PR proportional
8ni/nR4
values the nR) corrections
accurate utilisednecessary. givesa extraeffect Therefore
a n= that The of greater fourth HAND
In density until
by more small on viscosity out
flowing the care the liquid
pressure
equationserles between 8(l the anliquid rather on equation TPR4
8n is is directly formula. from WeBOOK
kp>
expression
of axis partly twaccurate o tothe error
infourth flow is ofthe the power
the + liquidlength
are appreciable In R may of volume. inversely the
facts: the difference coefficient
per we through
and taken
ofand in anfindvaluealong in of to
capillary OF
liquid,
0.5 ,the nR)
and th e
imparting
(ii) approximate
above the tpower
he 8V7rPR* fall liquid a we
We V
pressure
second get and (i) of th e drop
th e DEGREE
parallel given into formula valuemeasurement to thseate
the tube there the n.
length of bycan radius
0.8 derivation Theretore the by
measuring
should easily length
writeCan viscosity
of difference tube
or number
and s accoul
by velocily near kine ispressure of drop volume PHYSICG
liquid capllary ofSOe twovalue K. of radius
the fnd () (R) of unitin
0.5 the at be of

pOssible he
between Then that interesting
lengths results. the liquid
chargecapillary curent is SURFACE
Surface Work per angleSurface Of We
surface
liquid of
the Surface
the tension
The : 2R, Suppose flow
threeUtilisingPressure .: Comparing Electric From
Tounit assume pressure Here
wethe
is
increase to liquid. liquid liquid same and
Viscous through Potential
through resistance
Electric
(R)
as tolength the of area. the P, can of tube Ohm's
radii liquid
difference charge TENSION
surface be line.liquid, a that difference two P,, writeliquid this
donc. If This feel
molecules 2R, resistance it these
it. offers
of wethere always ends P, This as difference() law
the Surface
the a current 9.10
Fig. against
are similarity
energy. This force.net are capillary conductor flowing we AND
surface line. surface imagine isfacttendsinward joined is atwo
a at between ofthe is calledresistance get
work tension tension can the viscous
necessary of relations
arca R+B,+3P Z flowing is 2R, in the per VISCOSITY
Surface tension any be to nearor differences
pressure
three +Z,
+Z different
series, tubesof we does
is described have tube viscous second
the resistance.
stored ofdefined is linealong the tubes can to to we
a acts minimumthe two through Fig.9.10,so to is
tension liquid onthe Hencethe free resistance. the the find or
Z findmaintain Z=9
up as atsurface
the easily SUMMARY surface extreme and .(9.12) flow flow that electric
in
some force rigbt frec P each. two TR&n!
can the is of of a
if
tendency. (0= 0)therefore
tend to greater
pressureshape, temperature also parallel will acts Fig.
different )or resistance ends
surface
cnergy,
Total writecanWe Similarly Thus
As be Knowing 1/Z=Therefore =VjZ;
P=KZ
=VZ, floacross
w 9.11.
1/Z ne -Z,Z=Z=-Z, the of
l surlace
alE=I. than defined combination through knowing
inside liquid dT 1/Z, K+K,+; each. lengths tubes
Hence combinationis
increases Zwe given
+ +17Z,
equivalent suppose
shrink,
the drops is as l/Z, Naturally
them. 9.Fi11g. the andandPwelengths
negative. surface can by
drop tension. + of +1/Z, sarme radii
there or surface easily 1/Z, tubes three and
or
bubbles, resistance different can 1J)(,.
bubble energy pressure are the
Only Hence find is 1z
must tension given 2Rjoined
capillaryeasily equivalent
whatever E-T-0As per l'. radiiand
to be absolute at
E by(Z) liquid 2R, difference
balance decreases, unit in find
an is parallel. tubes
always area. of current J viscous
excess is (r,r,.
that the 223
the zero P of
 224 A HAND BOOKOOF DEGREE
The shape of liquid surface may be of two Flow of liquid is called streamline flow if
PHYSICS
kinds: velocity of the liquid at any point 1remains the the
(i) Anticlastic surface for which the two
centres of curvature are located on opposing sides
in magnitude and direction. This
velocity offlow is verysmall. If velocity
happens same
when
of the surface. This is commonly described as a and exceeds a certain value it becomes increases
saddle shape. Then velocities of differentparticles passingturbul ent.
throueh
(ii) Synclastic surfaces for which the centres aparticular point vary with time both in magnituda
or curvature are on the same side of the surface.
This is a dome shape.
and direction in iregular way. The velocity at wbich
stream line motion becomes turbulent is called
For synclastic surface the excess pressure in critical velocity.
the concave side over the pressure on the convex
Critical velocity for liquid flowing through atube
surface is p= 2T|+.The factor 2comes is found to be given by
where there are two surfaces on the two sides of Nn
the liquid. For an anticlastic surface, excess pd
Here p is density of the liquid and d is the
pressure is
p= 2r diameter of tube. N is a dimensionless constant.
called Reynolds' number. Value ofNis about 2300.
Force between two plates separated by a thin Coefficient of viscosity ofa liquid decreases
layer of liquid is, F=:RTD? markedly with the rise in temperature.
2d ,d is the separation When a liquid is flowing at a constant rate
between the two plates and D is diameter of the through a horizontal capillary tube, volume ofliquid
circular area over which the liquid wets the plates. coming out from the capillary tube in unit time is
Surface tension decreases with rise of
temperature. Near critical temperature, when the V= TPR4
interface between liquid and vapour disappears, it 8nl
vanishes. Here = length of the tube, R = radius of the
Viscosity : tube, P=pressure difference between the two
Viscosity is the property of a liquid by virtue of ends ofthe tube. Here it is assumed that (i) velocity
which it opposes the relative motion of its layers. 0f liquid is small and so it is streamline motion, (i)
When a liquid layer moves relative to another in over any cross-section of the tube the pressure 18
contact, the molecules ofthe two layers move apart the same at all points and so there is no radial flow
against the cohesive forces between them. This is of liquid within the tube, (iii) the liquid layer in
the cause behind viscous of viscous drag. contact with the wall of the tube is at rest.
Viscous drag between two layers of liquid in Because of viscosity the pressure difference
contact is is necessary. Two corrections are necessary 1n
the above formula to get more accurate
F=na
Here A is area of contact of the two layers.
See text above.
results.

Current of liquid, V= P
is velocity gradient and n is the coefficient 8nl/rR4 8n =Z
Comparing
of viscosity of the liquid. Therefore,when, A= 1, (viscous with Ohm's law, we call LR
lf
resistance of the tube)
dz1,F=n. several tubes are joined in a series, so that
Unit of cocfficient of viscosity of the liquid is same current of liquid flows through them, then
Poise in CGS system and Poiseuille in MKS equivalernt viscous resistance is Z= Z, + Z, +Z,
system. Ipoise = 0.1N s/m². If several tubes are joined in a
liquid flows under the same pressure parallel, so ue
The liquids and gas for which this law holds is
called Newtonian fluid.
then the equivalent viscous resistance isdifference
given by
1/Z= 1Z +1/Z +1/2,+