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Gravitation

9th science

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77 views15 pages

Gravitation

9th science

Uploaded by

Muzafar ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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9th (Physics) Topic: GRAVITATION

Earth attracts everything towards it by an unseen force of attraction. This force of


attraction is known as gravitation or gravitational pull.

EARLY ASSUMPTIONS

1. An Earth-Centered View of the Universe

The Earth was the center of the Universe according to Claudius Ptolemy, whose
view of the cosmos persisted for 1400 years until it was overturned — with
controversy — by findings from Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton.

Claudius Ptolemy (about 85–165 CE) lived in Alexandria, Egypt, a city established
by Alexander the Great some 400 years before Ptolemy’s birth. Ptolemy was the
only great astronomer of Roman Alexandria.

Ptolemy was also a mathematician, geographer, and astrologer. Ptolemy accepted


Aristotle’s idea that the Sun and the planets revolve around a spherical Earth, a
geocentric view.
2. A Sun-Centered View of the Universe

In the middle of the 16th century a Catholic, Polish astronomer, Nicolaus


Copernicus, synthesized observational data to formulate a comprehensive, Sun-
centered cosmology, launching modern astronomy and setting off a scientific
revolution.

A Heliocentric Theory

By 1532 Copernicus had mostly completed a detailed astronomical manuscript he


had been working on for 16 years. He had resisted publishing it for fear of the
ensuing controversy and out of hope for more data. Finally, in 1541, the 68-year-old
Copernicus agreed to publication, supported by a mathematician friend, Georg
Rheticus, a professor at the University of Wittenberg, in Germany. Rheticus had
travelled to Warmia to work with Copernicus, and then took his manuscript to a
printer in Nuremberg, Johannes Petreius, who was known for publishing books on
science and mathematics. Copernicus gave his master work the Latin title De
Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (translated to English as On the Revolutions of
the Celestial Spheres).

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Copernicus’s Theory Can Be Summarized Like This:

01 - The center of the Earth is not the center of the Universe, only of Earth’s gravity
and of the lunar sphere.

02 - The Sun is fixed and all other spheres revolve around the Sun. (Copernicus
retained the idea of spheres and of perfectly circular orbits. In fact, the orbits are
elliptical, which the German astronomer Johannes Kepler demonstrated in 1609.)

03 - Earth has more than one motion, turning on its axis and moving in a spherical
orbit around the sun.

04 - The stars are fixed but appear to move because of the Earth’s motion.
KEPLER'S LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION

Johannes Kepler was a 16th century astronomer who established three laws which
govern the motion of planets (around the sun). These are known as Kepler's laws of
planetary motion. The same laws also describe the motion of satellites (like the
moon) around the planets (like the earth). The Kepler’s laws of planetary motion are
given below.

1. Kepler's first law (LAW OF


ORBITS): The planets move in elliptical
orbits around the sun, with the sun at one
of the two foci of the elliptical orbit.

2. Kepler's second law (LAW OF


AREAS) : Each planet revolves around
the sun in such a way that
the line joining the planet
to the sun sweeps over
equal areas in equal
intervals of time.

With elliptical orbits a


planet is sometimes closer to
the sun than it is at other
times. The point at which it is closest is called perihelion. The point at which a
planet is farthest is called aphelion. Kepler's second law basically says that the
planets speed is not constant – moving slowest at aphelion and fastest at perihelion.

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3. Kepler's third law (LAW OF PERIODS): The cube of the mean distance of a
planet from the sun is directly proportional to the square of time it takes to
move around the sun.

The law can be expressed as:

r3 ∝ T2

or r3 = constant × T2

where r = Mean distance of planet from the sun

and T = Time period of the planet (around the sun)

Through Kepler gave the laws of planetary motion but he could not give a theory to
explain the motion of planets. It was Newton who showed that the cause of the
motion of planets is the gravitational force which the sun exerts on them. In fact,
Newton used the Kepler's third law of planetary motion to develop the law of
universal gravitation.

Universal Law of Gravitation

Every object in the universe attracts other object by a force of attraction, called
gravitation, which is directly proportional to the product of masses of the objects and
inversely proportional to the square of distance between them. This is called Law of
Gravitation or Universal Law of Gravitation.

Let masses (M) and (m) of two objects are distance (d) apart. Let F be the
attractional force between two masses.

Page 3
Importance of the Universal Law of Gravitation

 It binds us to the earth.


 It is responsible for the motion of the moon around the earth.
 It is responsible for the motion of planets around the Sun.
 Gravitational force of moon causes tides in seas on earth.

Characteristics of Gravitational Force

1. The gravitational force is always attractive in nature.


2. The gravitational force is weakest force in nature.
3. The gravitational force is independent of the medium between the two objects.
4. It obeys inverse square law.
5. It obeys Newton’s third law of motion, that is, the force exerted by mass m1 on mass
m2 is equal and opposite to the force exerted by mass m2 on mass m1.
6. Gravitational force is a central force. This means that this force acts along the line
joining the particles.
7. Gravitational force is a long range force. That is, whatever be the long distance
between the two objects, the gravitational force will act between them.

Free Fall

When an object falls from any height under the influence of


gravitational force only, it is known as free fall.

Acceleration Due to Gravity

When an object falls towards the earth there is a change in


its acceleration due to the gravitational force of the earth. So
this acceleration is called acceleration due to gravity.

The acceleration due to gravity is denoted by g.

The unit of g is same as the unit of acceleration, i.e., ms−2

Mathematical Expression for g

From the second law of motion, force is the product of mass and acceleration.

F = ma
For free fall, acceleration is replaced by acceleration due to gravity.

Therefore, force becomes:

F = mg … (i)
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But from Universal Law of Gravitation,

Factors Affecting the Value of g

 As the radius of the earth increases from the poles to the equator, the value
of g becomes greater at the poles than at the equator.
 As we go at large heights, value of g decreases.

To Calculate the Value of g

Value of universal gravitational constant, G = 6.7 × 10–11 N m2/ kg2,


Mass of the earth, M = 6 × 1024 kg, and
Radius of the earth, R = 6.4 × 106 m
Putting all these values in equation (iii), we get:

Thus, the value of acceleration due to gravity of the earth, g = 9.8 m/s 2.
Difference between Gravitation Constant (G) and Gravitational Acceleration (g)

S. No. Gravitation Constant (G) Gravitational acceleration (g)


1. Its value is 6.67×10-11Nm2/kg2. Its value is 9.8 m/s2.
2. It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
3. Its value remains constant always and Its value varies at various places.
everywhere.
4. Its unit is Nm2/kg2. Its unit is m/s2.

Page 5
Motion of objects under the influence of Gravitational Force of the Earth

Let an object is falling towards earth with initial velocity u. Let its velocity, under
the effect of gravitational acceleration g, changes to v after covering the height h in
time t.
Then the three equations of motion can be represented as :

Velocity (v) after t seconds, v = u + ght

Height covered in t seconds, h = ut + ½gt2

Relation between v and u excluding t, v2 = u2 + 2gh

The value of g is taken as positive in case of the object is moving towards earth and
taken as negative in case of the object is thrown in opposite direction of the earth.

Mass & weight

Mass (m)

 The mass of a body is the quantity of matter contained in it.


 Mass is a scalar quantity which has only magnitude but no direction.
 Mass of a body always remains constant and does not change from place to place.
 SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
 Mass of a body can never be zero.

Weight (W)

 The force with which an object is attracted towards the centre of the earth, is called
the weight of the object.

Now, Force = m × a

But in case of earth, a = g

∴F=m×g
But the force of attraction of earth on an object is called its weight (W).
∴ W = mg
 As weight always acts vertically downwards, therefore, weight has both magnitude
and direction and thus it is a vector quantity.
 The weight of a body changes from place to place, depending on mass of object.
 The SI unit of weight is Newton.
 Weight of the object becomes zero if g is zero.
Page 6
Weight of an Object on the Surface of Moon

Mass of an object is same on earth as well as on moon. But weight is different.


Weight of an object is given as,

Hence, weight of the object on the moon = (1/6) × its weight on the earth.
Page 7
Derivation of Newton’s Inverse Square Law from Kepler’s Law

Consider a planet of mass ‘m’ revolving around the sun of mass M in a circular path
of radius r.Let us take v as orbital velocity of planet and T as its time period to
complete one revolution around the sun . The distance travelled by the planet in one
complete revolution is=

V= (i)

or ∝ (2 is constant) (ii)

Squaring both sides of equation (ii) we get

∝ (iii)

According to Kepler’s third law of planetary motion, is constant

From equation (iii)

∝ (iv)

We know that the centripetal force , F required to keep the planet in a circular orbit
is

or ∝

From equation (iv) and (vi) we get

This is Newton’s Inverse Square Law

Prove that if a body is thrown vertically upward the time of ascent is equal to
the time of descent

Let a body is thrown vertically upwards with u be the initial velocity of the body.
Let the body attains maximum height in time . At the highest point the body
comes to rest. Therefore final velocity of the body is zero i.e v=0.

Page 8
For downward motion of the body. Initial velocity u = 0.Let is takes time t2 to reach
the ground with velocity v.

+gt2

As we know that for complete journey the displacement is zero


So using third equation of motion

Therefore

Hence

Time of ascent = Time of descent

The time taken by the body thrown up to reach its maximum height is known
as time of ascent.

The time taken by the freely falling body to touch the ground is called time of
descent.

EXTRA QUESTIONS

1 .A stone is allowed to fall from the top of a tower 100 m high and at the same
time another stone is projected vertically upwards from the ground with a
velocity of 25 m/s. Calculate when and where the two stones will meet.

Ans. h = 100 m
Time t = ? g = 10 m/s2
Height covered by the falling stone = s1

Page 9
The distance covered by the stone thrown upward = s2
g = –10 m/s
u = 25 m/s

Total height given = 100 m


∴ s1 + s2 = 100m
5t2 + (25t – 5t2) = 100 m
∴ 25t = 100 m

Putting the value of (3) in equation (1), we get


∴ s1 = 5t2
= 5 × (4)2 = 80 m
∴ The two stones will meet after 4 seconds when the falling stone has
covered a distance of 80 m.

2.A ball thrown up vertically returns to the thrower after 6 s. Find


(a) the velocity with which it was thrown up,
(b) the maximum height it reaches, and
(c) its position after 4 s.
Ans. u = ?
v=0
g = –9.8 m/s2 (thrown upward)
Total time = 6 s (to go up and down)
∴ Time for upward journey
(a) v = u + gt
0 = u = (–9.8) × 3
u = 29.4 m/s
(b) Maximum height h = s = ?

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(c) Position after 4 s
t = 4s

∴ Position after 4 s = 39.2 m from the top.

3. How does the force of gravitation between two objects change when the
distance between them is reduced to half?
Solution:
Consider the Universal law of gravitation,
According to that law, the force of attraction between two bodies is

Where,
m1 and m2 are the masses of the two bodies.
G is the gravitational constant.
r is the distance between the two bodies.
Given that the distance is reduced to half then,
r = 1/2 r
Therefore,

F = 4F
Therefore once the space between the objects is reduced to half, then the force of
gravitation will increase by fourfold the first force.

Page 11
4. What is the magnitude of the gravitational force between the earth and a 1
kg object on its surface? (Mass of the earth is 6 × 1024 kg and radius of the earth
is 6.4 × 106m.)
Solution:
From Newton’s law of gravitation, we know that the force of attraction between the
bodies is given by

5. If the moon attracts the earth, why does the earth not move towards the
moon?
Solution:
According to universal law of gravitation and Newton third law, we all know that
the force of attraction between 2 objects is same however in wrong way. So the
planet attracts the moon with the identical force because the moon exerts on earth
however in opposite directions. Since earth is far larger in size than moon, that the
acceleration cannot be detected on earth surface.
6. What happens to the force between two objects, if
(i) The mass of one object is doubled?
(ii) The distance between the objects is doubled and tripled?
(iii) The masses of both objects are doubled?
Solution: (i)
According to universal law of gravitation, the force between 2 objects (m1 and m2) is
proportional to their plenty and reciprocally proportional to the sq. of the distance(R)
between them.

Page 12
If the mass is doubled for one object.
F = 2F, so force is also doubled.
(ii) If the distance between the objects is doubled and tripled
If it’s doubled
Hence,

F = 4F, Force thus becomes one-fourth of its initial force.


If it’s tripled
Hence,

F = 9F, Force thus becomes one-ninth of its initial force.


(iii) If masses of both the objects are doubled, then

F = 4F, Force will therefore be four times greater than its actual value.

Units of universal gravitational constant (G): -

The units of "G" depend upon the units of force, mass and distance. On S.I
system where the units of force, mass and distance in Newton, kilogram and metre
respectively, the units of "G" can be calculated as under: -
Gm1m2
Since F =
r2
Fr 2
 G =
m1m2
N  m2
G =
kg  kg
Nm 2
G =
Kg 2
Nm 2
From the above, it is clear that the units of universal gravitational constant "G" is
Kg 2

Page 13
Newton's Third law of motion and gravitation: -

Newton's third law of motion states that "If a body exerts a force on another
body, then the second body intern exerts an equal force and opposite force on the
first body". This law holds good for gravitation also. Thus, when earth exerts a
gravitational force of attraction on an opposite object, the object intern exerts an
equal and opposite force on the earth. But it is the object only which, is pulled by the
earth towards itself and no movement is observed in the earth. This can be explained
as under: -
From Newton's second law of motion we have.

F = m×a

Or a = F/m

From the above equation, it is clear that the acceleration produced in a body is
inversely proportional to the mass of the body. Since the mass of the object is very
small as compared to the large mass of the earth the acceleration produced will be
greater in the object and least in the earth, which is not even observed and hence the
object moves towards the earth.

Relation between Newton and Kilogram weight: -

Since, from the definition of the weight of a body, we have

W = mxg

Thus, 1kg wt = 1kg x 9.8 m/sec2

= 9.8 m/sec2

But 1kg x 1m/ sec2 = 1Newton

 1kg weight = 9.8 Newton's

Projectiles: -

A falling body having horizontal motion and vertical acceleration is called as


projectile and the motion is referred to as projectile motion. The curved path which,
a projectile acquires is called as Trajectory.

Page 14
Characteristics of a projectile: -
A projectile shows the following characteristics: -
1. It possesses a horizontal motion with a constant velocity.
2. It possesses vertical motion with a constant acceleration due to the force of
gravity.
3. Its vertical acceleration is independent of horizontal motion and the vertical
distance is H = 1/2gt2.
4. The horizontal distance is travelled is dependent on the initial horizontal
speed.

Escape velocity: -

The escape velocity of a body is defined as the minimum velocity with which,
it must be projected so that it may escape away from the earth's gravitational pull
into the outer space. It is mathematically expressed as under: -
Ve =  2gr

Where g = gravity of the earth = 9.8 m/sec2

r = radius of the earth = 6.4 x 106m.

From the above expression, it is clear that the escape velocity does not depend on the
mass of the object. For earth, its value is about 11.2km/sec. for mercury, it is
4.2km/sec and for Jupiter, the escape velocity is 61km/sec.

End........!

Page 15

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