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CIARA NARCISO - Module 10 - Coagulation

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18 views5 pages

CIARA NARCISO - Module 10 - Coagulation

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Ciara Narciso
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Module 12

Cardiovascular Physiology:
Coagulation and Bleeding Time

At the end of this module, you are expected to:


1. Determine the coagulation time of blood by the slide method and by the capillary
tube method
2. Determine the bleeding time of blood

Introduction

The effectiveness of blood function depends on its circulation within a closed


system of vessels. The vessels might open because of disease or accident, and blood
loss can be prevented or minimized by hemostasis. Hemostasis is the mechanism that
leads to the cessation of bleeding from a blood vessel. The hemostatic process is
made up of complex series of biochemical reactions.

Materials

Lancets
Sterile cotton
70% alcohol
filter papers
glass slide
pins
capillary tube
Methods

A. Coagulation Time- Slide Method

1. Clean the finger with 70% alcohol and allow it to dry.


2. Puncture the fingertip with a sterile lancet. Do not use the first drop of blood since
it clots abnormally fast.
3. Note the time that the drop of blood to be used first appears at the finger
puncture. This time is used as the beginning of the experiment.
4. Place the drop of blood on a glass slide.
5. At ½ minute intervals slowly draw a straight pin through the blood and observe
the point of the pin.
6. Repeat step 5 until fine red threads can be detected on one end of the pin. This s
the endpoint. Sometimes the entire mass forms a gel, which is also considered
the endpoint.
7. The time the second drop of blood appears until the appearance of the first
thread is the coagulation time. Using this method of determination, the normal
range of coagulation time is from two to eight minutes.

B. Coagulation Time- Capillary Tube Method

1. Use the method in procedure A for obtaining the drop of blood to be used. The
drop of blood must be large.
2. Note the time the drop of blood to be used appears. This is used as the
beginning of the experiment.
3. Place one end of the capillary tube into the drop of blood (keep the other end of
the tube open). Hold the tube horizontally (do not let the tip touch the skin) and
allow the tube to fill by capillarity.
4. After exactly one minute (use a longer period of time if the blood took a long
period to coagulate in the slide method), carefully break off a small piece (about
1 cm) of the capillary tube and determine whether a thread of coagulated blood is
visible between two pieces of tubing.
5. Repeat step 4 every 30 seconds until such a thread is obtained.

C. Bleeding Time

1. Puncture the finger as directed earlier. Secure a free flow of blood so that the first
drop on the filter paper will be one centimeter or more in diameter.
2. Note the time of appearance of the first drop of blood. Blot the blood with filter
paper every30 second until the bleeding stops.
3. Divide the total number of drops on the filter paper by two. This gives the
bleeding time in minutes.

Results

a. Record your results in the following data chart

Test Time Normal Range


Coagulation time-slide 3 minutes 2-8 minutes
Coagulation time- capillary 2 minutes and 37 seconds 2-8 minutes
tube
Bleeding time 2 minutes and 30 seconds 8-15 minutes.

b. In the following table, indicate the function each substance performs in the
coagulation of blood.
Substance Function
Fibrinogen formation of fibrin that binds together
platelets and some plasma proteins in
a hemostatic plug
Prothrombin prothrombin is converted to the active
form – thrombin (factor IIa)
Thromboplastin conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Calcium Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a major role
in the tight regulation of coagulation
cascade that is paramount in the
maintenance of hemostasis. Other than
platelet activation, calcium ions are
responsible for complete activation of
several coagulation factors, including
coagulation Factor XIII (FXIII).

Discussion

1. Name and discuss two diseases or conditions in which coagulation time is


lengthened?
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder where the blood does not clot properly, leading to
excessive bleeding even from minor injuries. This is due to a defect in the genes that
encode for clotting factors, especially factor VIII (hemophilia A) or factor IX (hemophilia
B). Without these clotting factors functioning properly, the blood takes longer to form
clots, thus prolonging coagulation time. Individuals with hemophilia often experience
spontaneous bleeding into muscles or joints, causing pain, swelling, and potential long-
term joint damage. Treatment usually involves intravenous infusion of the specific
missing clotting factor to temporarily correct the clotting deficiency and manage
bleeding episodes.
Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by a low platelet count, which can
impair the blood's ability to clot properly. Prolonged coagulation time can occur in
individuals with thrombocytopenia due to the decreased number of platelets available to
help form clots.

2. How can the blood clotting time be shortened?


Chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) decorated with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (ANPs) or
fibrinogen (FNPs) were used to fabricate hemostatic NPs that can shorten blood clotting
time and prevent severe local hemorrhage. Preventing severe hemorrhage is essential
for reducing mortality and improving survival in emergencies or other medical events,
such as severe trauma.

3. What is meant by coagulation?


Coagulation, in physiology, the process by which a blood clot is formed. The formation
of a clot is often referred to as secondary hemostasis, because it forms the second
stage in the process of arresting the loss of blood from a ruptured vessel. Coagulation
can be initiated through the activation of two separate pathways,
designated extrinsic and intrinsic.

References
https://www.portea.com/labs/diagnostic-tests/bleeding-time-and-clotting-time-169/
#:~:text=The%20normal%20bleeding%20time%20is,is%20between
%208%2D15%20minutes.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejt9FjlJJ8c
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Coagulation+Time-+Bleeding+time
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Coagulation+Time-
+Capillary+Tube+Method
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Coagulation+Time-+Slide+Method
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2878736/#:~:text=The%20major%20physiological
%20function%20of,may%20occlude%20a%20blood%20vessel.
https://byjus.com/question-answer/what-is-the-role-of-thromboplastin-in-blood-clotting/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47815-z#:~:text=Introduction,Factor
%20XIII%20(FXIII)3.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3976209/#:~:text=PMID%3A
%2024729701-,Adenosine%20diphosphate%2Ddecorated%20chitosan
%20nanoparticles%20shorten%20blood%20clotting%20times%2C
%20influencing,mechanical%20properties%20of%20the%20clots

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