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IIT-6 Processors

The document provides an overview of computer processors including their characteristics, manufacturers, cache memory, system bus speed, features affecting performance, how they work, examples of Intel and AMD processors, cooling methods, and troubleshooting. Processors are installed on the motherboard and determine computing power. Intel and AMD are the two major manufacturers.

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Mahesh Keerthisingha
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20 views24 pages

IIT-6 Processors

The document provides an overview of computer processors including their characteristics, manufacturers, cache memory, system bus speed, features affecting performance, how they work, examples of Intel and AMD processors, cooling methods, and troubleshooting. Processors are installed on the motherboard and determine computing power. Intel and AMD are the two major manufacturers.

Uploaded by

Mahesh Keerthisingha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Information Technology
Mohamed Afran Akthab
(BSc HONS in Computing, SCJP)
Email: afran121@gmail.com
Chapter – 6 Computer
Processors
Characteristics & Types of Processors

 Processor
 Installed on motherboard
 Determines system computing power

 Two major processor manufacturers


 Intel and AMD

An AMD Athlon 64 X2 installed in socket AM2+


Cache Memory

 Cache memory is just same as random access memory (RAM) that a


computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access
regular RAM.

 As the microprocessor processes data, it looks first in the cache memory


and if it finds the data there (from a previous reading of data), it does not
have to do the more time-consuming reading of data from larger
memory.

 cache memory is a high speed memory which helps to increase the data
execution speed.
What is System Bus Speed?

 A bus is simply Wires or Cables that connects one part of the


motherboard to another.

 The more data a bus can handle at one time, the faster it allows
information to travel.

 The speed of the bus, measured in megahertz (MHz), refers to how


much data can move across the bus simultaneously.
Features affecting processor
performance and motherboards

o Multiprocessing ability
o Memory cache
o Motherboard socket and chipset
o Amount and type of DDR, DDR2, DDR3 memory
o Voltage and power consumption
o System bus speeds the processor supports (relates to
motherboard)
How a Processor Works

 Three basic components


 Input/output (I/O) unit

 Manages data and instructions entering and leaving the processor

 Control unit

 Manages all activities inside the processor

 One or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs)

 Performs all logical comparisons, calculations


Pentium Processor

Since the Pentium processor was first released in 1993, the standard has been for a processor
to have two arithmetic logic units so that it can process two instructions at once
How a Processor Works (cont.)

 Registers
 Small holding/storing areas on processor chip
 Holds data and instructions ALU is currently processing
 Processor internal memory caches
 Holds data and instructions to be processed by ALU
 Busses
 Front-side bus (FSB)
 Internal
 Back-side bus (BSB)
How a Processor Works (cont.)

 Processor frequency
 Speed at which processor operates

 Multiplier
o The speed ratio between the CPU and FSB (Front Side Bus)
o System bus frequency × multiplier = processor frequency

 Motherboard firmware
 Automatically detects processor speed, adjusts system bus speed
accordingly
How a Processor Works (cont.)

 Overclocking
 Running motherboard or processor at higher speed than
manufacturer suggests
 Override default frequencies
o Change setting in BIOS setup
 Disadvantages
o Overheating
o Voids most warranties
o Not recommended in business environment
How a Processor Works (cont.)

 Throttling
o Offers some protection against overheating
 Throttle down, shut down system prevents permanent processor damage
o Reduces power consumption when demands low

Identity or Motto of AMD and Inter


 PowerNow! by AMD
 Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST) by Intel
Quad Core Processor

Quad-core processing with L1, L2, and L3 cache and


the memory controller within the processor housing
Memory Cache & Memory Controller

 Memory cache (L1, L2, or L3)


o Holds anticipated (expected) data and instructions needed by controller
o Improves performance
o Static RAM (SRAM)
• Holds data as long as power on

 Memory controller
o Included in processor package
o Significant increase in system performance
What is cache?

 Caching is a technology based on the RAM of your


computer.

 The main purpose of a cache is to accelerate your


computer speed.

 Cache memory (SRAM) is used to temporarily hold data in


expectation of what the processor will request next
Intel Processors – current Intel processors
Intel Processors (Cont.)
Processor Identification & Centrino technology

 Processor identification
o Product number
o Example: i7 Processors
o i7-5960X
o sSpec number printed on processor
o Intel Processor Spec Finder site identifies exact processor
 Centrino technology improves laptop performance
o Processor, chipset, wireless network adapter interconnected as
a unit
 Visit: http://ark.intel.com/
AMD Processors – Current AMD Processors
Cooling Methods and Devices

 Processor overheating results


• Processor damage and instability
 Entire system overheating results
• Sensitive electronic component damage
 Devices used to keep system cool
• CPU fans, case fans, coolers, heat sinks, liquid cooling systems, dust-
preventing tools
 Important
• Keep processor and entire system cool
Troubleshooting the Motherboard and Processor

 Motherboard field replaceable units (FRUs)


 Processor
 Processor cooler assembly
 RAM
 CMOS battery
 Motherboard

 Be careful when substituting good hardware components for those


suspected to be bad
Any Questions?
Thank you!

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