LS NO.

1 Gravitation
1) What is Gravitation?
Ans: The force of attraction between two bodies is called as
‘gravitation’.
2) What is centripetal force?
Ans: The force acting of any object moving along a circle and it is
directed towards the center of the circle is called a centripetal
force.
Ex. Motion of the moon around the earth due to the centripetal
force.
3) Write the three laws given by the kepler.
Ans:
 kepler first law: The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the sun at
one end of the foci.
 Keplers second law: The line joining the planet and the sun sweeps
equal areas in equal intervals of times.
 Keplers third law: The square of the period of revolution of the
planet around the sun is directly proportional to the cube of the
mean distance of a planet from the sun.
T2α r3
T2 = K r3
T2 = constant k
r3
1.4 fig

4) State newton’s universal law of gravitation.

(Theory of universal Gravity.)
Ans: Newton’s universal law of gravitation states that every object in the
universal attracts every other object with definite force which is
 directly proportional to the product of masses of the two objects
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F α m1m2
d2

F= G m1m2
d2

G is constant of proportionality.

5) What is universal constant of gravitation?

Ans: G (universal constant of gravitation) is the gravitational force acting
between two unit masses kept at unit distance away from each other.
The SI unit of G is Nm2/kg2 (Nm2kg-2)
In SI unit the value of G is 6.67×10-11 Nm2kg-2
The value of G was first measured by henry Cavendish.
6) How did kepler’s laws help Newton to arrive at the inverse square
law of gravity.
Ans: Consider an object moving in a circle with constant speed.
The force acting on this object is centripetal force. Which can
be show as
F= mv2
R
If a planet is revolving around the sun in a circular orbit in uniform
circular motion then the centripetal force acting on the planet towards
the sun must be
F= mv2
R
Where m is mass of the planet
V is speed of the planet
R is its distance from the sun.
The speed of planet can be expressed in terms of the period of
revolution ‘T’ as follows.

Distance travelled by the planet = perimeter of the orbit in one

revolution
R= distance of the planet from the sun & T = Time take for period of
revolution.
V= distance travelled
Time taken

V=2πr
T
Putting v =2πr in eq
T

F=

R
 Thus, Newton concluded the centripetal force acting on a planet must be
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the planet
and the sun.
7) Explain earth’s gravitational force.
Ans:
The earth attracts every object near it towards it self with a force
which is called as gravitational force of the earth. The center of mass
of the earth is situated at its center so the gravitational force on any
object due to the earth is always directed towards the center of the
earth. Become of this force an object falls vertically downwards on
the earth. Similarity when we throw any object vertically upward this
force tries to pull it down and reduces its velocity after sometime it
becomes zero & object starts moving vertically downward towards
the center of the earth under the influence of this force.

8) What is acceleration due to gravity?

Ans:
The acceleration produced in body due to gravitational force of the
earth is called acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by g the
acceleration due to gravity is directed towards the center of the earth.
(vertically downward)
9) Find the value of g on the surface of the earth or show that
g depends upon mass & radius of the earth.
Ans: For an object of mass m situated at distance r from the center of
the earth the gravitational force acting on it is :
10) Explain how the value of g varies? Or explain the factors with
which the value of g varies?
Ans:
i. Change along the surface of the earth:
The value of g is not same everywhere on the surface of the
earth because of the shape of the earth. The shape of the earth is not
exactly spherical therefore the distance of the objects on the surface
of the earth from its center differens from place to place. Earth bulges
at the equator & is flatter at the poles. Therefore its radius is largest at
the equator and smallest at the poles. The value of g is thus highest at
the pole (9.832m/s2) at the equator.
ii. Change with height:
As we go above the surface of the earth. The value of r
increases. Therefore value of g decreases. For small and for large
change in the height the change in the value of g is large.
iii) change with depth:
The value of g changes if we go inside the earth. The value of r
(radius of earth) decreases and one would think that the value of g
should increase as per the formula but the part of the earth which exerts
gravitational force on the object also decreases means the value of m
also decreases. As a combine result of change in r and m the value of g
decreases as we go deep inside the earth.
11) Explain why the value of g is zero at the center of the earth?
Ans: The acceleration due to gravity is directed towards the center of the
earth according to the formula
G= g= gm
R2
The value of g depends on mass of the earth & radius of the earth.
The mass of the earth is concentrated at its center but the radius of the
earth is zero at its center. Therefore the value of g becomes zero at its
center.
12) Distinguish between mass and weight.
 No Mass No weight
i. Mass is the amount of i. Weight is the gravitational
matter present in the force of the earth acting on
object. the object.
ii. Mass is scalar quantity. ii. Weight is vector quantity.
iii. The value of mass does not iii. The weight of the object
change from place to changes from place to
place. It remains constant. place. As value of g
changes from place to
place.
iv. The SI unit of mass is kg iv. The SI unit of weight is
and CGS unit is gram (g) Newton (n) & CGS unit is
dyne.

13) Explain free fall:

Ans: Whenever on object moves under the influence of the force of
gravity alone. It is said to be in a free fall.
Ex. When we release the stone from our hand the only force at
that’s acts on it is the gravitational force of the earth and the stone
falls under its influence. Thus it is in a free fall. In a free fall initial
velocity of the object is zero & goes on increasing due to the
acceleration due to gravity of the earth. During free fall the
frictional force due to air opposes the motion of object and the
buoyant force also acts on the object. Thus true free fall is possible
only in vacuum.
14) Will the mass and weight of an object on the earth be same as their
values on mars? Why?
Ans:
i. The mass of the object on the earth & on the mars will be
same because mass of the object always remains constant it
does not change from place to place.
ii. But weight of the object will not remain same on the earth &
on the mars because weight of the object depends on the
acceleration due to gravity (g) of the planet. The value of g
 on different planets is different as every planet has defferent
mass and radius. Therefore weight of the objects is different
planets.
15) What is escape velocity?
Ans: When the object is moving in upward direction with initial velocity
due to which the object is able to overcome the downward pull by the
earth & can escape the earth forever and will not fall back on the earth.
This velocity is called escape velocity.
LS NO: 2 Periodic classification of element

1) An element has its electronic configuration as 2,8,2 now answer

the following questions.
i. What is the atomic number of this element?
Ans: Atomic number is 12
ii. What is the groups of this element?
Ans: It belongs to the group II.
iii. To which period does this element belong?
Ans: It belongs to period no 3.
iv. With which of the following elements could this element
resemble?
N(7), BE(4), AR(18), CL (17)
Ans: This element resembles with be (4) As it has same number
of electrons in the outermost orbit.
2) Write down the electronic configuration of the following
elements from the given atomic numbers. Answer the following
question with Explaination.
a. 3li,14si,2he,11na,15p which of these elements belong to period 3.
Ans: 3li - 2,1
14si - 2, 8, 4
he
2 - 2
na
11 - 2, 8, 1
15p - 2, 8, 5
According to modern periodic table the number of shield in an
atom is equal to its period number. Silicon, sodium and
phosprous has 3 shell therefore they belong to third period.
b. 1H, 7N, 20Ca, 16S, 4Be, 18Ar which of these elements belong to the
second group.
1H - 1
7N - 2, 5
Ca
20 - 2,8,8,2
 16S - 2, 8, 6
Be
4 - 2, 2
18Ar - 2, 8, 8
Calcium (a) and brillum (Be) belong to the second group as they
have two electrons in their outermost orbit.
c. 7 , 6C, 8o, 5B, 13Al which is the most electronegative element
N

among these.
7N - 2, 5
C
6 - 2, 4
8o - 2, 6
B
5 - 2, 3
Al -
13 2, 8, 3

Why this electronegative elements?

As oxygen has 6 electrons in its outermost orbit it is the most
electronegative element.

d. 4Be, 6C, 8O, 5B, 13Al

Which is the most electro positive element among these?
4Be - 2, 2
6C - 2, 4
O
8 - 2, 6
B
5 - 2, 3
13Al - 2, 8, 3
As berellium is the most electro positive element as it has only
two electrons in its outermost orbit.

e. 11Na, 15P, 17Cl, 14Si, 12Mg which of these has largest atom?
11Na -
2, 8, 1
P -
15 2, 8, 5
17Cl -
2, 8, 7
Si -
14 2, 8, 4
Mg -
12 2, 8, 2
 Sodium (Na) has the largest atom as it has only 1 element in the
outermost orbit.
f. 19k, 13Li, 11Na, 4Be which of these elements have lowest atomic
radius?
19k - 2, 8, 8, 1
Li
13 - 2, 1
11Na - 2, 8, 1
Be
4 - 2, 2
Berellium has the lowest atomic radius as it has two electons in
the second orbit.

g. 13Al, 14Si, 11NA, 12Mg, 16S which of the above elements has the
highest metallic character.
13Al - 2, 8, 3
14Si - 2, 8, 4
11NA - 2, 8, 1
12Mg - 2, 8, 2
16S - 2, 8, 6
Sodium (Na) has the highest metallic character as it has only one
electron in its outermost orbit.

C
h. 6 , 3Li, 9F, 7N, 8O Which of the above has highest non metallic
character?
6C - 2, 4
Li -
3 2, 1
F -
9 2, 7
7N - 2, 5
8O - 2, 6
 Tendency of atom to gain electron and from negative is called
non-metallic character. All their elements have only 2 shells but
fluorine has highest 7 electrons in the outermost orbit. Hence
the nuclear force of fluorine is most. It has highest non- metallic
character.
3) Write the name and symbol of elements from the description.
a) The atom having the smallest size.
Ans: Helium – He
b) The atom having the smallest atomic mass.
Ans: Hydrogen-H
c) The most electo negative atom.
Ans: Fluorine-f, Chlorine-cl.
d) The noble gas with the smallest atomic radius.
Ans: Helium-He
e) The most reactive non-metal.
Ans: Fluorine –f, Chlorine-cl.

4) Write the names from the description.

a) The period with electons in the shells K,L,M.
Ans: 3rd period.
b) The group with valeny O
Ans: 18th group or zero group.
c) The family of non-metals having valency 1.
Ans: Halogens.
d) The family of metals having valency 1.
Ans: Alkali metal (Li,Na,K, Rb,Cs).
e) The family of metals have valency 2.
Ans: Alkaline earth metals (Be,Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba,Ra)
f) The metalloids in 2nd & 3rd period.
Ans: boron & silicon.
g) Non-metals in the 3rd period.
Ans: Phospous, Sulphur & chlorine.
h) Two element having valency 4.
 Ans: Carbon – (2, 4)
Silicon – (2, 8, 4)
5) Identify doberiners trids from the following groups of elements
having similar chemical properties.
i) Mg(24.3) , Ca(40), Sr(87.6)
24.3 + 87.6 = 111.9 = 55-35
2 2
Atomic mass of middle element calcium is not equal to the mean of atomic
masses of magnesium & strontium. It is not a doberiner triad.
ii) s (32.1), Se (79.0), Te (127.6)

127.6 + 32.1 = 159.7 = 79.85

2 2

Atomic mass of se (79.0) is approximately equal to the mean (79.85) of

atomic masses of s (32.1) & Te (127.6) it is doberiners tride.
iii) Be (9.0), Mg (24.3), Ca (40.1)
9.0 + 40.1 = 49.1 = 24.55
2 2
Atomic mass of Mg (24.3) is approximately equal to the mean (24.55) of
atomic mass of be (9.0) & Ca (40.1) It is a doberiners tride.

6) Write the molecular formula of oxides of the following elements by

referring to the mendelevs periodic table.
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
2 2 2 2 5 2 7
R o Ro R o3 Ro R o Ro3 Ro Ro4

Na Ca Si P Cl
Rb C
Ba Sn
i. Oxide of Sodium
Ans: Na2o
 ii. Oxide of calcium
Ans: Cao
iii. Oxide of Silicon
Ans: Sio2
iv. Oxide of Carbon
Ans: Co2
v. Oxide of Rubdium
Ans: Rbo
vi. Oxide of phosprous
Ans: P2o5
vii. Oxide of barium
Ans: Bao
viii. Oxide of chlorine
Ans: Cl2o7
ix. Oxide of Sn
Ans: Sno2

7) Write the molecular formula of compounds of following elements

with hydrogen.
i. Carbon
An: CH4
ii. Sulphur
Ans: SH2, H2S
iii. Bromine
Ans: HBr
iv. Arsenic
Ans: AsH3 or H3As

v. Fluorine
Ans: Hf
vi. Oxygen
Ans: H2o
vii. Nitrogen
 Ans: NH3
viii. Chlorine
Ans: Hcl

8) How is the problem regarding the position of cobalt (59co) and

nickel (59Ni) in mendeleves resolve in modern periodic table.
Ans: position of element in modern periodic is releated to its
atomic number. Atomic number of cobalt is 27 & that of nickel is
28 therefore cobalt is placed before nickel in modern table & thus
problem regarding their position in mendellev periodic table is
resolve.

9) How did the position of 35Cl & 37 Cl get fixed in the modern
periodic table.
Ans: In modern periodic table position of element is releated to its
atomic number. 35 cl &37 cl are isotopes of chlorine which have
same atomic number. Therefore they are placed in the same
position in modern periodic table.
10) Can there be an element with atomic mass 53 or 54 in between the
two elements chromium (5224Cr) & magnese(5525Mn)
Ans: position of element in modern periodic table is releated to its
atomic number. Atomic number is always a whole number. Atomic
number of chromium is 24 & that of manganese is 25 30 their cannot
be an element between them having atomic mass 53 or 54
11) What do you think should hydrogen be placed in the group 17 of
halogens or group 1 of alkali metals in the modern periodic table.
Ans:
i. properties of hydrogen are similar to halogens for
eg.molecular formula of hydrogen is H2 & that of fluorine &
chlorine are F2 & Cl2 respectively.
ii. There is also similarity in chemical properties of hydrogen &
alkali metals. There is similarity in the molecular formula of
 compounds of hydrogen & alkali metals formed with
chlorine & oxygen.
iii. But in modern periodic table, elements in the same group
have same number of valance electrons. Halogens have 7
valance electrons, hydrogen has 1 valance electron & alakali
metals also have 1 valance electron. Therefore I think that
hydrogen should be placed in the group -1 of alkali metals.
12) Element o B C N Be Li
At radius (pm) 66 88 77 74 111 152

i. By referring to the modern periodic table find out the periods

to which the above element belong
Ans: All these element belong to 2nd period.
ii. Arrange the above element in decreasing order of their
atomic radii.
Ans: Li, Be, B, C, N, O
152 111 88 77 74 66
iii. Thus this arrangement match with the second period of
modern periodic table?
Ans: yes
iv. Which of the above elements have the biggest & the smallest
atom?
Ans: Lithium has the biggest atom & oxygen has the smallest
atom.
v. What is the periodic trend observe in the atomic radius while
going from left to right within a period?
Ans: Atomic radius decreases from left to right within a
period.
13) Write note on mendeleev’s periodic law.
Ans: Mendeleev organize the periodic table on the basis of
chemical and physical properties of the elements, like melting
point, boiling point, densities of the elements, their hydrides &
oxides etc. mendellev found that the elements with similar physical
 & chemical properties repeat after definite intervals on the basis of
this finding Mendeleev stated the periodic law that properties of
element are periodic function of their atomic masses.

14) Note on structure of mendelevs periodic table.

Ans: ( Write main features of mendeleevs periodic table.)
i. In mendeleevs periodic table elements are arranged in
increasing order of their atomic masses.
ii. The horizontal rows in the periodic table are called periods &
there are 7 periods these are numbered from 1 to 7.
iii. Aproperties of elements in a perticullar period show regular
gradation from left to right.
iv. Vertical colums in a periodic table are know as groups. There
are 8 groups humbered from I to VIII groups I to VIII are
further divided into A and B subgropups.
15) Write the merits of Mendeleev’s periodic table.
Ans:
i. Atomic masses of some elements were revised so as to give
them proper. Place in the periodic table according to their
properties. For eg. Atomic mass of beryllium (14.09) was
changed to the correct value 9.14 and beryllium was placed
before boron. (B)
ii. Mendellev’s kept vacant places in the periodic table for
undiscovered elements. Three of these unknown elements
were given the names Eka boron, Eka alliuminium and Eka-
Silicon & their atomic, Eka masses were indicated as 44, 68
& 70 respectively & their properties were also predicted.
Later on these elements were discovered and named as
scandium, gallium & germanium respectively. The properties
of these elements match well with those predicted by
mendeleev’s.
iii. There was no place reserved by nobel gases but when noble
gases were discovered, mendeleev’s created the zero group
 without disturbing the original periodic table & in the zero
group noble gases were fitted very well.
16) Write the demerits of Mendeleev’s periodic table.
Ans:
i. The whole number atomic mass of the elements cobalt &
nickel is the same. Therefore there was an ambiguity
regarding their sequence in Mendeleev’s periodic table.
ii. Isotopes were discovered long time after Mendeleev’s put
forth the periodic table as isotopes have the same chemical
properties but different atomic masses, a challenge was posed
in placing them in Mendeleev’s periodic table.
iii. When elements are arranged in an increasing order of atomic
masses, the rise in atomic mass does not appear to be
uniform. It was not possible to predict how many elements
could be discovered between two heavy elements.
iv. Hydrogen shows similarities with halogens. Similarity there
is a similarity in the chemical properties of hydrogen & alkali
metals. Therefore it cannot be decided whether the correct
position of hydrogen is in the group of alkali metals (group)
on in the group of halogens (group VIII)
17) Write short note on the position of isotopes in the mendeleev’s
and the modern periodic table.
Ans:
i. In mendeleev’s periodic table elements are arranged in
increasing order of their atomic masses. Isotopes have
different atomic masses therefore they should be given
differtent positions. But in mendeleev’s periodic table
isotopes have given the same position as they have same
chemical properties.
ii. In modern periodic table position of element is releated to its
atomic number. Isotopes of elements have same atomic
number therefore they are given the position in modern
periodic table.
18) What is the cause of non-metallic character of elements?
Ans: when the atoms have 5,6 or 7 electrons in the outermost orbit.
Atomic radius decreases as nuclear force of attraction increases.
Therefore the valance electrons are held with grater & greater
attractive force this is called electronegativity. Due to increase in
electonegativity the tendency of atom to gain electon and negative
ion increases. Thus non-metallic character increases
electronegativity is the cause of non-metallic character of element.

19) State the gradation in halogen family.

Ans: group 17 contains the members of the halogen family all of
them have general formula x2 A gradation is observed in their
physical state down the group thus fluorine & chlorine are gases,
bromine is a liquid while iodine is a soild.
20) Give scientific reasons.
i. Atomic radius goes on decreasing while going from left to
right in a period.
Ans:
1. while growing from left to right within a period atoic number
increases one by one. Thus positive charge or the nuclear increases
by one unit.
Periodic Classification of Elements
1. Explain Doberiner’s triads.
Ans: - In 1829 Doberiner Found some groups of three elements which have
similar chemical properties. These groups were called as trieds. In these triads
when elements are arranged in increasing order of their atomic masses, the
atomic mass of the middle element was approximately the mean of the atomic
masses of other two elements.
Example-
Li - 6.9
Na - 23
K - 39

6.9+39 = 22.9
 2
In this triad atomic mass of sodium is nearly equal to the mean of atomic
masses of tithium and potassium

2. What are the limitations of Dobereiner’s traids?

Ans: 1) Dobereiner’s could identify only some traids from the known elements.
2) Other triads didn’t obey the rule of Doberiener.

3. Explain Newlands Octaves

Ans : Newlands law states that when the elements are arranged in an increasing
order of their atomic masses, the properties of the eighth element are similar to
the first.
Newlands arranged all 56 elements in an increasing order of their atomic
masses. He found that every elements had properties similar to that of the first
like octaves of music.
Examples :

H Li Be B C N O
F Na Mg Al Si P S

Lithium and sodium, Berillium and Mg have similar properties.

4. Write the limitations of Newland’s table.

Ans : 1) Newland could arrange elements only upto calcium out of total 56
elements known.
2) After calcium every eight elements didn’t passes properties similar to that of
the first.
3) Several elements which were discovered later on. Couldn’t find places in the
Newlands table.
4) In order to fit the existing elements, Newlands placed two elements in the
same position which differed in their properties.
5) State Mendel leave’s periodic law.
Ans : Mendel leave’s periodic law states that “the physical and chemical
properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic masses.

5. Write main features of Mendeleave’s periodic table.

Ans : 1) The Horizantal rows in the periodic table are called periods. There are
7 periods. These are numbered from 1 to 7.
 2) Properties of elements in a particular period show regular gradation from left
to Right.
3) Vertical columns in the periodic table are known as ‘groups’. There are 8
groups numbered from I to VIII groups I to VII are further divided into A and B
subgroups.

6. Write Merits and Dements of Mendeleev’s periodic table.

An :
a) Merits of Mendeleev periodic table-
1) Mendeleev was first who successfully classified all known elements.
2) Mendeleev kept some blank places in his periodic table. These vacant spaces
were for undiscovered elements. He also predicted properties of these
elements. He also predicted properties of these elements even before they
were discovered later they were found to be correct.
3) When noble gases were discovered they were placed in Mendeleev periodic
table without disturbing the positions of there elements.

b) Demerits of Mendeleev’s table :-

1.Hydrogen resembles alkali metals as well as halogens, there fore no fixed position
could be given to gydrogen in the periodic table.

2. Isotopes of same elements have different atomic masses. Therefore each one of
them should be given ad different position but as isotopes are chemically similar they
had to be given same position.

3. At certain places an elements of higher atomic mass has been places before an
elements of lower atomic mass.

For example :- Cobalt (Co,-58.93) is placed before nicke (Ni-58.7)

4. some elements placed in the same subgroup had different properties.

For example :- Manganese is placed with halogens, which to tally differ in the
properties.

C) State modern periodic law.

An : Modern periodic law states that ‘The physical and chemical properties of
elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers’
7. Note on periods in modern periodic table.
An: 1) The Horizontal rows in the modern periodic table are called as periods.
2) The modern periodic table consists of 7 periods. They are numbered from 1
to 7
3) Elements present in the same period have same number of shells, which is
equal to the period number.
4) In each period a new shell starts filling up.
5) The first period contains only 2 elements it is called shortest period.
6) Secound and third periods contain eight elements each, they are called short
periods.
7) Fourth and fifth periods are called long periods they contain 18 elements
each.
8) Sixth period is the longest period containg 32 elements and seventh period is
an incomplete period.

8. Noter on ‘Groups in Modern Periodic table’

Ans : The groups
1) Vertical columns in moderns periodic table are called groups.
2) There are 18 groups numbered from 1 to 18.
3) Elements having same number of valence electrons are present in the same
group.
4) Elements present in the same groups show same chemical properties.
5) Group 1 contains alkali metals group 2 contains alkaline earth metals. Group
17 contains halogens and group 18 contains inert/noble gases.
9. Write main feartures of modern periodic table. OR
Structure of modern periodic table.
1) The position of an element in modern periodic table is related with its
electronic configcration.
2) The horizontal rows in modern periodic table are called periods. There are 7
periods in modern periods table numbered from 1 to 7.
3) Vertical columns in modern periodic table are called groups there are 18
group mubered form 1 to 18.
4) Elements present in the same period have number of shells which is equal to
period number. Elements present in the same period show variations in their
properties.
5) Elements belonging to same group have same number of valeance electrons.
They show same chemical properties.
 6) Metalsare present on the left hand side of periodic table and non- metals are
present on the right hand side of the periodic tabale.
7) Element in the modern periodic table are classified into four types on their
electronic configuration thes are.
1. Normalelement.
2. Transition element.
3. Inner- transition element 4. Inert gases
8) On the basis of electronic configuration element in modern periodic table are
divided in to four block- s block; block; and
10. Write the merits of modern periodic tabale over mendeleev’s periods table.
Ans : The merits of modern periodic table over the mendeleev’s talbe are-
1) All is otopes of the same elements have different masses, but same atomic
numbers there fore, they occupy the same position in the modern periodic
table.
2) When elements are arranged according to their atomic numbers the anomaly
regarding certain pairs of elements in mendeleevs periodic table disappears
for example – Atomic Number of cobalt and nickel are 27 and 28
respectively. Therefore cobalt will come first due to it atomic number and
then nickel.
3) Elements are classified according to their electronic configuration into
different blockes.
11. What are periodic properties?
Ans : The properties which show gradual variation in a group and in a period
and they repeat themselves after certain interval of atomic number; are called
periodic properties
For example –
1) Atomic sizes
2) Metallic and non- metallic charuter
12. Explain the types of elements based on electronic configuration in the modern
periodic table.
Ans : On the basis of electronic configuration, elements in modern periodic
table are classified into four types as follows:
A) Normal elements :- 1) Elements in the atoms of which only the outermost
shell is incomplete are called normal Elements.
3) Elements present in group 1 and 2; and B 17 are normal elements.
B) Transition elements :- 1) Elements in which two outermost shells are
incomplete are called transition Elements.
 2) Elements present in groups 3 to 12 in the middle of the periodic table are
transition elements.
C) Inert gasses :-
1) Elements in which outmost shell is completely filled, are called inert
gasses.
2) Elements present in group 18 are inert gases.
D) Inner Transition Elements :
1) Elements in which three
2) outsermost shells are incomplete are called “Inner Transition Element”
3) Lanthanides and Actinides which are present at the bottom of the periodic
table are Inner transition element.

13. Explain the four (4) Block in modern periodic table

An : On the basis of Electronic configuration element in modern periodic table
are divided into four (4) Blocks; s- Block, p- Block, d-Block and F- block
a) S- Block,, - 1) Groups 1 and 2 are included in S- block. These elements
contain one or two electron in their outermost shell
2) these are normal elements
3) all these elements are metals

b) P –Block – 1) Groups 13 to 18 are included in p- block. They contain 3 to 8

electron in their outermost shell.
2) group 13 to 17 are normal elements and group 18 inert gases.
3) p-block contain all types of elements i.e metals; Non- metals and
metalloids.

c) D-block – 1) Groups 3 to 12 are known as d-block elements. These elements

have two outersmost shells incomplete.
2) they are called as transition elements.
3) all these elements are metals.

d) F-block – 1) elements present at the bottom of the periodic table i. e

lanthanides Actinides constitute f-block.
2) they have three outermost shells incomplete.
3) they are called as ‘Inner transition Elements.
4) all these elements are metals.

14. Give reasons :-

 a) Atomic size increase down the group.
Ans : 1) atomic size is determined using atomic radius. For an isolated atom,
atomic radius is the distance betn the centre of atom and the outermost shell.
2) In a group atomic radius increases from top to bottom as new shells are
added bringing outer most electrons farther from the nucleus. Hence, atomic
size increases down the group.

b) Metallic character decreases from left to right in a period.

Ans : 1) the tendency of an element to loose electrons and form positive ion
is called as ‘metallic character’.
2) In a period, atomic size decreases as the atomic number increases.
3) Because of, strong nuclear force of attraction electrons are not released
easily.
Hence, metallic character decreases from left to right in a period.

c) Elements in the same group show same valency.

An : 1) the valence of an element is determined by the number of valence
electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom.
2) all the elements of same group have same number of valence electrons.
Hence elements in the same group show same valence.

d) Elements is group 18 are called inert gasses. OR/Zero group elements.

An ; 1) Elements in group 18 have completely filled outermost shell.
2) they cannot loose, gain or share electrons.
- therefore they cannot take part in chemical reaction.
3) their valence is zero hence, elements in group 18 are called inert gases.
Or/Zero group elements.

15. Explain zig-zag lines in modern periodic table.

Ans : The Zig-Zig line in modern periodic tabale separates metals and non-
metals. The border line elements, are silicon, genmanium, Arsenic Tellurium,
polonium. They show intermediate properities and are metalloids or
semimetals.

16. Name the elements predicted by Mendeleev and name them the actual element
discovered later.
 Ans : elements predicated by Mendeleev are Eka-born, Eka-aluminium and Eka
– silicon After. Discovery Eka – boron is called ‘Scandium’; Eka – aluminium
, and Eka- silicon is called Germanium.

2.