Worksheet

Analytic Geometry of

Plane
Lecturer: JA’FARUDDIN, S.Pd.,M.Pd.,Ph.D

GROUP 1 - Projected Curved Lines on Coordinate Planes

BAB 1

1.5 Vector

From elementary physics, we already know that some physical quantities, such as
temperature, mass or density, are called scalar quantities. While some other quantities, such as
force, speed, acceleration are called vector quantities. Each scalar quantity is associated with a
number which is the ratio of that quantity to a certain appropriate unit of measure, that number is
called magnitude. On the other hand, a vector quantity is determined not only by its magnitude,
but also by its direction.

Vector Geometry can be used for the abstract depiction of physical vector quantities.

"Vector Geometry, in short: Vector, defined as a straight line segment that has a direction."

The magnitude of a vector is indicated by the length of the line segment, while the direction
is indicated by the arrow. In this book, vectors will be used as useful auxiliary tools in Analytical
Geometry discussions.

Notation: A vector can be written with two capital letters and a dash or arrow over the
letters. The first letter represents the starting point and the second letter represents the ending point.

We also often name a vector with a lowercase letter (which is in bold), for example,a, or𝑎,
or, or a.

The magnitude (length) of the vector is written|𝑃𝑄 | or| 𝑎|

Figure 1
A vector in which the start point and end point coincide is called the vector is zero. Vectors that
lie on the same straight line or are parallel are called parallel.

Definition of equality vectors:

"Vectors are said to be equal if they are parallel and have the same length and direction."

A vector whose direction is opposite to the vector a but has the same length, expressed
as-a.

Figure 2

The sum of the vectors a and b is a vector c = a + b, which is obtained by placing the
starting point of the vector b coincide with the endpoints of the vector a then connect the starting
points of the vectors a with vector endpoints b .

This method is called the triangular method of vector addition. Another method is the
parallelogram method, namely by placing the starting points of the vectors a and b huddle, then
form

Figure 3
A parallelogram with two sides a as well asb . a + b. is the diagonal of the parallelogram, whose
starting point is at the initial pointa andb the.

Figure 4

Difference of two vectors:a - b same as addinga with -b.

In other wordsa - b = a + (−𝒃).

Figure 5

The result of vector multiplication a with scalars k is a vector thewhich is long |𝒌| long
times a and the direction is the same as the directiona was k positive or in the opposite direction
a if negative. If k = 0 then it is a zero vector (0).

Some laws on vector operations: If a, b, and c vectors - vectors, as well as m, n scalar-

scalar.

1. a + b = b + a (commutative law of addition).

2. a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (associative law of addition).

3. ma = am (commutative law of multiplication).

4. m(na) = (mn)a (associative law for multiplication).

5. (m + n) a = ma + na (distributive law).
6. m (a + b) = ma + mb (distributive law).

examples of application questions

A small stroller is pulled along a smooth flat floor with a force of 30 lb at an angle of 60° to the floor
(Fig. 12.11). What is the effective force moving the cart forward?

(Hint: To solve this problem, decompose the given force into its horizontal and vertical components,
and find the value of the horizontal component.)

Answer:

The effective force moving the train forward is found by dividing the applied horizontal force into the

components of the horizontal and vertical forces. The horizontal component of this force is

responsible for moving the train forward.

The horizontal and vertical components of the force can be found using the sine and cosine

formulas, so:

Horizontal component: F*cos(60°) = 30 lb * 0.5 = 15 lb

Vertical component: F*sin(60°) = 30 lb * √3/2 ≈ 25.98 lb

Because the floor is slippery, the normal force is equal to the vertical component of the applied

force, so the normal force is about 25.98 lb.

So, the effective force moving the cart forward is 15 lb.

Example

5. Muh Kautsar Pratama

1. Some fighter jet flying to the location that is 34 km east and 54km north with the altitude
is 5 km. what is the vector of that fighter jet
Answer
= √(34)2 + (54)2 + (5)2
= √1156 + 2916 + 25
= √4097

= 64,0078

6. Sari Amelia Mustakim

vectors𝑎⃗ = (2,2, 𝑧), 𝑏⃗⃗ = (−8, 𝑦, −5), 𝑐⃗ = (𝑥, 4𝑦, 4)and𝑑⃗ = (2𝑥, 22, −𝑧, 8).If vector𝑎⃗is
perpendicular to vector 𝑏⃗⃗and vector 𝑐⃗is parallel to𝑑⃗ then(𝑦 + 𝑧) = ⋯
Answer:
It is known that vector𝑎⃗is perpendicular to vector𝑏⃗⃗so that𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑏
2 −8
(2) ∙ ( 𝑦 ) = 0
2 −5
−16 + 2𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 0
2𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 16 … 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗so that𝑐⃗ = 𝛼𝑑
Vector 𝑐⃗⃗is parallel to𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑥 −2𝑥
(4𝑦) = 𝛼 (22 − 𝑧)
4 8
4 = 8𝛼
1
𝛼=
2
1
4 = (22 − 𝑧)
2
8𝑦 + 2 = 22 … 2
From equations 1 and 2 we obtain,
𝑧 = −2and𝑦 = 3so, 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1

7. Asmaul Husna
Consider the following figure of a cube with sides 10 units long:
The point S is exactly at the intersection of the two diagonals of the sides of the base of the cube.
Determine the Vector SV!
Answer:
- Coordinates of Point S
x=5
y=0
z=5
 5i + 5z
- Coordinates of Point V
x = 10
y = 10
z=0
 10i + 10j
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 10i + 10j – (5i + 5z)
SV
= 5i + 10j - 5z
9. Tri Lestari AS
Find a vector in the direction of a vector 5i-j+2k which has a magnitude of 8 units
answer
Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑎| = √52 + (−12 ) + 22
= √25 + 1 + 4
=√30
𝑎⃗⃗ 5𝑖−𝑗+2𝑘
So, 𝑎̂ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
|𝑎| √30
Hence, the vector in the direction of vector 5i – j + 2k which has a magnitude of 8 units is
given by
5𝑖 − 𝑗 + 2𝑘
8𝑎̂ = 8( )
√30
40 8 16
= 𝑖− 𝑗+ 𝑘
√30 √30 √30
10. sri Sulfiani Badawi
Given vector A = (3, -2, 1) and vector B = (4, 3, 1). Find the direction of vector A in unit
vector form.
 Answer:
To determine the direction of vector A in unit vector form, we need to normalize vector A.
Vector normalization is done by dividing each component of the vector by its length
(magnitude). Here are the steps:
Calculate the length of vector A:
|𝐴| = √(32 + (−2)2 + 12 )
= √(9 + 4 + 1)
= √14

Normalize vector A:
𝐴
=
|𝐴 |
3 −2 1
=( )𝑖 + ( )𝑗 + ( )𝑘
√14 √14 √14

3 −2 1
So, the direction of vector A in unit vector form is ( )𝑖 + ( )𝑗 + ( )𝑘
√14 √14 √14

12. Fatwa Rida Magfirah

A child cycles from his home to school for a distance of 3 km in an easterly direction, then
turns north for 4 km. Find the magnitude and direction of the child's displacement!
Answer:
The displacement of the child can be described by the vector P which is the sum of vector A
(eastward displacement) and vector B (northward displacement) as follows:
The amount of displacement can be calculated using the Pythagorean theorem:
|P| = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2
|P| = √32 + 42
|P| = √9 + 16
|P| = √25
|P| = 5
The direction of the child's displacement can be calculated using trigonometry:
tan θ = B / A
tan θ = 4 / 3
θ = arctan (4 / 3)
θ = 53.13°

So, the magnitude and direction of the child's displacement is 5 km to the northeast at an
angle of -53.13°to the east.

14. Agustina Irawan

1. The vectors u, v and x are not zero. The vector u +v is perpendicular to u-v, if ?...
 • Is known u+v is perpendicular to u-v, then:

(u+v).(u-x)=0

u.u-u.x+u.v-v.x=0

if v=x then,

u.u-u.v+u.v-v.v=0

u.u-v.v=0

u.u=v.v=0
15. Gita Eka Novianti
Determine the vectors operations below!
𝑏̅
𝑎̅

Solution :
Based on the vectors we can make the addition vectors and subtraction vectors

𝑏̅ ̅̅̅̅
−𝑏

𝑎̅

𝑎̅ + 𝑏̅
𝑎̅ − 𝑏̅

18. Miftahun Jannah

The points A(1, -2, 3), B(-4, 5, 6), and C(5, 7, 0) are vertices of triangle. Determine the
length of each side of the triangle!
Solution
The length of triangle’s sides can be obtained by using the magnitude of the displacement of
vectors formula or calculate the distance of the vectors. Then, we get:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−5)2 + 72 + 32 = √83
|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √92 + 22 + (−6)2 = √121 = 11
|𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √42 + 92 + (−3)2 = √106
|𝐴𝐶
17. Nur Iznih Indah Sari
Given the points A(1,0,−2), B(2,1,−1), and C(2,0,−3). The angle between vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 is?
Answer :
For A(1,0,-2),B(2,1,-1),and C(2,0,-3), we get
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = BA=(2,1,-1)-(1,0,-2)
= (1,1,1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = CA=(2,0,-3)-(1,0,-2)
= (1,0,-1)
Suppose the angle formed by the two vectors is𝜃
The cosine of the angle of the two vectors is denoted by
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗.𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Cos θ =|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|.|𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |

(1,1,1).(1,0,−1)
=
√(1)2 +(1)2+(1)2 .√(1)2+(0)2 +(−1)2
1+0+(−1)
=
√3.√2
0
= =0
√6

From cos𝜃= 0, obtained𝜃= 90°

19. Angel Benedicta

Determine the vectors operations below!

𝑏̅
𝑎̅

Answer
Based on the vectors we can make the addition vectors and subtraction vectors
̅̅̅̅
−𝑏
𝑏̅

𝑎̅ 𝑎̅ − 𝑏̅
𝑎̅ + 𝑏̅

21. Andi Zahra Muflihah R

Given two vectors A and B. If vector 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0, what can we concluded about the two
vectors? Explain using vector concepts!
Answer
 If vector 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0, this shows that the sum of the two vectors is a zero vector. The
concept of the zero vector states that the length (magnitude) of the zero vector is zero and
its direction is undefined. It can be concluded that vector A and vector B have the same
length, but have opposite directions. These two vectors offset each other because the sum
of the two vectors results in a zero vector. Visually, vector A and vector B have opposite
directions so that their sum is zero.
23. Ummu Athiyah Sudirman
1. Given vector 𝑎 = (2,3,4) and vector 𝑏 = (5, −1,2). count:
a. 𝑎 + 𝑏
b. 𝑎 − 𝑏
c. 3𝑎 − 2𝑏

answer:
a. a + b = (2, 3, 4) + (5, −1, 2) = (7, 2, 6)
b. a - b = (2, 3, 4) - (5, -1, 2) = (-3, 4, 2)
c. 3a - 2b = 3(2, 3, 4) - 2(5, -1, 2) = (6, 9, 12) - (10, -2, 4) = (-4, 11, 8)

24. Atika Assalafiyah

Two position vectors are known as follows.
𝑃 = 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝑄 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
A vector can be expressed as...
Answer:
The vector is the result of subtraction between the position vector at point P and the position vector
at point Q. Thus:
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑄 − 𝑃
= (2 − 1)𝑖̂ + (−3 + 2)𝑗̂ + (−1 − 1)𝑘̂
= 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
So, the vector can be expressed as.
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂

25 Nur Amaliah
A car moves from point A to point B with initial position at point A (x,3,-1) and final position at
point B (5,-1,4) with vector displacement of the car and the distance traveled by the car from point
A to point B is 5√2. Determine the initial position of the car moving
Answer:

The displacement vector from point A to point B can be found by calculating the
difference between the final position and the initial position:
5 5𝑥 5−𝑥
𝑑⃗ = (−1) − ( 3 ) = ( −4 )
4 −1 5
5−𝑥
So the displacement vector of the car is 𝑑⃗ = ( −4 )
5
The distance traveled by the car can be calculated using the magnitude of the displacement vector:
• |5√2| = √ (5 − x)2 + (−4)2 + (5)2
• |5√2| = √𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25 + 16 + 25
• |5√2| = √𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 66
• 50 = 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 66
0 = 𝑥 2 − 10(𝑥) + 16
• x = 2 or x = 8
• 0 = 22 − 10(2) + 16
• 0 = 4 − 20 + 16
• 0=0
So,the initial position of the car moving is (2,3,-1)
26. Sri Fujuandi
Two position vectors are known as follows.

A vector can be expressed as...

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
Answer:
The vector is the result of subtraction between the position vector at point P and the position
vector at point Q. Thus:
 So, the vector can be expressed as .
28. Muh Ragil Setiawan
−2 1
Known vector AB = ( 1 ). If vector B = (−2), what is vector A?
4 1
Answer :
Remember that, component vector AB is the result of substraction between vectors A and B,
so that it is obtained:
̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵̅ – 𝐴̅
−2 1 𝐴1
↔ ( 1 ) = (−2) − (𝐴2 )
4 1 𝐴3
−2 1 − 𝐴1
↔ ( 1 ) = (−2 − 𝐴2 )
4 1 − 𝐴3
↔ 𝐴1 = 3, 𝐴2 = −3, 𝐴3 = −3
3
So, vector A = (−3)
−3
29. Hairun Nisa
The vectors u, v, and x are not zero. Vector u + v is perpendicular u – x, if….?
Discussion:
Is known
u + v is perpendicular to u – x, then:
(u + v) . (u – x) = 0
If v = x then
u.u – u.x + u.v – v.v = 0
u.u – v.v = 0
u.u = v.v = 0

30. Adinda Amalia Ashari

Find a vector of length 10 in the opposite direction to the vector -2i+5j-3k!

Answer:
To find the vector that has length 10 and opposite direction to the vector -2i + 5j - 3k, we can
multiply the vector by a scalar factor that satisfies the following equation:
−𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
Let's complete the calculation:
−2𝑖 + 5𝑗 − 3𝑘 = (−1) × (2𝑖 − 5𝑗 + 3𝑘)
To get a vector of length 10, we need to multiply (−1) × (2𝑖 − 5𝑗 + 3𝑘by the right scalar factor.
Let's refer to this scalar factor as "a":
(−1) × (2𝑖 − 5𝑗 + 3𝑘 ) = 𝑎 × (2𝑖 − 5𝑗 + 3𝑘)
The length of a vector can be calculated using the formula:
|𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟| = √𝑎2 × |2𝑖 − 5𝑗 + 3𝑘 |2
Since we want the length of this vector to be 10, we can write the equation as follows:
10 = √𝑎2 × (22 + (−5)2 + 32 )
Now we can solve this equation to find the value of "a":
100 = 𝑎2 × (4 + 25 + 9)
100 = 𝑎2 × 38
100
𝑎2 =
38
100
𝑎2 =
19
100
𝑎=√
19
𝑎 ≈ 2.596
So, the vector whose length is 10 and opposite to the vector -2i + 5j - 3k is:
−2.596𝑖 + 6.349𝑗 − 3.897𝑘
1. Athira Dwi Rahaeni Puri
Given vector A = (2, -1, 5) and vector B = (6, 2, -3). Find the direction of vector A in unit
vector form.
Answer:
To determine the direction of vector A in unit vector form, we need to normalize vector A.
Vector normalization is done by dividing each component of the vector by its length
(magnitude). Here are the steps:
Calculate the length of vector A:
|𝐴| = √(22 + (−1)2 + 52 )

= √(4 + 1 + 25)

= √30

Normalize vector A:
𝐴
𝐴̂ =
|𝐴 |
 2 −1 5
=( )𝑖 + ( )𝑗 + ( )𝑘
√30 √30 √30

2 −1 5
So, the direction of vector A in unit vector form is ( )𝑖 + ( )𝑗 + ( ) 𝑘.
√30 √30 √30

4. Dewi Hartanti
If known vectors U and V form an angle of 60 degrees. If the value of U or |U| = 2 and the value of V or
|V| = 5, then determine the value of U(V+U)!
Answer:
First solve the equation U(V+U) = U.V + U2
Since U.V = |U||V| cos 60 then
U(V+U) = |U||V| cos 60 + U2
Until U(V+U) = (2)(5) cos 60 + 2.2 = 10 x (1/2) + 4 = 9
vectors and coordinates:
Find the length of vector AB, if A (3,4,2) and B(4,6,3).
Answer:
AB =( x2 – x1) = 4 – 3 =1
u2 – u1 = 6 – 4 = 2
z1 – z2 = 3 – 2=1
(𝑥2 − 𝑥1) 4−3 1
((𝑦2 − 𝑦1))= (6 − 4)= (2)= I +2 +k
(𝑧2 − 𝑧1) 3−2 1

7. Rahmawati
Some fighter jet flying to the location that is 27 km east and 45km north with the altitude
is 4 km. what is the vector of that fighter jet
Answer
= √(27)2 + (45)2 + (4)2
= √729 + 2025 + 16
= √2770

= 52,63 km

13. Melati Arvita Putri Munadi

An airplane passenger is at the point P initially with coordinates (2, 3). He traveled to the
point Q with coordinates (8, -1). Determine the displacement of the passenger vector and
the magnitude (length) of the vector.
 Initial Position (Point P) : (x1, y1) = (2,3)
End Position (Point Q) : (x2, y2) = (8, -1)
Vector displacement: v = (x2 – x1, y2 - y1)
• Calculating vector displacement :
V = (8-2 , (-1) – 3 ) = (6, -4)
• Calculating Magnitude :

|v| = √(62 + (−4)2 )

|v| = √36 + 16
|v| = √52
So, the displacement of the passenger vector is (6, -4), and the magnitude is √52.

23. Resky Fadila Amin

Given vectors A = (5, 2, 1) and vector B = (4, -2, 2). ). Find the direction of vector B in unit
vector form.
Answer:
To determine the direction of vector B in unit vector form, we need to normalize vector B.
Vector normalization is done by dividing each component of the vector by its length
(magnitude). Here are the steps:
• Calculate the length of vector B:
|𝐵| = √(42 + (−2)2 + 22 )
= √(16 + 4 + 4)
= √24

• Normalize vector B:
𝐵
=
|𝐵 |
4 −2 2
=( )𝑖 + ( )𝑗 + ( )𝑘
√24 √24 √24
4 −2 2
So, the direction of vector A in unit vector form is ( )𝑖 + ( )𝑗 + ( )𝑘
√24 √24 √24

27. Farnesyia Putri

A student departs from his school and walks to the bike park. First, he walks 4 km to the
north, then turns west and walks for a distance of 2 km. Determine the magnitude and
direction of the student's displacement!
Solution:
Given:
 Distance to the North (B) = 4 km
Distance to the west (A) = 2 km
• Large displacement can be calculated using the formula:
| 𝑃 | = √ ( 𝐴 ) 2 + ( 𝐵 )2
Then,
|𝑃| = √(2)2 + (4)2
|𝑃| = √4 + 16
|𝑃| = √20
|𝑃| = 2√5
So the huge displacement of these students is 2√5 𝑘𝑚
• To determine the direction of displacement, we can use the tangent function:
𝐵
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝐴
4
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
2
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2)
𝜃 ≈ 63,43°

So the direction of displacement of such students is about 63.43° to the north (positive
direction of the y-axis)

1.6 Vector and Coordinate System

A vector is called a unit vector if it has a length of one. So if a is a vector with length |a|=0 then
a/|a| is the unit vector in the direction of a.

Example

5. Muh Kautsar Pratama

Some jet plane doing bombing mission in the 40 km east and 40 km north with the
altitude of 4 km what is the vector according to the jet plane path ?
Answer

= √(40)2 + (50)2 + (4)2

= √1600 + 2500 + 16
= √4097
= 64,15
6. Sari Amelia Mustakim
 1
The vector𝑎and𝑏form an angle 𝑎with𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 = .If|𝑎| = √5and𝑎. 𝑏 = √30than𝑏. 𝑏 = ⋯
√7
Answer:
|𝑎| = √5
𝑎. 𝑏 = √30
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 =
√7
Determining|𝑏|from the cosine formula

𝑎. 𝑏
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 =
|𝑎|. |𝑏|
√6 √30
=
√7 √5. |𝑏|
|𝑏| = √7
2
So, 𝑏. 𝑏 = |𝑏|2 = √7 = 7

7. Asmaul Husnah
4 4
Known: 𝑎⃗ = (−12) and 𝑏⃗⃗ = ( 2 ) and vector 𝑐⃗is a vector project orthogonal 𝑎⃗ to 𝑏⃗⃗. If vector 𝑑⃗
−6 −4
2
= (1)has the same length as the vector has the same length as the vector c then the value of x is,
𝑥
then the value of x is …
Answer:
4 4
⃗⃗
(−12).( 2 ) 4
𝑎⃗⃗.𝑏
Find vector 𝑐⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
2.𝑏 =
−6 −4
( 2)
⃗⃗|
|𝑏 (√42 +22+(−4)2)
−4
16
4 4 9
16−24+24 4 8
= ( 2 ) = 9( 2 ) = 9
36
−4 −4 16
−
( 9 )
If |𝑐⃗| = |𝑑⃗ |
2 2 2
√(16) + (8) + (16) = √22 + 12 + 𝑥 2
9 9 9

both sides are squared

256 64 256
+ 81 + = 5 + x2
81 81

576
= 5 + x2
81

576 171 19
x2 = –5= =
81 81 9

√19
x= 3

9. Tri Lestari AS

A girl walks 4 kilometers west, then 3 kilometers in a direction 30 degrees east of north,
before coming to a halt. Determine the girl’s distance from her starting position.
Solution:
According to the given conditions, let O and B are the starting and final positions of the girl as
shown in the below diagram.

Thus, the position of girl can be shown as follows:

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = −4𝑖

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖 |𝐴𝐵
𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos 60° + 𝑗|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | sin 60°

1 √3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑖3 𝑥 + 𝑗3 𝑥
2 2

3 3√3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝐴𝐵 𝑖+ 𝑗
2 2
Now, using the triangle law of vector addition, we can write:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Now, substitute the obtained values in the formula, we get
 3 3√3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = −4𝑖 + ( 𝑖 + 𝑗)
2 2
3 3√3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = (−4 + ) 𝑖 + 𝑗)
2 2
−8 + 3 3√3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (
𝑂𝐵 )𝑖 + 𝑗
2 2
−5 3√3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( ) 𝑖 +
𝑂𝐵 𝑗
2 2
Therefore, the girls distance from her starting position is:
−5 3√3
( )𝑖 + 𝑗
2 2

10.Sri Sulfiani Badawi

Given three points A(2, -1), B(4, 5), and C(7, 2). Determine if the three points are on a
straight line.
Answer:
To determine if the three points are on a straight line, we can use the gradient formula. The
𝑦2−𝑦1
gradient between two points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is given by the formula: m = ( ).
𝑥2 −𝑥1
Gradient between points A and B:
(5−(−1)) 6
mAB = = =3
(4−2) 2
Gradient between points A and C:
(2−(−1)) 3
mAC = = = 0.6
(7−2) 5
If the gradient between points A and B is equal to the gradient between points A and C, then
the three points are on a straight line. In this case, mAB = mAC = 3. So, points A, B, and C
are on a straight line.
12. Fatwa Rida Magfirah
Find three points A(2,3), B(5,7), and C(8,11) in the cartesian coordinate system. Determine if
the three points are on the same straight line!

Answer:
To determine whether the three points are on the same straight line, we can use one of the
following methods. Calculate the gradient of lines AB and BC. If the gradient of line AB is
equal to the gradient of line BC, then the three points are on the same straight line.

𝑦𝐵−𝑦𝐴
mAB = 𝑥𝐵−𝑥𝐴
7−3
mAB = 5−2 (7 - 3) / (5 - 2)
4
mAB =
3
𝑦𝐶−𝑦𝐵
and then, mAB = 𝑥𝐶−𝑥𝐵
 11−7
mAB = 8−5
4
mAB = 3
So, the gradient of line AB is equal to the gradient of line BC, the three points are on the
same straight line.

14. Agustina Irawan

A mouse pointer on the display monitor of a computer at its initial position is at point (6.0
cm, 1.6 cm) with respect to the lower left-side corner. If you move the pointer to an icon
located at point (2.0 cm, 4.5 cm), what is the displacement vector of the pointer?
• We identify 𝑋𝑏 = 6.0, 𝑋𝑒 = 2.0, 𝑌𝑏 = 1.6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌𝑒 = 4.5, where the physical
unit is 1 cm. The scalar x- and y-components of the displacement vector
are
𝐷𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 − 𝑥𝑏 = (2.0 − 6.0)cm = -4.0 cm
𝐷𝑦 = 𝑦𝑒 − 𝑦𝑏 = (4.5 − 1.6)cm = 2.9 cm
The vector component from of the displacement vector is
⃗⃗ = 𝐷𝑧 𝑖̂ + 𝐷𝑦 𝑗̂ = (−4.0𝑐𝑚)𝑖̂ + (2.9𝑐𝑚)𝑗̂
𝐷

15. Gita Eka Novianti

Known that an object is moving with a position vector 𝑟 = 5𝑡4 + 13𝑡3 + 2𝑡2 + 25. What is the
acceleration vector if the intial t (time) is equal to 3s and the final t is 7s?
Solution :
Known:
𝑟 = 5𝑡4 + 13𝑡3 + 2𝑡2 + 25
𝑡0 = 3𝑠
𝑡𝑎 = 7𝑠
Asked:
Acceleration vector…..?
So,
𝑑𝑥
𝑎= = 𝑑 ( 5𝑡4 + 13𝑡3 + 2𝑡2 + 25)
𝑑𝑡2
 𝑑𝑥
𝑎= = 𝑑 ( 20𝑡3 + 39𝑡2 + 4)
𝑑𝑡
𝑎 = 60𝑡2 + 78𝑡)
After that, substitute the value of derta t (Δt) in the following way.
𝛥𝑡 = 7𝑠 – 3𝑠 = 4𝑠
Then, substitute delta t in the acceleration formula
𝑎 = 60𝑡2 + 78𝑡2 )
𝑎 = 60 (4) + 78(4)
𝑎 = 240 + 312
𝑎 = 552 𝑚/𝑠^2

16. Miftahun Jannah

Consider a vector V in a three-dimensional coordinate system with components V = (2, -3, 5).
Prove that the vector V can be represent as a linear combination of the standard unit vectors i,
j, and k.
Solution:
To represent vector V as a linear combination of the standard unit vectors i, j, and k, we need
to find the scalars that multiply each unit vector to obtain the components of vector V.
First, assume vector V can be represented as a linear combination of the standard unit vectors
i, j, and k. Let the scalars be represented as a, b, and c. Then, the equation for the linear
combination can be written as:
V = a*i + b*j + c*k
If we equate the corresponding components of both sides of the equation, we will get:
(2, -3, 5) = a(1, 0, 0) + b(0, 1, 0) + c(0, 0, 1)
After that, expand the equation by multiplying the scalars with the corresponding unit vectors,
then we get:
(2, -3, 5) = (a, 0, 0) + (0, b, 0) + (0, 0, c)
(2, -3, 5) = (a, b, c)

Byequating the corresponding components will get the corresponding components of both
sides of the equation, which are a = 2, b = -3, and c = 5.
Thus, Vector V can be represented as a linear combination of the standard unit vectors i, j,
and k as V = 2i - 3j + 5k.
Therefore, vector V = (2, -3, 5) can be represented as a linear combination of the standard unit
vectors i, j, and k as V = 2i - 3j + 5k.

17. Nur Iznih Indah Sari

A radar station, picking up signals from a sunken ship at a distance of 6 km from its position
at 120° clockwise to north. from the radar station, the rescue aircraft was detected at a distance
 of 8 km with a direction of 150° clockwise from north. the plane is at an altitude of 2 km. how
far does the plane travel to get to the sinking ship (square root of 677 approaches 26)?
Answer :
The distance between the plane and the ship is the vector difference between the plane and the
ship. So that it can be formulated vector (p-k). The distance between the plane and the ship is
a vector magnitude
p-k

Is known:
6 km = 120° clockwise to north
8 km = 150° clockwise from north
h = 2 km
asked:
How far is the distance s taken by the plane to reach the sinking ship?
Singer:
Calculating pk
pk = (px-kx)i + (py-ky)j +(pz-kz)k
pk = ((8. sin 150) - (6. cos 120))i + ((8. cos 150) - (6 sin 120))j + (2-0)k
pk = (4-(-3))i + (-7 -5,2)j + 2,2k
pk = 7i -12,2j + 2k
Calculates the distance from the pk vector
|pk|^2 = 7^2 +(-12,2)^2+(2)^2
|pk|^2 = 49 + 148.84 + 4
|pk|^2 = 201.84
|pk| = 14,2 km
So, the distance traveled by the plane to reach the sinking ship is 14,2 km.

19. Angel Benedicta

Known that an object is moving with a position vector 𝑟 = 4𝑡4 + 24𝑡3 + 5𝑡2 + 124. What is the
acceleration vector if the intial t (time) is equal to 2s and the final t is 6s?
Answer
Known:
𝑟 = 4𝑡4 + 24𝑡3 + 5𝑡2 + 124
𝑡0 = 2𝑠
𝑡𝑎 = 6𝑠
Asked:
Acceleration vector…..?
So,
𝑑𝑥
𝑎= = 𝑑 ( 4𝑡4 + 24𝑡3 + 5𝑡2 + 124)
𝑑𝑡2
𝑑𝑥
𝑎= = 𝑑 ( 16𝑡3 + 72𝑡2 + 10)
𝑑𝑡
 𝑎 = 48𝑡2 + 144𝑡)
After that, substitute the value of delta t (Δt) in the following way.
𝛥𝑡 = 6𝑠 – 2𝑠 = 4𝑠
Then, substitute delta t in the acceleration formula
𝑎 = 48𝑡2 + 144𝑡2 )
𝑎 = 48 (4) + 144(4)
𝑎 = 768 + 576
𝑎 = 1344 𝑚/𝑠^2

21. Andi Zahra Muflihah R

A cat run to north for 50m then turns east for 30m and finally turns south for 10m. The
magnitude of the displacement of the cat’s movement calculated from the starting point is?
Answer
𝑎 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑎 = √40◦ + 30◦
𝑎 = √1600 + 900
𝑎 = √2500
𝑎 = 50
23. Ummu Athiyah Sudirman
We known pyramid 𝑇. 𝐴𝐵𝐶 have a coordinate 𝑇(1, 0, 3), 𝐴(0, 0, 0), 𝐵(5, 0, 0) and 𝐶(1, 4, 0). If 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑇𝐶
is angle between 𝑇𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , so the value of cos 𝜃 is…
Answer:
We know that
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵 − 𝑇 = (5, 0, 0) − (1, 0, 3) = (4, 0, −3)
𝑇𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐶 − 𝑇 = (1, 4, 0) − (1, 0, 3) = (0, 4, −3)
𝑇𝐶
The long of the vectors expressed by
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(4)2 + (0)2 + (−3)2 = 5
|𝑇𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(0)2 + (4)2 + (−3)2 = 5
|𝑇𝐶

Cosine of the angle between ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ can be determined using the cosine rule on vectors.
𝑇𝐵 and 𝑇𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑇𝐶
𝑇𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (4, 0, −3) ∙ (0, 4, −3) 4(0) + 0(4) + (−3)(−3) 9
cos 𝜃 = = = =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | ∙ |𝑇𝐶
|𝑇𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | 5∙5 25 25
9
So, the value of cos 𝜃 = 25
24. Atika Assalafiyah

Given a vector v = 2i - 3j, find the magnitude and direction of v in Cartesian coordinates.
Answer:
• The magnitude of a vector v = (vx, vy) in Cartesian coordinates is given by:
|𝑣 |= √(𝑣𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑦 2 )

|𝑣 |= √(22 + (−3)2 )

|𝑣 |= √(4 + 9)
|𝑣 |= √13
• The direction of a vector v = (vx, vy) in Cartesian coordinates is given by:
𝑣𝑦
θ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑣𝑥
−3
θ= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
2

θ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(−1,5)
θ = -56,31°

Therefore, the magnitude of vector v is √13, and its direction in Cartesian coordinates is
approximately -56,31°.
25 Nur Amaliah
Prove that the coordinates of the vertex of triangle ABC with A(𝑥1 ,𝑦1,𝑧1) B(𝑥2 ,𝑦2 ,𝑧2 ) and C
(𝑥3 ,𝑦3 ,𝑧3 ) are the same.
Answer:
The coordinates of the vertex of triangle ABC with A(𝑥1 ,𝑦1,𝑧1) B(𝑥2 ,𝑦2 ,𝑧2 ) and C (𝑥3 ,𝑦3 ,𝑧3 ) is:

𝑥1 ,+𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦1 ,+𝑦2+𝑦3 𝑧1 ,+𝑧2 +𝑧3

( 3
, 3 3
, )
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
D Coordinat( , , )
3 3 3
divide cd over 2:1 ratio (weight line properties )
2𝑥𝐷 + 𝑥𝐶 2𝑦𝐷 + 𝑦𝐶 2𝑧𝐷 + 𝑧𝐶 𝑥1 ,+𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦1 ,+𝑦2+𝑦3 𝑧1 ,+𝑧2+𝑧3
So, 𝑥𝑚 ( , , )or ( , , )
1+2 1+2 1+2 3 3 3

for example, if A(1,3,2), B(2,3,4), C(3,3,6) then the point of emphasis is:
1+2+3 3+3+3 2+4+6
( , , )or (2,3,4)
3 3 3
So, coordinates of the vertex of triangle ABC with A(𝑥1 ,𝑦1,𝑧1) B(𝑥2 ,𝑦2 ,𝑧2 ) and C (𝑥3 ,𝑦3 ,𝑧3 ) are
the same
26. Sri Fujuandi
The coordinates of point K(2, -1, 3) and point L(1, 2, 1) are known. The following unit vector
in the same direction as the KL vector is ….

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
Answer:
First, you have to find the KL vector.

Next, determine the unit vector in the direction of the KL vector..

So, the unit vector in the same direction as the KL vector is .

28. Muh Ragil Setiawan
 Given two points in the cartesian coordinate system: A(1, 3, -2) and B(4, -1, 5). Determine
the vector that connects point A and point B, and calculate the length of the vector.
Answer :
To find the vector joining two points, we need to substract the components of the first.
The vector connecting point A and point B (AB) can be written as:
AB = B – A
AB = (4, -1, 5) – (1, 3, -2)
= (4 – 1, (-1) – 3, 5 – (-2))
= (3, -4, 7)
So, the vector connecting point A and point B is (3, -4, 7).
To calculate the length of vector AB, we can use the vector length formula:
‖𝐴𝐵‖ = √(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
In this case:
‖𝐴𝐵‖ = √(32 + (−4)2 + 72 )
= √(9 + 16 + 49)
= √74
So, the length of the vector AB is √74.
29. Hairun Nisa
Transform the vector B = yax – xay + zaz into cylindrical cpoordinates
Solution:
The new Components are
Bᵨ = B . aᵨ = y(ax . aᵨ) – x(ay . aᵨ)
= y cos∅ − 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ = 𝜌 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ − 𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ = 0
B∅ = 𝐵. 𝑎∅ = 𝑦(𝑎𝑥. 𝑎∅) − 𝑥(𝑎𝑦. 𝑎∅)
= -y sin∅ − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = 𝜌𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ∅ − 𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑠2 ∅ = −𝜌
Thus, B = -𝜌a∅ + 𝑍𝑎𝑧

30. Adinda Amalia Ashari

Let A(3, -1, -5) and B(6, 5, -2) and point C lie on line segment AB such that AC | : | CB = 2: 1,
then the coordinates of point C are…
Answer:
𝑛𝑥1 +𝑚𝑥2
The comparison formula: 𝑥𝑐 = 𝑚+𝑛
Suppose, 𝐶 = (𝑥𝑐 , 𝑦𝑐 , 𝑧𝑐 ), m = 2 and n = 1. then
1(3) + 2(6)
𝑥𝑐 =
2+1
15
𝑥𝑐 =
3
𝑥𝑐 = 5
 1(−1) + 2(5)
𝑦𝑐 =
2+1
9
𝑦𝑐 =
3
𝑦𝑐 = 3

1(−5) + 2(−2)
𝑧𝑐 =
2+1
−9
𝑧𝑐 =
3
𝑧𝑐 = −3
So, the coordinates of point C are (5, 3, -3)

1. Athira Dwi Rahaeni Puri

Amel run to north for 70m then turns east for 30m and finally turns south for 30m. The
magnitude of the displacement of the cat’s movement calculated from the starting point is?
Answer:
𝑎 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑎 = √402 + 302
𝑎 = √1600 + 900
𝑎 = √2500
𝑎 = 50

4. Dewi Hartanti
Find three points A(3,4), B(5,6), and C(7,8) on the cartesian coordinate system. Determine if the
three points are on a straight line!
Answer:
To determine if the three points are on the same straight line, we can use one of the following
methods. Calculate the gradient of lines AB and BC. If the gradient of line AB is equal to the
gradient of line BC, then the three points are on the same straight line.

𝑦𝐵−𝑦𝐴
mAB =𝑥𝐵−𝑥𝐴
6−4
mAB = 5−3
2
mAB =2 = 1
𝑦𝐶−𝑦𝐵
and then, mAB =
𝑥𝐶−𝑥𝐵
8−6
mAB =7−5
 2
mAB =2 = 1
So the gradient of line AB is equal to the gradient of line BC, the three points are on the
same straight line.

8. Rahmawati
Some jet plane doing bombing mission in the 30 km east and 30 km north with the altitude
of 3 km what is the vector according to the jet plane path ?
Answer

= √(30)2 + (30)2 + (3)2

= √900 + 900 + 9
= √1809
= 42,5 km

14. Melati Arvita Putri Munadi

A warplane carried out a bombing mission. The aircraft flew 60 km to the east and 50 km
to the north, at an altitude of 5 km. Define a vector representing the path of that plane in
three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates.

= √(60)2 + (50)2 + (5)2

= √3600 + 2500 + 25
= √6125
= 678, 26

24. Resky Fadila Amin

Given a vector v = 4i - 2j, find the magnitude and direction of v in Cartesian coordinates.
Answer:
• The magnitude of a vector v = (vx, vy) in Cartesian coordinates is given by:

|𝑣 |=√(𝑣𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑦 2 )

|𝑣 |=√(42 + (−2)2 )

|𝑣 |=√(16 + 4)

|𝑣 |=√20 = 2√5
• The direction of a vector v = (vx, vy) in Cartesian coordinates is given by:
 𝑣𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑣𝑥
−2
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
4

𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(−0,5) ≈ −0,464 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

Therefore, the magnitude of vector v is 2√5, and its direction is approximately -0.464 radians or
about -26,57° in the Cartesian coordinate system. The negative direction indicates that the vector
points opposite to the positive x-axis.

28. Farnesyia Putri

Determine whether the points D (3,1), E (6,5), and F (9,9) are on one straight line in the
cartesian coordinate system!
Solution:
• Gradient between D and E:
𝑦2−𝑦1
𝑚𝐷𝐸 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
5−1 4
𝑚𝐷𝐸 = =
6−3 3
• Gradient between D and E:
𝑦2−𝑦1
𝑚𝐷𝐸 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
9−5 4
𝑚𝐷𝐸 = =
9−6 3
• Gradient Comparison
Because 𝑚𝐷𝐸 = 𝑚𝐸𝐹, then D, E, and F be on one straight line

1.7 Dot Product

The dot product is a scalar quantity that measures how far two vectors point in the
same direction. It is defined as the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the
cosine of the angle between them:

A · B = |A| |B| cos θ

where A and B are two vectors, |A| and |B| is the magnitude, and θ is the angle between
them.

Suppose A =(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ) , 𝐵 = (𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 ) , 𝐶 = (𝑐1, 𝑐2 , 𝑐3) and m is a scalar, then it

happens:

● komutativitas (A · B = B · A)

Proof :𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3
= 𝑏1 𝑎1 + 𝑏2 𝑎2 + 𝑏3 𝑎3
=𝐵⋅𝐴

● distributivitas A · (B + C) = A · B + A · C

Proof : A · (B + C) =(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ) ⋅ [(𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 ) + (𝑐1 , 𝑐2, 𝑐3 )]

= (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ) ⋅ (𝑏1 + 𝑐1 , 𝑏2 + 𝑐2, 𝑏3 + 𝑐3 )

= 𝑎1(𝑏1 + 𝑐1 ) + 𝑎2 (𝑏2 + 𝑐2) + 𝑎3 (𝑏3 + 𝑐3)

= 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎1 𝑐1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 𝑐2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3 + 𝑎3 𝑐3

= (𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3 )+(𝑎1 𝑐1 + 𝑎2 𝑐2 + 𝑎3 𝑐3)

=A·B+A·C

● 𝑚(𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵) = (𝑚𝐴) ⋅ 𝐵 = 𝐴 ⋅ (𝑚𝐵) = (A ⋅ 𝐵) m

Proof : 𝑚(𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵) = 𝑚 [(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ) ⋅ (𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 )]

= 𝑚 ( 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3 )
= 𝑚𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑚𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑚𝑎3 𝑏3
= (𝑚𝐴) ⋅ 𝐵

● the dot product of a vector with itself is equal to the square of its magnitude (A A =
|A| ²).

Proof: Vectors A and A form an angle 0𝑂 because it coincides, so it can be defined by

dot multiplication.
 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴 = |A||A| cos 0𝑂
= |𝐴|2 𝑥 1
= |𝐴|2

● If 𝐴 ≠ 0, 𝐵 ≠ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝐵

Proof :𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 = |𝐴||𝐵| 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑂 = 0

Because𝐴 ≠ 0, 𝐵 ≠ 0 then it should𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑂 = 0. Until the value 𝜃 =± 90

It means 𝐴 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐵

The dot product is also used to find the angle between two vectors, using the inverse cosine
function:

cos θ = (A · B) / (|A| |B|)

θ = cos⁻¹ ((A · B) / (|A| |B|))

PROBLEMS EXAMPLE

Example 𝑎 = 3𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 5𝑘 and 𝑏 = 2𝑖 + 6𝑗

For 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 = 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥6 + 5𝑥0 = 30

|𝐴| = √9 + 16 + 25 = √50 and |𝐴| = √4 + 36 + 0 = √40

(𝑎⋅𝑏) 3
For 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = =
√50⋅√40 2√5

5. Muh Kautsar pratama

6. Sari Amelia Mustakim

Two 3D vectors are𝒖 = 𝟏𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 – 𝒌 and 𝒗 = −𝟑𝒊 + 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒄𝒌. Determine the magnitude
of c so that the two vectors are perpendicular..
Answer:
 both vectors perpendicular to the angle formed is 90 degrees and the value of𝑐𝑜𝑠 90 = 0,
then,
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = |𝑢||𝑣 | cos 90 = 0
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑢𝑧 𝑣𝑧 = 0
−36 + 6 − 𝑐 = 0
𝑐 = −30
So, for both vectors to be perpendicular, the value of𝑐 must be equal to−30

7. Asmaul Husnah
If vector 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗are (𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗).𝑏⃗⃗ = 12.|𝑎⃗|= 2 and |𝑏⃗⃗|=3, then the angle between vector 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ is
…
Answer:
|𝑎⃗|= 2 and |𝑏⃗⃗|= 3
(𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗).𝑏⃗⃗ = 12
𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ +𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = 12
2
|𝑎⃗|.|𝑏⃗⃗|cos 𝛼 + |𝑏⃗⃗| = 12
2.3cos 𝛼 +33 = 12
6cos 𝛼 + 9 = 12
1
Cos 𝛼 = 2
𝛼 = 600
9. Tri Lestari AS

AAA Party Supply Store sells invitations, party favors, decorations, and food service items
such as paper plates and napkins. When AAA buys its inventory, it pays 25¢ per package for
invitations and party favors. Decorations cost AAA 50¢ each, and food service items cost 20¢
per package. AAA sells invitations for $2.50 per package and party favors for $1.50 per
package. Decorations sell for $4.50 each and food service items for $1.25 per package.
During the month of May, AAA Party Supply Store sells 1258 invitations, 342 party favors,
2426 decorations, and 1354 food service items. Use vectors and dot products to calculate how
much money AAA made in sales during the month of May. How much did the store make in
profit?
Solution:
The cost, price, and quantity vectors are
𝑐⃗ = (0.25, 0.25, 0.50, 0.20)
𝑝⃗ = (2.50, 1.50, 4.50, 1.25)
𝑞⃗ = (1258, 342, 2426, 1354).
𝐴𝐴𝐴 sales for the month of May can be calculated using the dot product
𝑝⃗ . 𝑞⃗ we have
𝑝⃗ . 𝑞⃗ = (2.50, 1.50, 4.50, 1.25) . (1258, 342, 2426, 1354).
= 3145 + 513 + 10917 + 1692.5
 = 16267.5

10.Sri Sulfiani Badawi

In two-dimensional space, given vector E = (3, -2) and vector F = (5, 1). If the dot product of
E •F = 7, determine the length of the vector E and the length of the vector F.
Answer:
To determine the length of vector E and the length of vector F based on the dot product E • F,
we can use the vector length formula and the information from the dot product.

The length of vector E (|E|) can be calculated using the formula:

|𝐸| = √(𝐸𝑥 2 + 𝐸𝑦 2 )
The length of vector F (|F|) can also be calculated using the same formula:
|𝐹 | = √(𝐹𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝑦 2 )

In this case, given vector E = (3, -2) and vector F = (5, 1).
Let's calculate the length of vector E:
|𝐸| = √(32 + (−2)2 )
= √(9 + 4)
= √13
So, the length of vector E is √13

Next, let's calculate the length of vector F:

|𝐹 | = √(52 + 12 )
= √(25 + 1)
= √26
So, the length of vector F is √26.
12. Fatwa Rida Magfirah
Two vectors A and B are 3D vectors in cartesian coordinates. If Vector A = 5i + 3j + 7k and
Vector B = 12i - 3j + k, then determine the dot product of the two vectors.

Answer:
A.B = (5i + 3j + 7k) (12i - 3j + k)
A.B = (5 x 12) + (3 x (-3)) + (7 x 1)
A.B = 60 - 9 + 7
A.B = 58
So, the dot product of the two vectors is 58

14. Agustina Irawan

 If 𝑢 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ are two unit vectors that form the angle 45𝑜 , then (𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗And 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗). 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⋯

• Because⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗unit vector, then |𝑢

𝑢 And 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗| = |𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 and also known
∠45𝑜 ,

So

(𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗). 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗. 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗. 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗

= |𝑢 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ |cos 45𝑜 + 𝑢

⃗⃗⃗⃗|. |𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗cos 0𝑜
⃗⃗⃗⃗. 𝑣

1
= (1)(1)(2 √2)+(1)(1)(1)

1 2+√2
= 1+ √2 =
2 2

15. Gita Eka Novianti

Given 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 8𝑘 and 𝑏 = 3𝑖 + 7z , determine the dot product !
Solution :
For 𝑎 · 𝑏 = 2x3 + 5x0+ 8x7
= 62
|A|=√4 + 25 + 64 and |B| = √9 + 0 + 49
(𝑎.𝑏) 62
For cos θ =|𝐴|.|𝐵| = =
√93 .√58

16. Miftahun Jannah

Consider three points A, B, and C in a three-dimensional coordinate system. Point A has
coordinates (1, -2, 3), point B has coordinates (4, 0, -1), and point C has coordinates (2, 1, -
3). Determine whether the vectors AB and AC are parallel, orthogonal, or neither!
Solution:
To determine whether vectors AB and AC are parallel, orthogonal, or neither, we can
examine their dot product.

Then, calculate the vectors AB and AC by subtracting the coordinates of point A from points
B and C, respectively.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (4, 0, -1) - (1, -2, 3) = (3, 2, -4)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = (2, 1, -3) - (1, -2, 3) = (1, 3, -6)

After that,calculate the dot product of vectors AB and AC.

 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = (3 × 1) + (2 × 3) + ((−4) × (−6)) = 33

Step 3: Determine the relationship between the dot product and the vectors:
a) If the dot product is zero, the vectors are orthogonal (perpendicular).
b) If the dot product is nonzero, the vectors are neither parallel nor orthogonal.

Step 4: Analyze the dot product result:

The dot product of AB and AC is 33, which is nonzero.

Step 5: Conclusion:
Since the dot product of AB and AC is nonzero, vectors AB and AC are neither parallel nor
orthogonal.

Therefore, vectors AB and AC in the three-dimensional coordinate system are neither parallel
nor orthogonal.

17. Nur Iznih Indah Sari

It is known that an object is given a force of F = (6i + 3j + 2k) N. As a result of this force the
object moves a distance of r = (8i + 4j) m. Determine the work done by the force?
Answer:
Work (W) is equal to the magnitude of the force F exerted on an object to cause the object to
move a distance r.

W = F . r = (6i + 3j + 2k).(8i + 4j)

W = F . r = (6.8)+(3.4)+(2.0) = 48 + 12 + 0 = 60 Nm or 60 Joules

So the amount of work due to the force is 60 Joules.

19. Angel Benedicta
Determine the dot product problem if 𝑎̅ = 2𝑖 + 7𝑦 + 3𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏̅ = 5𝑖 + 13𝑦 + 4𝑧!
Answer
𝑎̅ . 𝑏̅ = 2(5) + 7(13) + 3(4)
𝑎̅ . 𝑏̅ = 10 + 91 + 12
𝑎̅ . 𝑏̅ = 113
|𝐴| = √22 + 72 + 32
|𝐴| = √4 + 49 + 9
 |𝐴| = √62
And
|𝐵| = √52 + 132 + 42
|𝐵| = √25 + 169 + 16
|𝐵| = √210
𝑎̅ . 𝑏̅
cos 𝜃 =
|𝐴||𝐵|
113
cos 𝜃 =
√62√210
113
cos 𝜃 =
√13020
113
cos 𝜃 =
√13020
113
cos 𝜃 =
114,11
cos 𝜃 = 0, 99
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 cos 0,99
𝜃=8

19. Andi Zahra Muflihah R

𝜋
1. If there is a vector𝒑 = (𝑘, 2)and vector𝒒 = (5,3)with< (𝑣𝑒𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑄 ) = 4 .
Find the value of positive k that fulfills!
Answer
Dot multiplication formula:
𝒑 ∗ 𝒒 = |𝑃||𝑄 | cos 𝜃
𝜋
𝑘 ∗ 5 + 2 ∗ 3 = √𝑘 2 + 22 ∗ √52 + 32 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠
4
1
5𝑘 + 6 = √𝑘 2 + 4 ∗ √34 ∗ √2
2
2
1
(5𝑘 + 6)2 = (√𝑘 2 + 4 ∗ √34 ∗ √2)
2
1
25𝑘 2 + 60𝑘 + 36 = (𝑘 2 + 4) ∗ 34 ∗ ∗ 2
4
25𝑘 2 + 60𝑘 + 36 = (𝑘 2 + 4) ∗ 17
25𝑘 2 + 60𝑘 + 36 = 17𝑘 2 + 68
8𝑘 2 + 60𝑘 − 32 = 0 (divided 4)
2𝑘 2 + 15𝑘 − 8 = 0
(2𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 − 8) = 0
 1
𝑘 = or 𝑘 = −8
2
1
Since k is positive, then 𝑘 = 2that fulfills.
1
So, the value of 𝑘 = 2

23. Ummu Athiyah Sudirman

1. Given two vectors 𝑎 = (1, 2, 3)and 𝑏 = (4, 5, 6). Calculate the dot product (𝑎 ∙ 𝑏).
Answer:
To calculate the dot product of the two vectors, we can use the formula:
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3 = (1)(4) + (2)(5) + (3)(6) = 4 + 10 + 18 = 32
So, the dot product of vectors A and b is 32.

24. Atika Assalafiyah

1.5 Given two vectors A = (2, 3, 4) and vector B= (1, 5, 2). Assume the angle between them, θ, is 45
degrees (π/4 radians).find the dot product of A and B.
Answer:
Using the formula
𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = |𝐴||𝐵| cos 𝜃

|𝐴| = √22 + 32 + 42 |𝐵| = √12 + 52 + 22

|𝐴| = √4 + 9 + 16 |𝐵| = √1 + 25 + 4
|𝐴| = √29 |𝐵| = √30

𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = √29 × √30 × cos 45°

𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 15,49
Therefore, the dot product of vectors A and B is 15,49.

Geometrically, this means that the vectors A and B make an acute angle less than 90 degrees, as the
dot product is positive. If the dot product were negative, it would indicate an obtuse angle between
 the vectors, and if it were zero, it would mean the vectors are orthogonal (perpendicular) to each
other.
25 Nur Amaliah
Given vector A = 3i - 4j + 2k and vector B = 2i + 5j - k. Find the cross product vector of A × B.
Answer:
To calculate the cross product between two vectors A and B, we can use the following formula:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
|𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 |
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Then, i - j + k
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
A x B = |3 −4 2 |
2 5 −1
−4 2
𝑖=| | = 4 − 10 = −6
5 −1
3 2
𝑗=| | − 3 − 4 = −7
2 −1
3 −4
𝑘=| | 15 + 8 = 23
2 5

So, the result vector of the cross product of A × B is -6i + 7j + 23k.

26. Sri Fujuandi
Given three vector u, v dan w, with |u| = 4 , |w| = √13 and u ‧ v = 6. If v = u + w and the
anglebetween v dan w is β, then sin2β = ...
Answer:
Because v = u + w, then w = v - u .Result
|w|2 = |v|2 + |u|2 - 2 v ‧ u
(√13)2 = |v|2 + (4)2 - 2 (6)
13 = |v|2 + 4
|v|2 = 9
|v| = 3

Because v = u + w, maka u = v - w .Result

|u|2 = |v|2 + |w|2 - 2 v ‧ w
(4)2 = (3)2 + (√13)2 - 2 v ‧ w
2v‧w=6
v ‧ w = 3=
 Angel between v dan w is β, so

Based on the Phthagorean identify:

28. Muh Ragil Setiawan

It is known that an object is given a force of F = (6i + 3j + 2k)N. As a result of this force the
object moves a distance of r = (8i + 4j)m. Determine the work done by the force.
Answer:
W = F.r = (6i + 3j + 2k).(8i + 4j)
Because the vector r only leads to the i and j axes, the component in the k direction is equal
to zero. So,
W = F.r = (6.8)+(3.4)+(2.0) = 48 + 12 + 0 = 60 joule.
29. Hairun Nisa
1 Two 3D vectors, namely u = 12i + 3j – k and v = -3i + 2j + ck. Determine the magnitude of c so that
the two vectors are perpendicular.

Solution:

Remember when the two vectors are perpendicular, the angle formed is 90 degrees and the value of
cos 90 = 0, then

So, for the two vectors to be perpendicular the value of c must equal -30

30. Adinda Amalia Ashari

Find the component of vector 𝑢 along 𝑎 and the component of vector 𝑢perpendicular to 𝑎, where
𝑢 = 7𝑖 + 𝑗 + 3𝑘 and 𝑎 = 5𝑖 + 𝑘.
Answer:
𝑢. 𝑎 = (−7)(5) + (1)(0) + (3)(1) = −32
|𝑎|2 = 52 + 12 = 26
So the components of the vector 𝑢 along 𝑎 are
𝑢. 𝑎
𝑃𝑟𝑜 𝑦𝑎 𝑢 = 𝑎
|𝑎 | 2
32
𝑃𝑟𝑜 𝑦𝑎 𝑢 = − (5𝑖 + 𝑘)
26
80 16
𝑃𝑟𝑜 𝑦𝑎 𝑢 = − 𝑖 − 𝑘
13 13
and the component of the vector 𝑢 perpendicular to 𝑎 is
𝒖. 𝒂
−𝑷𝒓𝒐 𝒚𝒂 𝒖 = 𝒂
|𝒂|𝟐
𝟖𝟎 𝟏𝟔
−𝑷𝒓𝒐 𝒚𝒂 𝒖 = (−𝟕𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝟑𝒌) − (− 𝒊− )
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑
𝟏𝟏 𝟓𝟓
−𝑷𝒓𝒐 𝒚𝒂 𝒖 = − 𝒊+𝒋+ 𝒌
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑

1. Athira Dwi Rahaeni Puri

Two vectors U and V are 3D vectors in cartesian coordinates. If Vector U = 7i + 5j + k and Vector V = 8i
- 7j + 2k, then determine the dot product of the two vectors.
Answer:
The dot product u.v is:
𝐴. 𝐵 = (7𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 𝑘) (8𝑖 − 7𝑗 + 2𝑘)
𝐴. 𝐵 = (7 𝑥 8) + (5 𝑥 (−7)) + (1 𝑥 2)
𝐴. 𝐵 = 56 − 35 + 2
𝐴. 𝐵 = 23
So, the product of vectors U and V is 23.

4. Dewi Hartanti
Consider three points A, B, and C in the three-dimensional coordinate system. Point A has coordinates
(4, 1, 2), point B has coordinates (6, 2, 1), and point C has coordinates (5, 3, -2). Determine if vectors
AB and AC are parallel, orthogonal, or NOT both!
Answer:
To determine whether vectors AB and AC are parallel, orthogonal, or neither, we can check the dot
multiplication.
Then calculate vectors AB and AC by subtracting the coordinates of point A from points B and C
respectively.
Vector AB= (6, 2, -1) - (4, 1, 2) = (2, 1, -3)
Vector AC= (5, 3, -2) - (4, 1, 2) = (1, 2, -4)
After that, calculate the dot product of vectors AB and AC.
Vector AB.AC=(2.1) + (1.2) + (-3.-4) =16
Step 3: Determine the relationship between dot product and vectors:
a) If the dot product is zero, then the vectors are orthogonal (perpendicular).
b) If the dot product is non-zero, then the vectors are not parallel and not orthogonal.
Step 4: Analyze the dot product:
The dot product of AB and AC is 16, which is not zero.
Step 5: Conclusion:
Since the dot product of AB and AC is non-zero, the vectors AB and AC are not parallel and not
orthogonal.
Therefore, vectors AB and AC in the three-dimensional coordinate system are not parallel and not
orthogonal.

8. Rahmawati
Given 𝑎 = 4𝑖 + 6𝑗 + 9𝑘 and 𝑏 = 2𝑖 + 8j , determine the dot product !
Solution :
For 𝑎 · 𝑏 = 4x2 + 6x8+ 9x0
= 56
|A|=√16 + 36 + 81 = √133 and |B| = √4 + 64 + 0=√68
(𝑎.𝑏) 56
For cos θ =|𝐴|.|𝐵| =
√133 .√68

15. Melati Arvita Putri Munadi

Given two vectors 𝑎 = (7, 9, 4) and 𝑏 = (2, 3, 5). Calculate the dot product (𝑎 ∙ 𝑏).
Answer:
To calculate the dot product of the two vectors, we can use the formula:
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3 = (7)(2) + (9)(3) + (4)(5) = 14 + 27 + 20 = 61
So, the dot product of vectors A and b is 61.

25. Resky Fadila Amin

In two-dimensional space, given vector 𝐸 = (4, −3) and vector 𝐹 = (4, 2). If the dot
product of 𝐸 • 𝐹 = 8, determine the length of the vector E and the length of the vector F.
Answer:
To determine the length of vector E and the length of vector F based on the dot product E • F,
we can use the vector length formula and the information from the dot product.
The length of vector E (|E|) can be calculated using the formula:
 |𝐸| = √(𝐸𝑥 2 + 𝐸𝑦 2 )
The length of vector F (|F|) can also be calculated using the same formula:
|𝐹 | = √(𝐹𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝑦 2 )

In this case, given vector 𝐸 = (4, −3) and vector 𝐹 = (4, 2).
• Calculate the length of vector E:
|𝐸| = √(42 + (−3)2 )
= √(16 + 9)
= √25 = 5
So, the length of vector E is 5
• Next, let's calculate the length of vector F:
|𝐹 | = √(42 + 22 )
= √(16 + 4)
= √20 = 2√5
So, the length of vector F is 2√5.

29. Farnesyia Putri

Two vectors A and B are 3D vectors in cartesian coordinates. If Vector A = 6i + 2j + 5k and

vektor B = 15i - 7j +3 k, then determine the dot product of the two vectors.
Answer :
Answer:
𝐴𝐵 = (6𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 5𝑘) (15𝑖 − 7𝑗 + 3𝑘)
𝐴𝐵 = (6 𝑥 15) + (2 𝑥 (−7)) + (5 𝑥 3)
𝐴𝐵 = 90 − 14 + 15
𝐴𝐵 = 91
Jadi, hasil kali titik kedua vektor tersebut adalah 91.

1.8 Cross Product

The cross product, or also called the vector product, is an operation between two vectors in three-
dimensional space that produces a new vector that is perpendicular to the two initial vectors. In
mathematical symbols, the cross product between vector A and vector B is written as:

AxB
The result of the cross product of vectors A and B has the same magnitude as the area of the
parallelogram formed by the two vectors, and the direction is perpendicular to the plane formed by
the two vectors.

The direction of the result vector can be determined using the right-hand rule, where the thumb,
forefinger, and middle finger of the right hand are used to determine the direction of the result
vector.

Following are the properties of the cross product between the two vectors:

● Its bilinear nature: the cross product is bilinear in terms of scalar addition and
multiplication. That is, if A, B, and C are vectors, and k is a scalar, then:
○ A × (B + C) = (A × B) + (A × C)
○ (kA) × B = A × (kB) = k(A × B)
● Anti-commutative property: the result of the cross product between A and B is
opposite to the result of the cross product between B and A, namely:
○ A × B = -(B × A)
 ● Distributive properties of other cross products: cross products are also distributive
to other cross product operations, namely:
○ A × (B × C) = (A · C)B - (A · B)C
○ (A × B) × C = (A · C)B - (B · C)A
● The property of the cross product over the dot product: the cross product between
two vectors is zero if and only if the vectors are perpendicular to each other. So, if A
and B are two mutually perpendicular vectors, then:
○ A×B=0
○ A·B=0
● Size property: the magnitude of the cross product between A and B is proportional
to the magnitude of the two vectors and the sin of the angle formed by the two
vectors, namely:
○ |A × B| = |A| |B| sin i

5. Muh Kautsar Pratama

6. Sari Amelia Mustakim

⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑝, 2, 𝑟) and 𝑏⃗⃗ = (−1, 4, 3) adalah (2,5, −6), then determine
if the cross product of vector 𝑎
the value(𝑝 + 𝑟)2017 + 2 !
Answer:
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (2,5, −6)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏
𝑎
𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑏 =| 𝒑 𝟐 𝒓|
−𝟏 𝟒 𝟑
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (6⃗⃗⃗𝑖⃗ − 𝑟𝑗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 4𝑝𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗) − (4⃗⃗⃗𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 2𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗)

= (6 − 4𝑟)𝑖⃗ − (𝑟 + 3𝑝)𝑗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + (4𝑝 + 2)𝑘⃗⃗

= (6 − 4𝑟, −𝑟 − 3𝑝, 4𝑝 + 2)

⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏
both results from𝑎
(2,5, −6) = (6 − 4𝑟, −𝑟 − 3𝑝, 4𝑝 + 2)
so that,
2 = 6 − 4𝑟 → 4𝑟 = 4 → 𝑟 = 1
 −6 = 4𝑝 + 2 → 4𝑝 = −8 → 𝑝 = −2
determining results
(𝑝 + 𝑟)2017 + 2 = (−2 + 1)2017 + 2
= (−1)2017 + 2
= −1 + 2
=1

So, (𝑝 + 𝑟)2017 = 1
7. Asmaul Husnah
If we know that:

𝑥⃗ = i + 2j – k

𝑦⃗ = 3i – j +3k

𝑧⃗ = 3i + j – 5k

Then (𝑥⃗ + 𝑥⃗) × 𝑧⃗is …

Answer:

(𝑥⃗ + 𝑥⃗) × 𝑧⃗= (i + 2j – k + (3i – j +3k)) × 3i + j – 5k

= (4i - j + 2k) × 3i + j – 5k

−1 2 4 2 4 −1
=| |i - | |j + | |k
1 −5 3 −5 3 1

= (5 – 2)i – (-20 – 6)j + (4 + 3)k

= 3i + 26j + 7k

9. Tri Lestari AS
Find the angle between two vector a and b, where a =<-4, 3, 0> and b =<2, 0, 0>
Solution
We know that, the formula to find the angle between two vectors is

Sin θ = a × b / |a| |b|

Therefore, θ = sin-1[a × b / |a| |b|]

Now, we have to find the cross product of two vectors and b:

 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
a x b = |−4 3 0|
2 0 0
= i (0) – j (0) + k (-6)
a x b = -6k
|𝑎| = √16 + 9 + 0 = 5
|𝑏| = √4 + 0 + 0 = 2
While finding the angle between two vectors, substitute the magnitude of the vector values,
thus
|𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 | = 6
Therefore, θ = sin-1[a × b / |a| |b|]
Θ= sin-1 [6/ 5.2]
Θ= sin-1 [3/ 5]=38.87°
Hence, the angle between two vectors, a and b (θ) is 36.87°

10.Sri Sulfiani Badawi

Given vectors A = (2, -3, 4) and B = (1, 5, -2). Calculate the cross product of the two vectors.
Answer:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝐴 × 𝐵 = [2 −3 4 ]
1 5 −2
𝐴 × 𝐵 = (−3. (−2) − 4.5 𝑖, 4.1 − 2. (−2)𝑗, 2.5 − (−3). 1)𝑘
= (6 − 20 𝑖, 4 + 4𝑗, 10 + 3𝑘)
= (−14 𝑖, 8𝑗, 13𝑘)
So, the cross product of vectors A and B is (-14, 8, 13).

12. Fatwa Rida Magfirah

Two vectors have 3D components on the cartesian axis. If vector A = 2i + 5j +3k and vector
B = -3i + 2j +6k. Determine the result of cross product between vector A x B.
Answer:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
A x B = | 2 5 3|
−3 2 6
5 3 2 3 2 5
A x B = [| | 𝑖, | | 𝑗, | | 𝑘]
2 6 −3 6 −3 2
A x B = [(30 − 6)i , (12 + 9)j , ( 4 + 15)k ]
A x B = [24𝑖 + 12𝑗 + 19𝑘 ]
So, the result of cross product between vector A x B is 𝟐𝟒𝒊 + 𝟏𝟐𝒋 + 𝟏𝟗𝒌

14. Agustina Irawan

 An iron rod with one end as the axis of rotation. If the length of the iron is 6.71 m Then a force F
= (2i + 3j + 6k) N is applied to the iron rod at a distance r = (4i + 2h + 5k) m from the center of
the axis of rotation. It is known that this force causes the iron to move in a circle. What is the
magnitude of the torque experienced by the object?

• Is known :

F = (2i + 3h + 6k) N r = (4i + 2h + 5k) m L = 6.71 m

Wanted: Big torque?

The General Formula of Torque is τ = r x F

Formula Description: τ is the torque vector (Nm) r is the force arm (m) F is the
working force (N)

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
3 6 6 2 2 3
τ = r x F = |2 3 6| = | |𝑖 + | |𝑗 + | |𝑘
2 5 5 4 4 2
4 2 5

Then the amount of torque experienced by the iron rod due to this force is

So, the torque is 16.4 Nm

15. Gita Eka Novianti
What is the cross vector of vector 𝐾 = 5,2,9 and 𝑅{3,7,4}.
Solution :
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
{5 2 9}
3 7 4
2 9 5 9 5 2
i{ } - j{ } + k{ }
7 4 3 4 3 7
= i(2.4 – 9.7) - j(5.4 – 9.3) + k(5.7 – 2.3)
= i(8 – 63) - j(20 – 27) + k(35 – 6)
= -55i + 7j + 29k
16. Miftahun Jannah
Imagine you are designing a three-dimensional model of a car. In order to determine the normal
vector to the car's surface, you need to calculate the cross product of two vectors. Vector A
represents the direction of the car's front bumper, given by A = (3, -1, 2), and vector B
represents the direction of the car's roof, given by B = (2, 4, -3). Calculate the cross product of
vectors A and B, and explain how this information can help to determine the orientation of the
car's surface."
Solution:
To calculate the cross product of vectors A and B and determine the normal vector to the car's
surface, we can use the cross-product formula
A = (3, -1, 2)
B = (2, 4, -3)

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝐴 × 𝐵 = [3 −1 2 ]
2 4 −3
With using cofactor expansion, we get
𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑖((−3)(−1) − (4)(2)) − 𝑗((−3)(3) − (2)(2)) + 𝑘((4)(3) − (2)(−1))

= −5𝑖 + 13𝑗 + 14𝑘

Or we get the point (-5, 13, 14) that represents the normal vector to the car's surface.

The cross product of vectors A and B gives us the normal vector to the car's surface. The
normal vector is perpendicular to the surface of the car, indicating the orientation of the car's
exterior. It can be used to determine the angle between the car's surface and incident light,
which affects how the car appears visually.

Therefore, the cross product of vectors A and B is (-5, 13, 14), and this information helps
determine the orientation of the car's surface in the three-dimensional model.

17. Nur Iznih Indah Sari

Two vectors have 3D components on the Cartesian axis. If vector A = 2i + 5j + k and vector B
= -5i + 4j +7k. Determine the cross product between the vectors A x B?
Answer:
A x B = (2i + 5h + k) x (-5i + 4h +7k)
A x B = 2(-5)(ixi) + 2(4)(ixj) + 2(7)(ixk) +
5(-5)(jxi) + 5(4)(jxj) + 5(7)(jxk) +
1(-5)(kxi) + 1(4)(kxj) + 1(7)(kxk)

Remember: Unit Vector Multiplication

i xi = jxj = kxk = 0
i xj = k and jxi = -k
 jxk = i and jxk = -i
kxi = j and kxi = -j
Then the result of the cross product between the two vectors above is

A x B = -10(0) + 8(k) + 14(-j) +

(-25)(-k) + 20 (0) + 35 (i) +
(-5) (j) + 4 (-i) + 7 (0)
A x B = (35 i – 4i) + (-5h – 14j) + (8k + 25k)
A x B = 31i – 19j + 33k
Or

So, Both ways will produce the same result. But the second way is the fastest way to solve the
multiplication of two vectors.

19. Angel Benedicta

Determine the cross product of vectors 𝑛̅ = −3𝑖 − 7𝑗 + 11𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠̅ = 17𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 5𝑘!
Answer
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑛̅ × 𝑠̅ = |−3 −7 11 |
17 −3 −5

−7 11 −3 11 −3 −7
𝑛̅ × 𝑠̅ = 𝑖 | | −𝑗| |+ 𝑘| |
−3 −5 17 −5 17 −3
𝑛̅ × 𝑠̅ = 𝑖 [(−7(−5) − 11(−3)] − 𝑗 [(−3)(−5) − 11(17)] + 𝑘[(−3)(−3)— 7(17)]
𝑛̅ × 𝑠̅ = 𝑖 ( 35 + 33) − 𝑗 (15 − 187) + 𝑘 ( 9 + 119)
𝑛̅ × 𝑠̅ = 68𝑖 + 172𝑗 + 128𝑘

19. Andi Zahra Muflihah R

2. An explorer is on an adventurous action in a mysterious cave. Inside the cave, there are
three glistening crystals located on points, A(2,-1,3), B(4,2,-5) dan C(-1,3,1). The three
crystals form an amazing pattern. But to understand this patters, the adventurer needs to
 determine the normal vector of the plane formed by the three crystals. Find the normal
vector of the crystals!
Answer
To determine the vector normal of the plane that formed by three points A, B, and C, we
can use the product of the vectors.
a. Determine the value of AB
𝐴𝐵 = (4 − 2)𝑖 + (2 − (−1)𝑗 + (−5 − 3)𝑘
= 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 8𝑘
b. Determine the value of AC
𝐴𝐶 = (−1 − 2)𝑖 + (3 − (−1)𝑗 + (1 − 3)𝑘
= −3𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 2𝑘
c. Calculate the result of cross product vector AB and AC to find the normal vector
𝑁 = 𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐶
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
( 2 3 −8)
−3 4 −2
𝑁 = (3 ∗ (−2) − (−8) ∗ 4)𝑖 − (2 ∗ (−2) − (−8) ∗ (−3))𝑗 + (2 ∗ 4 − 3(−3))𝑘
𝑁 = (−6 + 32)𝑖 − (−4 − 24)𝑗 + (8 + 9)𝑘
𝑁 = 26𝑖 + 28𝑗 + 17𝑘
So the normal vector of the plane formed by the point A(2,-1,3), B(4,2,-5) and C(-1,3,1)
is𝑁 = 26𝑖 + 28𝑗 + 17𝑘
23. Ummu Athiyah Sudirman
1. Given 𝑎vector 𝑎 = (2, 3, −1) and vector 𝑏 = (4, −2, 5).
Calculate the cross product between vectors A and b.
The Cross product between two vectors a and b can be calculated using the formula:
𝑎 × 𝑏 = (a₂b₂ − a₂b₂) i + (a₂b₁ − a₁b₂) j + (a₂b₂ − a₂b₁) k
Substitute the values of the components of the vectors a and b into the formula:

a x b = ((3 ∗ 5) − (−1 ∗ (−2))) i + ((−1 ∗ 4) − (2 ∗ 5))j + ((2 ∗ (−2)) − (3 ∗ 4)) k

= (15 + 2)i + (−4 − 10)j + (−4 − 12)k

= 17i − 14j − 16k
Thus, the cross product between vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 17i − 14j − 16k.
Determine the length (magnitude)of the cross product.
The length (magnitude) of the cross product Vector can be calculated using the formula:
| 𝑎 × 𝑏 | = √(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
 Substitute the component values of the resulting cross product (17, −14, −16) into the
formula:

| 𝑎 × 𝑏| = √(172 + (−14)2 + (−16)2)

= √(289 + 196 + 256)
= √741
≈ 27.20
So, the length (magnitude) of the resulting cross product is about 27.20.

24. Atika Assalafiyah

Given two vector u = (2, 3, -1) and v = (-1, 4, 2), find the cross product of u and v.
Answer:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
{2 3 −1}
−1 4 2
(−1)1+1 𝑖 {3 −1} + (−1)1+2 𝑗 { 2 −1
} + (−1)1+3 {
2 3
}
4 2 −1 2 −1 4
= 𝑖(3.2 − (−1)(4)) − 𝑗(2.2 − (−1)(−1)) + 𝑘(2.4 − 3(−1))
= 10𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 11𝑘
25 Nur Amaliah
Given vector A = 3i - 4j + 2k and vector B = 2i + 5j - k. Find the cross product vector of A × B.
Answer:
To calculate the cross product between two vectors A and B, we can use the following formula:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
|𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 |
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Then, i - j + k
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
A x B = 3 −4 2 |
|
2 5 −1
−4 2
𝑖=| | = 4 − 10 = −6
5 −1
3 2
𝑗=| | − 3 − 4 = −7
2 −1
3 −4
𝑘=| | 15 + 8 = 23
2 5
So, the result vector of the cross product of A × B is -6i + 7j + 23k.
26. Sri Fujuandi
It is known that the two vectors are F1 = 60 N and F2 = 80 N have the same capture point. If
point product for both vectors equal to 240 N then the angle between the two vectors is....
Answer:
The size of the angle formed by the vector F1 and F2 can be found through the equation point
product from F1 and F2 as follows.
F1 · F2 = |F1 || F2| Because
240 = 60 × 80 × cos
240 = 480 × cos
because =240/480 = 1/2
= 60
So, the angle between the two vectors is 60

28. Muh Ragil Setiawan

Two vectors have 3D component on the cartesian axis. If vector A = 7i + 5j + 2k and vector B
= 3i + 6j + k. Determine the cross product between the vector A x B.
Answer:
A = 7i + 5j + 2k
B = 3i + 6j + k
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
AxB = 7 5 2
3 6 1
= i(5.1 – 2.6) + j(7.1 – 2.3) + k(7.6 – 5.3)
= i(5 – 12) + j(7 – 6) + k(42 – 15)
= -7i + j + 27k

29. Hairun Nisa

Two vectors have 3D components on the Cartesian axis. If vector A = 2i + 5j + k and vector B =-5i + 4j
+7k. Determine the cross product between the vectorsA x B.
A x B = (2i + 5j + k) x (-5i + 4j +7k)
A x B = 2(-5)(i x i) + 2(4)(i x j) + 2(7)(i x k) +
5(-5)(j x i) + 5(4)(j x j) + 5(7)(j x k) +
1(-5)(k x i) + 1(4)(k x j) + 1(7)(k x k)
Then the result of the cross product between the two vectors above is
A x B = -10 (0) + 8 (k) + 14 (-j) + (-25)(-k) + 20 (0) + 35 (i) + (-5) (j) + 4 (-i) + 7 (0)
A x B = (35 i – 4i) + (-5j – 14j) + (8k + 25k)
A x B = 31i – 19j + 33k
30. Adinda Amalia Ashari

The unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the points (0, -1, 5), (1, 1, 1) and (-3, -4, 1)
is …
Answer
Suppose, A=(0, -1, 5), B=(1, 1, 1) and C=(-3, -4, 1)
𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩 − 𝑨 = (𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏) − (𝟎, −𝟒, 𝟓)
𝑩 − 𝑨 = (𝟏, 𝟐, −𝟒)
𝑨𝑪 = 𝑪 − 𝑨 = (−𝟑, −𝟒, 𝟏) − (𝟎, −𝟒, 𝟓)
𝑪 − 𝑨 = (−𝟑, −𝟑, −𝟒)
Cross of𝐴𝐵×𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐵×𝐴𝐶 =|𝑖𝑗𝑘 −3 −3 −4 1 2 −4 |

=12𝑖−4𝑗−6𝑘−(−3𝑘−8𝑖+12𝑗)

=20𝑖−16𝑗−3𝑘

=〈20,−16,−3〉

𝒂×𝒃
Unit vector, ||𝒂×𝒃||

𝒂×𝒃 𝟐𝟎𝒊 − 𝟏𝟔𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌

=
||𝒂 × 𝒃|| ||√𝟐𝟎𝟐 + (−𝟏𝟔)𝟐 + (−𝟑)𝟐 ||

𝒂×𝒃 𝟐𝟎𝒊 − 𝟏𝟔𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌

=
||𝒂 × 𝒃|| √𝟔𝟔𝟓

𝒂×𝒃 𝟏
= (𝟐𝟎𝒊 − 𝟏𝟔𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌)
||𝒂 × 𝒃|| √𝟔𝟔𝟓

𝟏
So, the unit vector is (𝟐𝟎𝒊 − 𝟏𝟔𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌)
√𝟔𝟔𝟓

1. Athira Dwi Rahaeni Puri

Given vector A = 2i + 3j + k and vector B = 6i - j + 7k. Find the cross product vector of A
× B.
Answer:
To calculate the cross product between two vectors A and B, we can use the following
formula:
 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
|𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 |
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Then, i + j + k
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
A x B = |2 3 1 |
6 −1 7
3 1
𝑖=| | = 21 − 1 = 20
−1 7
2 1
𝑗=| | 14 + 6 = 20
6 7
2 3
𝑘=| | − 2 + 18 = 16
6 −1

So, the result vector of the cross product of A × B is 20i + 20j + 16k.

4.Dewi Hartanti
Given vector A(3, -1, 2) and vector B(3, 2, 4).
Calculate the cross product between vectors A and B.
The cross product between two vectors a and b can be calculated using the formula: A x B = (A2.B3 -
A3.B2)i + (A1.B3 - A3.B1)j + (A1.B2 - A2.B1)k
Substitute the component values of vectors A and B into the formula:
AxB=[(((-1).4)-(2.2))i + ((3.4)-(2.3))j + ((3.2)-((-1).3))k]
=((-4)-4)i + (12-6)j + (6-(-3))k
=-8i + 6j + 18k
So, the cross product between vectors and is A.B = -8i + 6j + 18k.
Find the length (magnitude) of the cross product.
The length (magnitude) of the vector cross product can be calculated using the formula:
|A x B| = √(x²+y²+z²)
Substitusikan nilai komponen hasil perkalian silang ke dalam rumus:
|A x B| = √((-8)² + 6² + 18²)
=√(64+36+324)
=√424
+- 20,59
So, the length (magnitude) of the resulting cross product is about 20,59.

9. Rahmawati
Two vectors have 3D component on the cartesian axis. If vector A = 6i + 4j + 3k and vector
B = 2i + 5j +2 k. Determine the cross product between the vector A x B.
Answer:
𝐴 = 6𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 3𝑘
𝐵 = 2𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 2 𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
AxB = 6 4 3
2 5 2
= 𝑖(4.2 – 3.5) + 𝑗(6.2 – 3.2) + 𝑘(6.5 – 4.2)
= 𝑖(8– 15) + 𝑗(12 – 6) + 𝑘(30 – 8)
= −7𝑖 + 6 𝑗 + 22𝑘

16. Melati Arvita Putri Munadi

What is the cross vector of vector 𝐾 = {6,5,6} and 𝑅 = {9,4,2}.

Solution :
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
{6 5 6}
9 4 2
5 6 6 6 6 5
i{ }-j{ }+k{ }
4 2 9 2 9 4
= i(5.2 – 4.6) - j(6.2 – 6.9) + k(6.4 – 5.9)
= i(10 – 24) - j(12 – 54) + k(24 – 45)
= -14i + - 42j + 21k

26. Resky Fadila Amin

Given vectors A = (2, -3, 4) and B = (1, 5, -2). Calculate the cross product of the two vectors.
Answer:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝐴 × 𝐵=[4 −2 1 ]
5 2 −1
𝐴 × 𝐵 = ((−2. (−1) − 2.1)𝑖, (4. (−1) − 5.1)𝑗, ( 4.2 − 5. (−2))𝑘
= (3 − 2 𝑖, −4 − 5𝑗, 8 + 10𝑘)
= ( 𝑖, −9𝑗, 10𝑘)
So, the cross product of vectors A and B is (1,-9,10)

30. Farnesyia Putri

Given vectors A = (2, -3, 4) and B = (1, 5, -2). Calculate the cross product of the two vectors.
Answer:
 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝐴 × 𝐵=[4 −2 1 ]
5 2 −1
𝐴 × 𝐵 = ((−2. (−1) − 2.1)𝑖, (4. (−1) − 5.1)𝑗, ( 4.2 − 5. (−2))𝑘
= (3 − 2 𝑖, −4 − 5𝑗, 8 + 10𝑘)
= ( 𝑖, −9𝑗, 10𝑘)
So, the cross product of vectors A and B is (1,-9,10)

1.9 Meaning of an Equation

Independent equation of a variable:

- The equation f(x,y) = 0 represents a cylindrical surface with the painter line parallel
to the z axis.

- The equation f(x,z) = 0 represents a cylindrical surface with the painter line parallel
to the y axis.

- The equation f(y,z) = 0 represents a cylindrical surface with the painter line parallel
to the x axis.

Example:

Equation y2 + z2 = 9 denotes a surface, which is a cylinder parallel to the x-axis.

An equation that contains only one variable:

 - The equation f(x) = 0, expresses the set of flat planes, which are parallel to the plane YOZ.

- The equation f(y) = 0, represents the set of planes parallel to the XOZ plane.

- The equation f(z) = 0, expresses the set of flat planes, which are parallel to the plane XOY.

Example:

Equality𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 − 2𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 − 𝑦 = 0 denotes three planes y = 0, y = 4, and y = -2 which are

parallel to the plane of the XOZ plane.

5. Muh Kautsar Pratama

6. Sari Amelia Mustakim

The vector equation of a line passing through point 𝐴 (3. −6)with a gradient of3/4is…
Answer:
the vector equation of a line passing through point𝐴(𝑥₁, 𝑦₁)with the direction of the vector𝑝 is
formulated as follows:
𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑡𝑝
It is known that a line passes through point𝐴(3, −6)with𝑚 = ¾then𝑖𝑦/𝑖𝑥 = ¾so that the
direction of the vector p is𝑝 = (4, 3)
dengandemikian, persamaanvektordarigaristersebutadalah:
𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑡𝑝
 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (3, −6) + 𝑡(4, 3)
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (3, −6) + (4𝑡, 3𝑡)
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (3 + 4𝑡 , −6 + 3𝑡)
then obtained the value𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦:
𝑥 = 3 + 4𝑡
𝑦 = −6 + 3𝑡
then the elimination of the variable𝑡
𝑥 = 3 + 4𝑡 | × 3| 3𝑥 = 9 + 12𝑡
𝑦 = −6 + 3𝑡 | × 4| 4𝑦 = −24 + 12𝑡 −
3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 9 − (−24)
3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 33
So the equation of the vector of a line passing through point𝐴(3, −6)with agradien¾is3𝑥 −
4𝑦 = 33.

7. Asmaul Husnah
If the intersection of the surfaces defined by x2 + y2 = z and 6x – 4y – z = 0 lies along a curve,
find the projection of this curve onto the plane XOY and its center
Answer:

x2 + y2 = z … (1)

6x – 4y – z = 0 … (2)

z = 6x – 4y

Subtitute to the first equation

x2 + y2 = 6x – 4y

x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y = 0

x2 – 6x + y2 + 4y = 0

X=3

Y=–2

Z=0

The center is (3, – 2, 0)

9. Tri Lestari AS
Given four cylinders placed in a three-dimensional space. The first cylinder has a radius of 6 cm
and a height of 10 cm, the second cylinder has a radius of 8 cm and a height of 12 cm, the third
cylinder has a radius of 6 cm and a height of 10 cm, while the fourth cylinder has a radius of 8 cm
and a height 12cm. Determine whether the four cylinders are aligned or not.
To determine whether the four cylinders are aligned or not, we need to compare the axes of the
cylinders. If the axes of the four cylinders are parallel, then the four cylinders are parallel.
First, let's identify the axes of each cylinder. The axis of the cylinder is the line that passes through
the center of the circular base and is perpendicular to the base.
First cylinder axis:
The length of the axis of the first cylinder is equal to the height of the first cylinder (10 cm).
The axis of the first cylinder is perpendicular to the base circle.
Second cylinder axis:
The axis length of the second cylinder is equal to the height of the second cylinder (12 cm).
The axis of the second cylinder is also perpendicular to the base circle.
Third cylinder axis:
The length of the axis of the third cylinder is equal to the height of the third cylinder (10 cm).
The third cylinder axis is also perpendicular to the base circle.
Fourth cylinder axis:
The length of the axis of the fourth cylinder is equal to the height of the fourth cylinder (12 cm).
The fourth cylinder axis is also perpendicular to the base circle.
Since all the cylinders have the same axis length, which is 10 cm, and their axis is perpendicular
to the base circle, it can be concluded that the four cylinders are parallel.
So, based on geometric analysis, it can be concluded that the four cylinders are parallel.

10.Sri Sulfiani Badawi

Given the linear equation 3x + 2y - z = 7. What does this equation mean? Answer with an
explanation.

Answer:
The linear equation 3x + 2y - z = 7 is an equation in three variables, namely x, y, and z. It
describes a plane in three-dimensional space. This equation describes a plane in three-
dimensional space.
The coefficients of the equation, 3, 2, and -1, determine the normal direction of the resulting
plane. In this case, the normal vector of the plane is (3, 2, -1). The direction of the normal
vector indicates the direction perpendicular to the plane.

The constant value in the equation, 7, determines the location of the plane with respect to the
z-axis. In this case, the plane intersects the z-axis at the point z = -7.

Thus, the linear equation describes a plane with normal vector (3, 2, -1) and intersects the z-
axis at the point z = -7.
12. Fatwa Rida Magfirah
Given the position vector equation of a point P in space: P = 3i + 4j + 5k. What does this
equation mean?
Answer:
This equation represents the location of point P in a three-dimensional coordinate system.
The coordinates of point P are (3, 4, 5), which means that point P is located 3 units along the
x-axis, 4 units along the y-axis, and 5 units along the z-axis from the origin of the coordinate
system. The position vector P specifies the position of point P relative to the origin.

14. Agustina Irawan

➢ A car moves with a constant velocity on a straight road initially at time t=2 the position
vector of the car is (1,3,5) then after some time at t=4, the car’s position vector is
described as (5,6,8). Write down the vector equation of the position of the object. Also,
express it in the form of parametric equations.

➢ Solution

Since the vector equation of a straight-line is given as

r = r0 +tv

Since,

r0 = <1,3,5>

r = <5,6,8>

<5,6,8> = <1,3,5> + 4v

<5,6,8> – <1,3,5> = 4v

<4,3,3> = 4v

v = <1,3/4,3/4>

Now, finding vector equation of object’s position

r = r0 +tv
 r = <1,3,5> + t<1,3/4,3/4>

where vector r is <x,y,z>

<x,y,z> = <1,3,5> + <1t,3/4t,3/4t>

Expressing in the form of the parametric equation:

As two vectors are only equivalent if their coordinates are equal. So, due to equality, we
can write as,

x = 1+t

y = 3+3/4t

z = 5+3/4t

The vector equation of lines identifies the position vector of line with reference to the
origin and direction vector and we can find out the dimensions of vectors corresponding
to any length. This works for the straight lines and curves.

15. Gita Eka Novianti

known that vector 𝑎̅ = 5𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 𝑘. If vector 𝑏̅ opposite direction with vector 𝑎̅ and has the
same length, then determine the vector 𝑏̅!
Solution :
Because 𝑏̅ is opposite direction with vector 𝑎̅, so the length of vector 𝑏̅ = −𝑎̅ , then:
𝑏̅ = −(5𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 𝑘)
𝑏̅ = −5𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 𝑘

16. Miftahun Jannah

The equation 2x - 3y + 4z = 5 represents a plane in three-dimensional space. Interpret the
meaning of this equation in terms of the plane's properties and its position relative to the
coordinate system. Does the plane intersect the coordinate axes, run parallel to them, or have
a different relationship?
Solution:
To interpret the meaning of the equation 2x - 3y + 4z = 5 in terms of the plane's properties and
its position relative to the coordinate system, we need to analyze the equation. First, recognize
the general form of the equation for a plane:
ax + by + cz = d

By compare the given equation 2x - 3y + 4z = 5 with the general form of the equation for a
plane, we found:
 a=2
b = -3
c=4
d=5

The coefficients a, b, and c in the equation determine the direction of the plane's normal vector
(the vector perpendicular to the plane's surface). In this case, the normal vector is given by
(a, b, c) = (2, -3, 4)

To determine the position of the plane relative to the coordinate system, we need to examine
the relationship between the coefficients and the coordinate axes.

In this case, since the coefficient of y is negative (b = -3), the plane is inclined in the negative
y-direction. Similarly, the coefficients of x and z are positive (a = 2, c = 4), indicating that the
plane slopes positively along the x and z axes.

The equation 2x - 3y + 4z = 5 represents a plane in three-dimensional space. The coefficients

2, -3, and 4 determine the plane's normal vector and its orientation relative to the coordinate
axes.Since the plane does not have a constant term, the equation does not intersect any specific
point on the coordinate axes. However, based on the coefficients, we can conclude that the
plane is inclined in the negative y-direction, while it slopes positively along the x and z axes.

Therefore, the plane represented by the equation 2x - 3y + 4z = 5 is parallel to the x and z axes,
but inclined in the negative y-direction.

Hence, the equation 2x - 3y + 4z = 5 represents a plane that runs parallel to the x and z axes
but is inclined in the negative y-direction relative to the coordinate system.

17. Nur Iznih Indah Sari

The value of 2a + b – c is?

Answer:
At first, you have to direct the equation in the problem into its general form.
 From the general form above we get a = 1, b = 7, c = -12.
This, value 2a + b – c = 2(1) + 7 – (-12) = 21
So, value 2a + b – c = 21
19. Angel Benedicta
known that vector 𝑎̅ = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 𝑘. If vector 𝑏̅ opposite direction with vector 𝑎̅ and has the same
length, then determine the vector 𝑏̅!
Answer
Because 𝑏̅ is opposite direction with vector 𝑎̅, so the length of vector 𝑏̅ = −𝑎̅ , then:
𝑏̅ = −(2𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 𝑘)
𝑏̅ = −2𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 𝑘

19. Andi Zahra Muflihah R

1. A sphere has a radius of 4 cm and the centered point is (4,2,5) in the three dimentional
coordinate system. What is the equation for the sphere?
Answer
(𝑥 − 𝐴)2 + (𝑦 − 𝐵)2 + (𝑧 − 𝐶 )2 = 42
(𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 + (𝑧 − 5)2 = 42
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 10𝑧 + 16 + 4 + 25 = 16
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 29
23. Ummu Athiyah Sudirman
Given the equation of the line y = 2x − 1. What does the equation mean?
Answer:
The equation of the line y = 2x − 1describes a straight line in the Cartesian plane that has a slope
(gradient) of 2 and intersects the y axis at point -1.
The meaning of the equation is as a general equation of a straight line, which can be used to find
points on the line, calculate the slope (gradient), and plot the graph of the line on the Cartesian
plane.
1.6 proyeksi
Given avector a = (−2, 3, 4) and vector b = (1, −1, 2). Determine the projection of vector a on
vector b.
Answer:
The projection of vector a on vector b can be calculated using the same formula as in the previous
example:
a. b
project b(a) = ( )∗b
b. b
In this case, we need to first calculate the dot product and the magnitude of the square of the vector
b:
a ∙ b = (−2)(1) + (3)(−1) + (4)(2) = 5
b ∙ b = (1)2 + (−1)2 + (2)2 = 6
5 5 5 5
Hence, projb(a) = ( ) ∗ (1, −1, 2) = ( , − , )
6 6 6 3
5 5 5
Thus, the projection of vector a on vector b is (6 , − 6 , 3).

24. Atika Assalafiyah

The equation x2 + y2 = 25 represents a surface, which is a cylinder parallel to the z-axis.
Answer:
This equation represents a surface, specifically a circular cylinder parallel to the z-axis. The
equation states that the sum of the squares of the x-coordinate and y-coordinate at any point on the
surface is equal to 25.

If we plot this equation in a three-dimensional coordinate system, we will see a circular cylinder
centered at the origin with a radius of 5 units.
For example, if we substitute x = 3 and y = 4 into the equation, we can verify if the point (3, 4, z)
lies on the surface of the cylinder:

(3)2 + (4)2 = 9 + 16 = 25
 The sum of the squares of x and y is indeed equal to 25. Therefore, the point (3, 4, z) lies on the
surface of the cylinder.

In general, any point (x, y, z) that satisfies the equation x 2 + y2 = 25 will lie on the surface of this
cylindrical shape.

25 Nur Amaliah
Given the position vector equation of a point P in space: P = (2 + 3t)i + (1 - t)j + (4t)k
• What does this equation mean?
• Find the position of point P when t = 2.

Answer:
• The meaning of this equation is that point P moves in space with a trajectory determined by
the parameter t. The x, y, and z coordinates of point P depend on the value of t. When t
changes, the position of point P will change according to the linear relationship given in the
equation.
• To find the position of point P when t = 2, we can simply substitute the value of t in the
equation and calculate the coordinates of point P. When t = 2, we can substitute the value of t
in the equation:
P = (2 + 3(2)) i + (1 - (2)) j + (4(2)) k
=8i-1j+8k
So, when t = 2, the position of point P is (8, -1, 8) in the coordinate system.
26. Sri Fujuandi
If there are two vectors as below:
A = 4i – 5j + 3k
B = 2i + 2j - 4k
Try to determine A – B
Answer :
 The way to find the resultant based on the subtraction that comes from A and B, you can use
the method below:
R=A–B
R = (4i – 5j + 3k) – (2i + 2j -4k)
R = (4 – 2)i + (-5 -2)j + (3 + 4)k
R = 2j – 7j 7k

29. Hairun Nisa

𝑥 3
+ =0
𝑥−4 𝑥+4
Value of2a + b – c
At first, we must direct the equation in the problem into its general form
𝑥 3
+ =0
𝑥−4 𝑥+4
𝑥(+4)+3(𝑥−4)
 =0
(𝑥−4)(𝑥+4)
𝑥^2+4𝑥+3𝑥−12
 = 0
(𝑥−4)(𝑥+4)
𝑥^2+7𝑥−12
 =0
(𝑥−4)(𝑥+4)
x^2+7x-12=0

30. Adinda Amalia Ashari

Find the unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the points (-1,2,0),(5,-1,3) and (4,0,2)!
Answer:
Suppose: A=(-1,2,0),B= (5,-1,3) and C=(4,0,2), 𝑎 = 𝐴𝐵 and 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑐
Determine the two vectors from the two sides of the triangle, for example𝑎 = 𝐴𝐵and 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑐,
then
𝐴𝐵 = ((5 − (−1)), ((−1) − 2), (3 − 0) = (6, −3,3) = (6𝑖, −3𝑗, 3𝑘)
𝐴𝐶 = ((4 − (−1)), (0 − 2), (−2 − 0) = (5, −2, −2) = (5𝑖. −2𝑗, −2𝑘)
So, 𝑎 = (6𝑖, −3𝑗, 3𝑘 ) and 𝑏 = (5𝑖, −2𝑗, −2𝑘 )
𝑎×𝑏
Unit vector formula𝑃 = |𝑎×𝑏|
Where 𝑎 × 𝑏 is the determinant of a and b
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗
𝑎 × 𝑏 = |6 −3 2 | 6 −3
5 −2 −2 5 −2
𝑎 × 𝑏 = (6𝑖 + 15𝑗 − 12𝑘 ) − (−15𝑘 − 6𝑖 − 12𝑗)
𝑎 × 𝑏 = 12𝑖 + 27𝑗 + 3𝑘
Then the unit vector is
 𝑎×𝑏 (12𝑖 + 27𝑗 + 3𝑘) (12𝑖 + 27𝑗 + 3𝑘 1
𝑃= = = = (12𝑖 + 27𝑗 + 3𝑘)
|𝑎 × 𝑏| √122 + 272 + 32 21√2 21√2

1. Athira Dwi Rahaeni Puri

Given the linear equation 3x - 4y + 2z = 1. What does this equation mean? Answer with an
explanation.
Answer:
The linear equation 3x - 4y + 2z = 1 is an equation in three variables, namely x, y, and z. It
describes a plane in three-dimensional space. This equation describes a plane in three-
dimensional space. The coefficients of the equation, 3, -4, and 2, determine the normal
direction of the resulting plane. In this case, the normal vector of the plane is (3, -4, 2). The
direction of the normal vector indicates the direction perpendicular to the plane. The constant
value in the equation, 1, determines the location of the plane with respect to the z-axis. In this
case, the plane intersects the z-axis at the point z = -1.
Thus, the linear equation describes a plane with normal vector (3, -4, 2) and intersects the z-
axis at the point z = -1.

4.Dewi Hartanti
Find the vector a ̅=3i-5j+ 2k. If vector b is opposite to vector a and has the same length, then find
the vector b!
Solution:
Since it is opposite to vector a, the length of the vector b = -a , maka: 𝑏̅𝑎̅𝑏̅ = −𝑎̅
𝑏̅ = −(3𝑖 − 5𝑗 + 2𝑘)
𝑏̅ = −3𝑖 + 5𝑗 − 2𝑘

10. Rahmawati

Given the position vector equation of a point P in space: P = 6i + 8j + 10k. What does this
equation mean?

Answer:
This equation represents the location of point P in a three-dimensional coordinate system.
The coordinates of point P are (6, 8, 10), which means that point P is located 6 units along
the x-axis, 8 units along the y-axis, and 10 units along the z-axis from the origin of the
coordinate system. The position vector P specifies the position of point P relative to the
origin.

17. Melati Arvita Putri Munadi

 In an orchard, there are a number of apples and oranges. The number of apples in the garden
is twice the number of oranges. If we refer to the number of apples as ' A ' and the number of
oranges as ' J ', create an equation representing the relationship between A and J. After that,
calculate the value of A if we know that there are 10 citrus fruits in the garden.
Answer :
The first step is to create an equation based on the information provided. It is known that the
number of apples (A) is twice the number of oranges (J). Thus, the equation that represents the
relationship is: A = 2J.
Next, we are given the information that there are 10 citrus fruits in the garden (J = 10). We can
use the equation to find the value A:
A = 2 x 10 = 20
So, the number of apples in the garden is 20 pieces.

27. Resky Fadila Amin

If there is a vector equation v=2i-3j+k, interpret this equation in the context of Vector.
Answer”
The vector equation v= 2i-3j+k can be interpreted as a vector with components 2 along the x-
axis, -3 along the y-axis, and 1 along the z-axis. In other words, this vector can be
represented as the displacement or position of a point in three-dimensional space.
In general, the vector v can be written as v = (2, -3, 1), with each component representing the
magnitude of displacement or position along the x, y, and z axes, respectively.
Therefore, in the context of vectors, this equation expresses a vector with specific
components representing displacement or position in three-dimensional space.

31. Farnesyia Putri

An object is moving in two-dimensional space, and its position at time t is given by the position
vector r(t)=⟨2t+1,3t−4⟩. Determine the significance of this position vector equation.
Solution :
The position vector r(t)=⟨2t+1,3t−4⟩ can be interpreted as follows:
1. Initial Coordinates (t = 0):
• Initial x-coordinate: 2(0)+1==1
• Initial y-coordinate: 3(0)−4=−4
So, the initial coordinates of the object are (1,−4)
 2. Motion along the z-Axis
• The coefficient 2t on the x-component indicates the object's motion along the x-axis with a rate of
2 units per time unit.
3. Motion along the y-Axis
• The coefficient 3t on the y-component indicates the object's motion along the y-axis with a rate of
3 units per time unit.

Therefore, the position vector equation r(t)=⟨2t+1,3t−4⟩ represents the motion of the object in
two-dimensional space with a rate of change of 2t on the x-axis and 3t on the y-axis, starting from
the point (1,−4)

1.10 Projected Curved Lines on Coordinate Planes

On the curved line c : F(x,y,z) = 0, G(x,y,z) = 0 one of the variables (for example z) is
eliminated, there is a new equation f(x,y) = 0 is a cylinder line which the painter is parallel to the
Z axis and through c, meaning is projector cylinder from curved line c, to the XOY plane. So the
projection has the equation F(x,y) = 0, z = 0. For projections to the XOZ and YOZ planes, you can do it
like the step above

Example:

Determine the projection of the curved line of intersection of the spheres:

x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 (1)

x2 + (y-1)2 + (z-1)2 = 1 (2)

to the plane XOY.

Solution :

Eliminate equations (1) and (2) until z = 1 - y is obtained (3)

Substitute equation (3) into (1) to get x2 +2y2 - 2y = 0. This is the projector cylinder equation.

So projection : x2 +2y2 - 2y = 0 and z = 0

which can be translated into: x2/0.5+ (y - 1/2)²/0.25 = 1, z = 0 an ellipse with center

(0,½,0), half axes √½ and ½.
Notes :

(𝑥−𝑝𝑥 )2 (𝑥−𝑝𝑦 )2
Ellipse Formula + = 1; center(𝑝𝑥 , 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑 ) 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏
𝑎2 𝑏2

5. Muh Kautsar Pratama

6. Sari Amelia Mustakim

It is known that𝑢 = −3𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 𝑥𝑘and𝑣 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 6𝑘, if the lengths of the

projections𝑢and𝑣are 6, then𝑥is…
Pembahasan:
𝑢 = −3𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 𝑥𝑘
𝑣 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 6𝑘
the lengths of the projections|𝑧| = 6
find𝑥,

|𝑣 | = √22 + 32 + (−6)2 = √4 + 9 + 36 = √49 = 7

𝑢∙𝑣
|𝑧| =
|𝑣 |
(−3 ∙ 2) + (4 ∙ 3) + (𝑥 ∙ 6)
6=
7
6 ∙ 7 = −6 + 12 − 6𝑥
42 = 6 − 6𝑥
6𝑥 = 6 − 42 = −36
36
𝑥=− = −6
6
7. Asmaul Husnah
Known as P(2, -3, 0) ; Q(3 , -1, 2) ; and R (4, -2, -1 ). The length of the projection of the vector

PQ on the vector PR is...

Answer:

First determine the PQ vector and PR vector by the way below:

PQ = (3-2, -1-(-3), 2-0) = (1, 2, 2)

PR = (4-2, -2-(-3), -1-0) = (2, 1, -1)

PQ.PR = (1.2) + (2.1) + (2.-1) = 2

Then determine the length of the PR and the length of the projection in the way below

|PR| = √22 + 12 + (−1)2 = √4 + 1 + 1 = √6

PQ.PR
|Projection length| =
|PR|

2
|Projection length| =
√6

9. Tri Lestari AS
An artist is creating a work of art using curved lines in three-dimensional space. The curved
line has the parametric equation x = 2cos(t), y = 3sin(t), z = t, where t is the parameter. The
artist wants to project this curved line on the xy coordinate plane. Determine the construction
of curved lines on the xy coordinate plane.
Solution
To project a curved line on the xy coordinate plane, we need to ignore the z component of the
parametric equation and keep the x and y components.

In the parametric equations x = 2cos(t) and y = 3sin(t), we do not involve the t in the z
component, so the projection on the xy plane can be expressed as:
x = 2cos(t)
y = 3sin(t)
This is the equation of the projection of a curved line on the xy coordinate plane.
So, the equation for the projection of a curved line on the xy coordinate plane is x = 2cos(t)
and y = 3sin(t).

10.Sri Sulfiani Badawi

In three-dimensional space, given vector K = (1, -2, 3) and vector L = (4, 2, -1). Find the
length of the projection of vector K onto vector L.
Answer:
To determine the length of the projection of vector K onto vector L, we can use the following
formula:
|Projection K to L| = |K| × cos(θ)

Where |K| is the length of vector K, and θ is the angle between vector K and vector L.

First, calculate the length of vector K:

|𝐾 |= √(12 + (−2)2 + 32 )
= √(1 + 4 + 9)
= √14

Next, calculate the cos(θ) value using the dot product formula:
(𝐾 − 𝐿)
cos(𝜃 ) =
( |𝐾 |. |𝐿 | )

Where (K - L) is the dot product between vector K and vector L, and |L| is the length of
vector L.

(K - L) = 1 . 4 + (-2) . 2 + 3 . (-1)
=4-4-3
= -3

|𝐿| = √42 + 22 + (−1)2 )

= √(16 + 4 + 1)
= √21

(−3)
cos 𝜃 =
(√14 . √21)

Finally, calculate the length of the projection of vector K onto vector L:

|Projection K to L| = |K| × cos 𝜃

√14 . (−3)
=
(√14 . √21 )
−3
=
√21
 −3
So, the length of projection of vector K towards vector L is or can be written as
√21
−3 √21 −3 √21
( )×( ) = .
21
√ √21 21

12. Fatwa Rida Magfirah

Suppose vector a=(2,-1,3) and vector b=(1,2,-1). Find the projection of vector a on vector b.
Answer:
The projection of vector a on vector b is the vector c that is in the same direction as vector b
and has the same length as the length of the scalar projection of a on b. The formula is:
𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗
𝑐⃗ = ⃗⃗
2 𝑏
|𝑏⃗⃗|
To find the values of a⋅b and ∣b∣2, we use the dot product and vector norm formulas:
𝑎⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = (2)(1) + (−1)(2) + (3)(−1) = −4
2
|𝑏⃗⃗| = 12 + 22 + (−1)2 = 6
Substitute these values into the vector projection formula:
−4
𝑐⃗ = (1,2, −1)
6
2 4 2
𝑐⃗ = − , − ,
3 3 3
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
So, the projection of vector a on vector b is (− 𝟑 , − 𝟑 , 𝟑 ).

14. Agustina Irawan

What are projected curved lines on coordinate planes?

Solution:

Projected curved lines on coordinate planes refer to the representation of curved

shapes or paths in two-dimensional space using Cartesian coordinates. They are
typically obtained by plotting a series of points that lie on the curve and
connecting them to form a smooth, continuous line.

To project a curved line onto a coordinate plane, you need to determine the
coordinates of points along the curve. This can be done using various
mathematical techniques, such as parametric equations, polar coordinates, or
implicit equations.
 For example, a parabolic curve can be represented using the equation y = x^2,
where x and y are the coordinates of points on the curve. By selecting different
values of x and calculating the corresponding y values, you can plot these points
on the coordinate plane and connect them to form a parabolic line.

Projected curved lines on coordinate planes are widely used in various fields,
including mathematics, physics, engineering, computer graphics, and design.
They provide a visual representation of curves and can be used to analyze and
model real-world phenomena, such as trajectories, motion paths, or geometric
shapes.

15. Gita Eka Novianti

Determine the projection and the center of the curved line of intersection of the spheres
x2+y2=z ………(1)
5x + 3y - z =0 ………(2)
to the plane XOY.
Solution :
x2+y2=z ………(1)
- 5x - 3y - z =0 ………(2)
z = -5x -3y…………(3)
Substitute (3) to the first equation
x2+y2 = -5x -3y
x2+y2 + 5x + 3y = 0 → the projection
2 2
x + 5x +y + 3y = 0
5
x = −2
3
y = −2
z=0

16. Miftahun Jannah

Consider a curved line in three-dimensional space defined by the equation x^2 + y^2 + z^2 =
25. Visualize this line projected onto the XOY-plane, and analyze its characteristics. How
does the projected curve on the XOY-plane relate to the original curved line in terms of shape,
symmetry, and orientation?
Solution:
The equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 25 represents a sphere centered at the origin with a radius of
5 units.
First, eliminate the z-coordinate by let z = 0 in the original equation to project the curved
line onto the XOY-plane. This simplifies the equation to 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓.
 The projected curve on the XOY-plane is a circle centered at the origin with a radius of 5
units. It retains the shape and symmetry of the original curved line but is now confined to the
two-dimensional XOY-plane.

The projected curve on the XOY-plane is symmetric with respect to the x and y axes since
changing the signs of x or y does not affect the equation 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓. The circle is centered
at the origin, which means it is equidistant from all points on the curve.Additionally, the
orientation of the projected curve on the XOY-plane is parallel to the XOY-plane itself
since the z-coordinate has been eliminated.
The projected curve on the XOY-plane represents a cross-section of the original curved line
in three-dimensional space. It captures the shape, symmetry, and orientation of the original
curved line but in a two-dimensional context.
The projected curve on the XOY-plane can be visualized as the shadow cast by the original
curved line onto the XOY-plane when a light source is positioned at the origin.
Therefore, the projected curve on the XOY-plane, resulting from the equation𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 =
𝟐𝟓, is a symmetric circle centered at the origin, representing a cross-section of the original
curved line in three-dimensional space.

17. Nur Iznih Indah Sari

The vector which is the projection of vector (3,1,−1) on vector (2,5,1) is?
Answer:
(3,1,−1).(2,5,1)
We have a projection = (2,5,1).(2,5,1) (2,5,1)

10 2 5 1 1
= (2,5,1)= ( = , , ) = (2,5,1)
30 3 3 3 3
19. Angel Benedicta
Determine the projection and the center of the curved line of intersection of the spheres
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 3𝑧 … . (1)
7𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 0 … . (2)
To the plane XOY
Answer
Based on the eqution (2) we can get the value of z:
−7𝑥 − 3𝑦
𝑧=
−5
7𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑧= … (3)
5

So, we substitution equation (3) into equation (1)

7𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 3 ( )
5
 7𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 3 ( )=0
5
21𝑥 9𝑦
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − − =0
5 5
21𝑥 9𝑦
𝑆𝑜, 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − − = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
5 5
−42 −18
𝑥= ,𝑦 = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 0
5 5

19. Andi Zahra Muflihah R

1. If the positions of vector A and normal vector V are swapped in orthogonal projection, why
the result of the projection remains the same?
Answer
This is because the result of an orthogonal projecton depends only on the relationship between
vector A and the normal vector V, not on the physical position or orientation of the vectors in
space. When the positions of vector A and the normal vector v are swapped, the relationship
between them remains the same. The dot product and normal vector norm V also remain the
same. Therefore, the projection results are not affected by the position exchange of vector A
and normal vector V.

24. Atika Assalafiyah

Determine the projection and the center of the curved line of intersection of the spheres
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧… (1)
8𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0… (2)
To the plane XOY
Answer:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧… (1)
8𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0… (2)
𝑧 = −8𝑥 + 8𝑦…(3)
Substitute equation (2) to the (1)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = −8𝑥 + 8𝑦
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 − 8𝑦 = 0
𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 = 0
8 2 8 2
𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 = (𝑥 + ) − ( ) = (𝑥 + 4)2 − (4)2
2 2
8 2 8 2
𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 = (𝑦 − ) − ( ) = (𝑦 − 4)2 − (4)2
2 2
The formula of cylinder is
 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 − 16 − 16 = 0
(𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = +32
2
(𝑥 − (−4)) (𝑦 − 4)2
+ =1
322 322
The projection is z = 0 and center is (-4, 4, 0)
25 Nur Amaliah
Given vector A = 2i + j + 3k and vector B = i + 2j - k. Find the projection of vector A onto vector
B.
Answer:
The projection of vector A onto vector B can be calculated using the vector projection formula:
𝐴⃗∙𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗
Projection of A onto B = ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
|𝐵|

A•B = (2 x1) + (1 x 2) + (3 x (-1)) = 2 + 2 - 3 = 1

|B| = √(1)2 + 2(2)2 + (−1)2 = 6
Calculate the unit vector (normalization) of vector B:
𝐵
= (1/√6)i + (2/√6)j + (-1/√6)k
|𝐵|
Calculate the projection of vector A onto vector B:
𝐵
Projection of A onto B = (A•B)(|B|) * (|𝐵|)
= (1/√6) * [(1/√6)i + (2/√6)j + (-1/√6)k]
1 1 1
= (6)i + (3)j - (6)k
1 1 1
So, the projection of vector A onto vector B is (6)i + (3)j - (6)k.
26. Sri Fujuandi
Vector c is the result of the vector projection a = 4i ‒ j ‒ 2k pada vector b = 2i + 3j + k.
Vector c = ….
Answer:
From the information on the question can be obtained:
vector a = 4i ‒ j ‒ 2k = (4, ‒1, ‒2)
vector b = 2i + 3j + k = (2, 3, 1)
Vector projection formula a on vectors b use the following equation.
 Determines the square of the length of the vectorb:
| b |2 = 22 + 32 + 12
| b |2 = 4 + 9 + 1
| b |2 = 14
Determine the coordinates of the vector c:
vectorc = (4, ‒1, ‒2)(2, 3, 1)/14 × (2, 3, 1)
vectorc = 4×2 + (‒1×3) + (‒2×1)/14 × (2, 3, 1)
vectorc = 8 ‒ 3 ‒ 2/14 × (2, 3, 1)
vectorc = 3/14 × (2, 3, 1)
vectorc = (2×3/14, 3×3/14, 1×3/14)
vectorc = (6/14, 9/14, 3/14)
So, vectorc = (6/14, 9/14, 3/14) = 6/14i + 9/14 j + 3/14 k

28. Muh Ragil Setiawan

Determine the projection and the center of the curved line of intersection of the spheres
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 … (1)
4𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 … (2)
To the plane XOY
Answer:
𝑧 = −2𝑥 + 2𝑦
Subtitute to the first equation
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = −4𝑥 + 4𝑦
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = −2
𝑦=2
𝑧=0
The center is (-2, 2, 0).

29. Hairun Nisa

It is known that P(2, -3, 0); Q (3, -1, 2) and R (4, -2, -1) the projection length of vector PQ on
vector PQ on vector PR is…..
Completion:
First determine the PQ vector and PR vector in the way below.
|PR| = √2^2 + 1^2 + (−1)^2 = √4 + 1 + 1 = √6
𝑃𝑄 . 𝑃𝑄
|Projection Length| =
|𝑃𝑅|
 2 √6
|Projection Length| = =
√6 3

30. Adinda Amalia Ashari

vector projection 4i+6j+5k on the vector 2i + j – 2k is…

Answer
𝑢.𝑣
The projection formula is‖𝑣‖
Suppose, u = 4i + 6j +5k and v = 2i + j – 2k
Then,
𝑢. 𝑣 = (4𝑖 + 6𝑗 + 5𝑘 ). (2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 2𝑘 )
𝑢. 𝑣 = 8 + 6 − 10 = 4
‖𝑣 ‖ = √22 + 12 + (−2)2 = √9 = 3
𝑢.𝑣 4 1
So, The projection is‖𝑣‖ = 3 ≈ 1 3

1. Athira Dwi Rahaeni Puri

Suppose vector u=(3,-2,1) and vector v=(4,3,2). Find the projection of vector u on vector v.
Solution:
To find the protection of vector u and v, we can use the projection formula:
𝒖.𝒗
Projv(u) = |𝒗|𝟐 . 𝒗

Find u⋅v:
u⋅v= (3⋅4) + ((−2) ⋅3) + (1⋅2) = 12 − 6 + 2 = 8
Find |𝑉|2 :
|𝑉|2 = (42 :+ 32 +22 ) =16+9+4 = 29
𝒖.𝒗
Find |𝒗|𝟐:
𝒖.𝒗 𝟖
= 𝟐𝟗
|𝒗|𝟐

Find projv (u):

𝟖 𝟖
projv (u) = 𝟐𝟗 . v = 𝟐𝟗 . (4,3,2)
𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟔
= (𝟐𝟗, 𝟐𝟗 , 𝟐𝟗)
𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟔
So, the projection of vector u onto vector v is (𝟐𝟗, 𝟐𝟗 , 𝟐𝟗).
4.Dewi Hartanti
The projection of vector 4i+2j+8k on vector (-3)i +5j +k is…
Answer
𝑢.𝑣
The projection formula is ‖𝑣‖

Suppose u = 4i + 2j + 8k and v = (-3)i + 5j + k

Then, 𝑢. 𝑣 = (4𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 8𝑘 ). ((−3)𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 𝑘)
𝑢. 𝑣 = (−12) + 10 + 8 = 10
‖𝑣 ‖ = √(−3)2 + 52 + 12 = √36 = 6
𝑢.𝑣 10 4
So, the projection is ‖𝑣‖ = ≈ 16
6

11. Rahmawati
It is known that𝑢 = −2𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 𝑥𝑘and𝑣 = 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 5𝑘, if the lengths of the
projections𝑢and𝑣are 5, then 𝑥 is…
Pembahasan:
𝑢 = −2𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 𝑥𝑘
𝑣 = 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 5𝑘
the lengths of the projections|𝑧| = 5
find𝑥,

|𝑣 | = √32 + 22 + 52 = √9 + 4 + 25 = √38
𝑢∙𝑣
|𝑧| =
|𝑣 |

5 = ((-2∙3)+(4∙2)+(x∙5))/(√38)

5 ∙ √38 = −6 + 8 + 5𝑥

5√38 = 2 − 5𝑥

5𝑥 = 5√38 − 22

5√38 − 2
𝑥=−
5
18. Melati Arvita Putri Munadi

Rani is drawing a pattern on the coordinate plane. He wanted to create a pattern of arches
resulting from mathematical equations. The equation he wants to use is y=x^2. Help Rani find
the points on the arch in the coordinate plane!
Answer:
To find the points on the 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 curve, we can select some value of x, and calculate its y value.
1. If 𝑥 = −2,, then 𝑦 = (−2)2 = 4. So, the first point is (-2,4).
2. If 𝑥 = −1, then 𝑦 = (−1)2 = 1. So, the second point is (-1,1).
3. If 𝑥 = 0, then 𝑦 = (0)2 = 0. So, the third point is (0,0),
4. If 𝑥 = 1, then 𝑦 = 12 = 1. So, the fourth point is (1,1) .
5. If 𝑥 = 2, maka 𝑦 = 22 = 4. So, the fifth point is (2,4).
Thus, some points on the y=x^2 curve are (-2,4), (-1,1), (0,0), (1,1), (2,4). Rani can connect
these points to create the desired curvature on the coordinate plane.

28. Resky Fadila Amin

Known as P(4, -3, 1) ; Q(2, 0, 1) ; and R (2, -1, 0 ). The length of the projection of the vector

PQ on the vector PR is...

Menjawab:

First determine the PQ vector and PR vector by the way below:

PQ = (2-4, 0-(-3), 1-1) = (-2, 3, 0)

PR = (2-4, -1-(-3), 0-1) = (-2, 2, -1)

𝑃𝑄 ∙ 𝑃𝑅 = (-2∙ −2) + (3∙2) + (0∙-1) = 10

Then determine the length of the PR and the length of the projection in the way below

|PR|= =√−22 + 22 + (−1)2 = √9 = 3

PQ.PR
|Projection length|=
|PR|

10
|Projection length|=
3
 10
So, the length of the projection of vector PQ onto vector PR is 3

32. Farnesyia Putri

A sphere has a radius of 7 cm and the centered point is (3,5,6) in the three dimentional
coordinate system. What is the equation for the sphere?
Answer
(𝑥 − 𝐴)2 + (𝑦 − 𝐵)2 + (𝑧 − 𝐶 )2 = 72
(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 + (𝑧 − 6)2 = 72
(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 + (𝑧 − 6)2 = 49

Exercise
1. Irfan Pratama Amrin
Given the points D(3,4,5), E(1,2,3), and F(7,10,12). Prove whether the points are collinear or not.
Answer :
To prove whether points D(3,4,5), E(1,2,3), and F(7,10,12) are collinear or not, we can check
whether the vectors between two consecutive points are parallel. We can calculate the vector
between points E and D, and the vector between points F and E.
Vector DE = (3 - 1)i + (4 - 2)j + (5 - 3)k = 2i + 2j + 2k = 2(i + j + k)
Vector EF = (7 - 3)i + (10 - 4)j + (12 - 5)k = 4i + 6j + 7k = 2(2i + 3j + 3.5k)
We note that vectors DE and EF are parallel since vector EF is a scalar multiple of 2 of vector DE.
Thus, points D(3,4,5), E(1,2,3), and F(7,10,12) are collinear.
2. Given the points D(1,2,3), E(4,5,6), and F(7,8,9). Prove that triangle DEF forms an arbitrary
triangle.

Answer :
To prove that triangle DEF (D(1,2,3), E(4,5,6), and F(7,8,9)) forms an arbitrary triangle, we need
to check that the lengths of all its sides are not zero and that no two sides have the same length. If
these two criteria are met, then the triangle is an arbitrary triangle.
Let's calculate the lengths of the sides:
• Length of side DE

𝐷𝐸 = √(4 − 1)2 + (5 − 2)2 + (6 − 3)2 = √32 + 32 + 32 = √27

• Length of side EF

𝐸𝐹 = √(7 − 4)2 + (8 − 5)2 + (9 − 6)2 = √32 + 32 + 32 = √27

• Length of side DF

𝐷𝐹 = √(7 − 1)2 + (8 − 2)2 + (9 − 3)2 = √62 + 62 + 62 = √108

We note that DE=EF, but DF has a different length.
Therefore, triangle DEF forms an arbitrary triangle, since the lengths of all its sides are not zero
and no two sides have the same length.
This proves that points D(1,2,3), E(4,5,6), and F(7,8,9) form an arbitrary triangle.

2. Andika Ardel Saputra

3. Nadya Bosra
4. Risaldi

Show that points A { 1,2,3}, B{3,5,7}, and C{5,8,11} are colliner

AB = < -2,-3,-4 > |AB| = √4 + 9 + 16 = √29

BC = < -2, -3, -4 > |BC| = √4 + 9 + 16 = √29

AC = < -4, -6, -8 >

Since BC = 1 . AB, So A,B,C are collinear
AB . BC = ( 4+9+16) = 29

AB . BC = |AB|.|BC| cos ∅

𝐴𝐵 .𝐵𝐶 29
cos ∅ =|𝐴𝐵||𝐵𝐶| = =1, ∅ = 180°
29
5. Melati Arvita

6. Muhammad Sabiq
1. Show that points X(5,4,2) Y(6,2,-1) and Z(8,-2,-2) are N0n-collinear.

3
2
1
- - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9
2 12 1 y
X(5,4,2)
43
5
76
8 Y(6,2,-1) 7
x

Z(8,-2,-2)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =<1,-2,-3>; |𝐴𝐵

𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √1 + 4 + 9 = √14
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 =<2,-4,-1> ; | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐵𝐶 | = √4 + 16 + 1 = √21
Since ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 ≠ 𝑘. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵, 𝑠𝑜 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑁0𝑛 − 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 =< 2,2, −2 >
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 = (−3 − 3 − 3) = −9
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |. |𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗.𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −9
cos 𝜃 = |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|.|𝐵𝐶
= = −1; 𝜃 = 1800
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| 9

2. Show that points A(-4,9,6), B(-1,6,6), and C(0,7,10) form a angled isosceles triangle.

angled isosceles triangle. => AC2 = AB2 + BC2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √32 + (−3)2 + 02 = √18

|𝐴𝐵
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(4)2 + (−2)2 + (4)2 = √36 = 6
|𝐴𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐵𝐶
|𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √18 (angled isosceles triangle)
since
2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐴𝐵
|𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |

(√36)2 = √18 2 + √18 2

36 = 18 + 18

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐴𝐶
and |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | > |𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |, 𝑠𝑜 that points A(-4,9,6), B(-1,6,6), and C(0,7,10) form a angled
isosceles triangle

7. Arman ramadan
8. Farnesyia Putri
9. Resky Fadila Amin
a. Show that points A(5,3,2), B(4,2,1), and C(6,4,1) are non collinear.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(−1, −1,1); |𝐴𝐵

𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √1 + 1 + 1 = √3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 =(2,2,0) ; | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 | = √4 + 4 + 0 = 2√2
There is no scalar multiple that can be multiplied by one vector to obtain the other
vector. Therefore, points A, B, and C are non-collinear.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 = (−2 − 2 + 0) = −4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |. |𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝐶 = |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵.𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −4 √6
cos 𝜃 = |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |.|𝐵𝐶
=
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | 2
= ≈ 0,82
√6 3

b. Show that points A(2,5,-3), B(-1,2,4), and C(4,7,1) not form a right triangle.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−3)2 + (−3)2 + 72 = √67

|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(52 + 52 + (−3)2 = √59
|𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √22 + 22 + 42 = √24
|𝐵𝐶
since
2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐴𝐶
|𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | ≠ |𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |

𝑠𝑜 that points A(2,5,-3), B(-1,2,4), and C(4,7,1) not form a right triangle.

10. Nur Inayah Anwar

Given three points in three-dimensional space: P(3,4,2), Q(1, 2,5), and R(6,7, -1). Determine
whether the points are collinear or not.
Show that these three points form a right triangle: A(0, 0), B(3, 0), C(0, 4) With point A as the
right angle.

So, since side PQ is the longest side and the angle between side PQ and side PR is a right angle at
point P, the points P(0, 0), Q(3, 0), and R(0, 4) form a right triangle.

11. Tenriyolah J Akbar

Known points A(2, 4, 6), B(6, 6, 2), and C(14, 10, -6). Show that points A, B, and C are in a
colinear line
 So based on the results above the three points A, B, C above the collinear.

Know the three points , and prove that the three points form a right
triangle.𝑨(𝟒, 𝟗, 𝟏), 𝑩(𝟔, 𝟑, −𝟐)𝑪(𝟐, 𝟔, 𝟑).
Answer:
To prove that an ABC triangle is a right triangle, we need to check if one of its angles is a right
angle. We can use the Pythagorean theorem to check whether the lengths of its sides satisfy the
Pythagorean rule.

Now we check what size the sides of the triangle will be formed.

If we visualize the above result into a right triangle shape, it cannot form because one of its sides
is too long. Therefore, the triangle ABC is not right-angled.

12. Dewi Hartanti

Diberikan titik A(1,2,3), B(4,5,6), dan C(7,8,9). Tentukan vektor yang sejajar dengan vektor ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
dan ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶

Jawab:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ :
-hitung vektor 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 〈𝑥𝐵 − 𝑥𝐴, 𝑦𝐵 − 𝑦𝐴, 𝑧𝐵 − 𝑧𝐴〉 = 〈4 − 1, 5 − 1, 9 − 6〉 = 〈3,3,3〉
Hitung vektor ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 =〈𝑥𝐶 − 𝑥𝐵, 𝑦𝐶 − 𝑦𝑏, 𝑧𝐶 − 𝑧𝐵〉 = 〈7 − 4, 8 − 5, 9 − 6〉=〈3,3,3〉
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ dan vektor ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Karena vektor𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 memiliki komponen yang sama, maka vektor yang
sejajar dengan keduanya adalh 〈3,3,3〉 atau bisa ditulis sebagai 〈3𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 3𝑘 〉
Misalnya kita punya titik A(1,2,3), B(4,5,6), dan C(7,8,9)

Untuk mendapatkan vektor yang merepresentasikan sisi-sisi segitiga, kita dapat

menggunakan koordinat titik-titik tersebut:

Vektor ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 〈𝑥𝐵 − 𝑥𝐴, 𝑦𝐵 − 𝑦𝐴, 𝑧𝐵 − 𝑧𝐴〉 = 〈4 − 1, 5 − 2, 6 − 3〉 = 〈3,3,3〉
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =〈𝑥𝐶 − 𝑥𝐵, 𝑦𝐶 − 𝑦𝐵, 𝑧𝐶 − 𝑧𝐵〉 = 〈7 − 4, 8 − 5, 9 − 6〉 = 〈3,3,3〉
Vektor 𝐵𝐶
Vektor ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐴= 〈𝑥𝐴 − 𝑥𝐶, 𝑦𝐴 − 𝑦𝐶, 𝑧𝐴 − 𝑧𝐶 〉 =〈1 − 7, 2 − 8, 3 − 9〉 = 〈−6, −6, −6〉
Ketiga vektor ini mempresentasikan sisi-sisi segitiga tersebut.

13. Grace H Pongkapadang

Diketahui P (6, 5, 4), Q(7, 7, 7) dan R(8, 9, 10). Tunjukkan bahwa P,Q, dan R segaris.

Jawab:
7 6 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(7)-(5)=(2)
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = K. 𝑄𝑅
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ //𝑄𝑅
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
7 4 3
8 7 1 1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑄𝑅=( 9 )-(7)=(2) (2) = 𝐾. (2)
10 7 3 3 3

1 1𝐾
(2) = (2𝐾 )
3 3𝐾

K=1 2=2K 3=3K

K=1 K=1 K=1

Diketahui koordinat titik A(-4, 5, 2), B(2, -1, 3), dan C(3, -2, 1) tentukan

a. Vektor ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 dan ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗=2𝐴𝐶
b. Koordinat titik D sehingga 𝐴𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ -3𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

JAWAB:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =𝐶⃗-𝐴⃗
a. 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =𝐶⃗-𝐵
𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗

3 −4 7 3 2 1
= (−2)-( 5 ) = (−7) = (−2)-(−1) = (−1)
1 2 −7 1 3 −2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
b. 𝐴𝐷=2𝐴𝐶 -3𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗-𝐴⃗=2(𝐶⃗-𝐴⃗)-3( 𝐶⃗ -𝐵
𝐷 ⃗⃗)
 −4 7 1
⃗⃗-( 5 ) = 2 (−7) − 3 (−1)
𝐷
2 −7 −2
14 3 −4
⃗⃗= (−14)-(−3) + ( 5 )
𝐷
−2 −6 2
7
=(−6) D (7, -6, 6)
6

14. Nabila Putri Amelia

Show that points A(4,5,2), B(3,8,3), and C(6,9,-2) are non collinear!
Answer :

AB =<-1,3,1>
BC=<3,1,-5>
AC=<2,4,0>

since there is not any scalar m & n, then AB=m BC=n AC, so A,B,C are noncollinear.

Show that points A(1, 2, 3) B(4, 5, 6) and C(7, 8, 9) form an scalene triangle!
Answer :
Length of side AB = √((4-1)² + (5-2)² + (6-3)²) = √(9 + 9 + 9) = √27
Side length BC = √((7-4)² + (8-5)² + (9-6)²) = √(9 + 9 + 9) = √27
Side length AC = √((7-1)² + (8-2)² + (9-3)²) = √(36 + 36 + 36) = √108

Since √27 ≠ √108, triangle ABC has unequal side lengths, and since there are no right
angles between the sides, the triangle is an scalene triangle.
15. Natalia Detrin Ombi

Show that the points A (1,2,7), B (2,6,3) and C (3,10,-1) are collinear

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵= (1,4,-4)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 = (1,4,-4)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (2,8,-8)
𝐴𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐴𝐵| = √1 + 16 + 16 = √33
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = √1 + 16 + 16 = √33
|BC|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = √4 + 64 + 64 = √4 × 33 = 2√33
|𝐴𝐶|

Thus,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐴𝐵| + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|BC| = √33 + √33
= 2√33
So, A,B,C are collinear.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 = 1 + 16 + 16 = 33

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |𝐴𝐵| ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|BC| cos θ
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 33
cos θ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = =1
|𝐴𝐵| ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|BC| √33 ∙ √33

Show that points A ( 0,7,10) , B (-1,6,6) and C (-4,9,6)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (-1,1,-4)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 = (3,3,0)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = (-4,2,-4)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐴𝐵| = √1 + 1 + 16 = √18
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐵𝐶| = √9 + 9 + 0 = √18
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐴𝐶| = √16 + 4 + 16 = √36

𝐴𝐶 2 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝐵 2 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 2
𝐴𝐵 2 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵𝐶 2 = 18 +18
= 36
= AC2
16. Jabal Nur D
17. Lhenny Ardillah Latif

Show that points A(4,6,1), B(5,8,4), and C(2,5,3) are noncollinear.

 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =<1,2,3>;
𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 =<-3,-3,-1> ;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =<-2,-1,2>
𝐴𝐶
Since there is not any scalar m & n then ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑛 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 , 𝑠𝑜 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟

Show that points A(7,3,2), B(5,6,4), and C(3,3,6) form an isosceles triangle.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =<-2,3,2>; |𝐴𝐵

𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−2)2 + 32 + 22 = √17
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵=<-4,0,4>; |𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−4)2 + 02 + 42 = 4√2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵=<-2,-3,2>;|𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−2)2 + (−3)2 + 22 = √17
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐵𝐶
Since |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √17, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 isosceles triangle.
18. Fadhel Muhammad
19. Muh. Zainal Pratama
20. Mutia Ulya
21. Feby febrianti Nur Syam

Show that points A(8,9,3), B(3,4,0) and C(10, 11, -3) are non collinear?
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =<-5,-5,-3>; |𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √25 + 25 + 9 = √59
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 =<2,3,1> ; | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 | = √4 + 9 + 1 = √14
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 =<-3,-2,-2> ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 | = √9 + 4 + 4 = √17
Since there is not any scalar m & n, then AB=m BC=n AC, so A,B,C are
noncollinear..

Show that points A(2,4,-3), B(-1,6,1), and C(5,2,0) form a scalene triangle.
𝑉𝑒𝑘𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝐵 =< −1 − 2,6 − 4,1 + 3 ≥< −3,2,4 >
𝑉𝑒𝑘𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝐶 =< 5 − 2,2 − 4,0 + 3 >=< 3, −2,3 >
We check whether vector AB and vector AC are not parallel by calculating the
cross product of the two:
<-3,2,4>×<3,-2,3>=<2.3,4.(-2)>, <(4.3-(-3).3),-3.(-2)-(-3).2>
=<6+8,-(-12+9),6+6>=<14,-3,12>
Because the cross product of vector AB and vector AC is not zero, vector AB and
vector AC are not parallel.

Because vector AB and vector AC are not parallel, points A, B, and C are not on a
straight line and form an arbitrary triangle.

22. Rahmawati
Show that points A( 3,-2,5), B(1,4,7), and C(6,-1,1) are non collinear

So A,B,C are non colinear

Show that points A ( 1,2,3) ,B ( 5,2,3) ,C ( 3,6,3) form a isosceles triagle .
|AB|= √ (5-1)²+(2-2)²+(3-3)²= √16= 4
|BC|=√ -2²+4²+0=√4+16=√20=2√5
|CA|=√-2²+(-4)²+0=√4+16=√20=2√5

So that points A ( 1,2,3),B(5,2,3),C( 3,6,3)

AB= 4 , BC= 2√5 ,CA =2 √5. So that points A ( 1,2,3),B(5,2,3),C( 3,6,3)
form a isosceles triagle

23. Satrina
Show that point A (9, 11, -3), B (8, 9, 5), and C (5, 13, 7) are noncollinear.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =<-1,-2, 8>

𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 =<4, 2,-6>
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 =<7, 4, 2>
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑚 𝐵𝐶
Since there is not any scalar m and n then 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑛 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑠𝑜 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟.
 Show that points A(1,2,3), B(4,5,6), and C(7,8,9) form an isosceles triangle
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √32 + (3)2 + (3)2 = 3√3
|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(6)2 + (6)2 + (6)2 = √108
|𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−8)2 + (3)2 + (5)2 = 3√3
|𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐵𝐶
Since |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |, 𝑠𝑜 the points A(1,2,3), B(4,5,6), and C(7,8,9) form an isosceles
triangle

24. Anisah Huriyah

25. Aidil Fiqra
Show that points A(5,4,3), B(3,2,1), and C(6,5,4,) are collinear.
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =<2,2,2>; |𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √4 + 4 + 4 = 2√3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 =<3,3,3> ; | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐵𝐶 | = √9 + 9 + 9 = 3√3
Since ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 = (3). ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 , 𝑠𝑜 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 =< 1,1,1 >
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 = (6,6,6) = 18
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |. |𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝐶 = |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵.𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 18
cos 𝜃 = |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |.|𝐵𝐶
= = 1; 𝜃 = 00
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | 18

Show that points A(-3,2,1), B(5,-4,3), and C(2,6,-2) form a right triangle.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−8)2 + 62 + 22 = √104
|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(5)2 + (4)2 + (−32 ) = √50
|𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √32 + 102 + (−5)2 = √134
|𝐵𝐶
since
2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐴𝐶
|𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐴𝐶
and |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | > |𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |, 𝑠𝑜 that points A(-3,2,1), B(5,-4,3), and C(2,6,-2 )
form a right triangle because 104 +50 >134

26. Muh. Rezky Budi Santoso

Show whether the points P(0,-1,2), Q(2,1,6), and R(4,3,10) are collinear or not.

Calculate vector PQ and vector QR=

Vector PQ =(2-0), (1-(-1)), (6-2) = <2,2,4>
Vector QR=(4-2), (3-1), (10-6) = <2,2,4>

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 =<2,2,4>; |𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √2 + 2 + 4 = √8 = 2√2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =<2,2,4>; | 𝑄𝑅
𝑄𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √2 + 2 + 4 = √8 = 2√2
Since ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑄𝑅 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 =< 4, 4, 8 >
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑄𝑅
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (4 4 16) = 24
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑄𝑅
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |𝑃𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |. |𝑄𝑅
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .𝑄𝑅
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 24
cos 𝜃 = |𝑃𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |.|𝑄𝑅
=
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | −24
= −1; 𝜃 = 1800

Show that points A(1,5,3), B(3,7,-1), and C(-6,10,2) form a right triangle.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √22 + 22 + (−4)2 = 2√6
|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−7)2 + (5)2 + (−1)2 = 5√3
|𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−9)2 + (3)2 + (3)2 = 3√11
|𝐵𝐶
since
2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐴𝐶
|𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐴𝐶
and |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | > |𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |, 𝑠𝑜 that points A(1,5,3), B(3,7,-1), and C(-
6,10,2)form a right triangle