Practical Research 2

ORIENTATION
 REQUIREMENTS
SUMMARY NOTES WRITTEN WORKS
01 Class notes and other
related notes to be
03 Individual and group
submissions of written outputs
submitted two weeks including research paper drafts,
before the 3rd Quarter final paper, and other essay
Exam. and academic papers.

02 CHAPTER EXAM
Mid-semester exam to
check for understanding
04 PERFORMANCE TASKS
Includes group reporting,
research paper-making,
and retention. and final oral defense.
 GROUP WORKS MANDATORY
CONSULTATIONS
Group works will be done All groups are
DURING class hours INSIDE required to attend
the classroom. scheduled consultations.

WHAT’S NEW IN PR 2?
PEER EVALUATION REMOVAL OF
MEMBER/S
30% of your group written The group may vote out a
tasks scores will come member for non-compliance
from your groupmates. to group tasks.
 WHAT YOU’LL NEED FOR PR 2

PERMIT TO USE GADGETS GADGETS

Starting on January 15, group Each group must have at least
leaders must secure a permit three (3) laptops. Cellphones may
BEFORE PR class starts. only be used for hotspot
NO PERMIT, NO USING OF GADGETS. connection.
 Practical Research 2

LESSON 1:
INTRODUCTION TO
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 QUANTITATIVE

01
RESEARCH
DEFINITIONS FROM
DIFFERENT SOURCES OF
KNOWLEDGE
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH...
an inquiry into a social or human problem, based on
testing a theory composed of variables, measured
with numbers, and analyzed with statistical
procedures, in order to determine whether the
predictive generalizations of the theory hold true.
CRESWELL, J. W. (2014). RESEARCH DESIGN: QUALITATIVE, QUANTITATIVE, AND MIXED
METHODS APPROACHES. THOUSAND OAKS, CA: SAGE PUBLICATIONS.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH...
employs standardized and structured
instruments
minimize subjective biases and ensure
reliability and validity of findings
formulation of hypotheses derives from existing
theories
deductive approach; objective in nature
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH...
values breadth, statistical descriptions, and
generalizability. Quantitative approaches to research center
on achieving objectivity, control, and precise measurement.
These approaches rely on deductive designs aimed at
refuting or building evidence in favor of specific theories
and hypotheses.
LEAVY, P. (2022). RESEARCH DESIGN: QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, MIXED METHODS, ARTS-
BASED, AND COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH APPROACHES. GUILFORD
PUBLICATIONS.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH...

achieving objectivity, control, and precise

measurement
“top-down process”; established theories and
prior research are important to formulate new
hypotheses
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH...

involves the generation of data in quantitative form which

can be subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis in a
formal and rigid fashion. This approach can be further
sub-classified into inferential, experimental and simulation
approaches to research.
KOTHARI, C. R. (2004). RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: METHODS & TECHNIQUES. NEW AGE
INTERNATIONAL.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH...
Inferential approach:
commonly used in survey research, where a sample of
the population is studied to determine its
characteristics. Researchers then infer that the larger
population shares these characteristics.
to understand the population’s characteristics or
relationships based on the analyzed data from the
sample.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH...
Experimental approach:
characterized by greater control over the research
environment, where variables are manipulated to
observe their effects on other variables. Experimental
research is used to establish cause-and-effect
relationships and often involves controlled settings
and random assignment of participants to different
conditions.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH...
Simulation approach:
entails creating an artificial environment to
generate relevant data and observe the dynamic
behavior of a system or its sub-systems under
controlled conditions.
helps in building models for understanding future
conditions and predicting potential outcomes.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH...
is grounded in the scientific tradition, so description and inference with
the potential to lead to causal explanation and prediction are its core
business. Its methods are those of the experiment, the social survey or
the analysis of official statistics or naturally occurring data. It can take
many forms from a local neighbourhood survey to large-scale
population surveys with several thousand people taking part. It may be
a carefully controlled experiment in a laboratory, or it might be ‘big-
data’ analysis of millions of Twitter feeds.
WILLIAMS, M., ET AL. (2022). BEGINNING QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH. SAGE
PUBLICATIONS, LIMITED.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH...

rooted in scientific tradition, focusing on

description and inference, with the potential to
lead to causal explanation and prediction.
include experiments, social surveys, and the
analysis of official statistics or naturally occurring
data.
 QUANTITATIVE

02
RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Use of measurable data

how much? how many? ; frequency
data is collected using standardized research
instruments
data is analyzed using statistics: regression
analysis, correlation analysis, factor analysis
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

2. Use of large sample size

ensures results are representative of the
population being studied.
minimizes the effects of sampling error
ensures that results are reliable and
generalizable
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

3. Use of objective measurements

variables being measured are defined in a
way that can be objectively quantified.
close-ended questions
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

4. Focus on causality
determine whether changes in one variable
cause changes in another
experimental research: researcher
manipulates one variable and measures the
effect on another variable.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

5. Use of deductive reasoning

ensures results are representative of the
population being studied.
minimizes the effects of sampling error
ensures that results are reliable and
generalizable
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

6. Emphasis on objectivity
researchers remain neutral and impartial
throughout the process
avoids introducing own biases or values into
the process
generalizability
 QUANTITATIVE

03
RESEARCH
COMMON TYPES
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Survey Research
using surveys to collect numerical data from a
particular group or population
analyze data and explain the characteristics of
the group
two types: cross-sectional, and longitudinal
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Cross-sectional Survey Research

collecting information from a large group of
people at a specific time
Longitudinal Survey Research
collecting information from a small group of
people over a long period of time, usually
years.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Real example of Survey Research:

In April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a survey was
conducted in Bangladesh to investigate sleep patterns. The
researchers collected quantitative data like regular sleeping hours,
age, nap durations, etc., from 9,730 participants. The results
showed that age and exposure to COVID-19 had a negative effect
on sleep.
AL-MAMUN, F., HUSSAIN, N., SAKIB, N. ET AL. (2023)SLEEP DURATION DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN BANGLADESH:
A GIS-BASED LARGE SAMPLE SURVEY STUDY. SCI REP 13, 3368. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1038/S41598-023-30023-1
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

2. Descriptive Research
explain and understand the current state of
things like people, places, conditions, or events.
gather general observational data without
exploring the reasons behind them
doesn’t try to prove or disprove the hypothesis
mainly about creating a research hypothesis
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Real example of Descriptive Research:

In September 2009, an EndoCost study was performed to find the cut-off
period for diagnosis of endometriosis for the German population. The
participants included 788 people who were previously diagnosed with
endometriosis. The researcher analyzed data, including the time it took for
individuals to report symptoms to a doctor and the time it took for a doctor to
make the final diagnosis. The study concluded that a diagnosis within five
years was crucial to managing the condition effectively. However, note that
this is just a hypothesis.
BRANDES, I., KLEINE-BUDDE, K., HEINZE, N. ET AL. (2022). CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY FOR DERIVATION OF A CUT-OFF VALUE
FOR IDENTIFICATION OF AN EARLY VERSUS DELAYED DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS BASED ON ANALYTICAL AND
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH METHODS. BMC WOMEN'S HEALTH 22, 521. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1186/S12905-022-02044-X
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

3. Experimental Research
uses the scientific method to establish the cause-effect
relationship among a group of variables
uses multiple theories to conduct research
major components: (1) comparison group that are
randomly selected and assigned as experimental, and
control groups, (2) independent variable, (3) dependent
variable.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Independent variable
experimental variable that is applied to the
experimental group
Dependent variable
effect or post-test variable that is measured in an
identical manner for both experimental, and control
group.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Real example of Experimental Research:

In 2022, Nicholas Epley, a behavioral scientist, conducted
experimental research where he asked actors to perform random
acts of kindness. Then, he asked both the actor and the receiver to
fill out questionnaires to recognize the resulting patterns. It
showed that people performing these random acts of kindness
often underestimate how much recipients value their actions.
KUMAR, A. (2022). KINDNESS CAN HAVE UNEXPECTEDLY POSITIVE CONSEQUENCES.
HTTPS://WWW.SCIENTIFICAMERICAN.COM/ARTICLE/KINDNESS-CAN-HAVE-UNEXPECTEDLY-POSITIVE-CONSEQUENCES/
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

4. Correlational Research
establishes a relationship between two close beings and
determine how one impacts the other
recognizes trends and patterns in data, but does not go
so far as to observe the different patterns.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Real example of Correlational Research:
In 2021, two researchers created a report based on correlation
research studying how climate change affects mental health. They
studied previous quantitative researches that compared an
increase in climate temperature and citizen’s mental health. They
found that climate change can both directly (PTSD, Anxiety, etc.)
and indirectly (Sleep disorder, depression, etc.) affect mental
health.
RAMADAN, A. M. H., & ATAALLAH, A. G. (2021). ARE CLIMATE CHANGE AND MENTAL HEALTH CORRELATED?. GENERAL
PSYCHIATRY, 34(6), E100648. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1136/GPSYCH-2021-100648
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

5. Causal-Comparative Research
employed to conclude the cause-effect equation between
two or more variables, where one variable depends on
the opposite experimental variable
does not manipulate the independent variable, and then
measures the effects of the independent variable on the
dependent variable.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Real example of Causal-Comparative Research:
From 2010 to 2019, health researchers performed causal-comparative
research to see the effects of four different drugs on people with type 2
diabetes already using metformin. The experimenter gave the
participants glimepiride, liraglutide, sitagliptin, or insulin glargine
drug at different HbA1c levels. It was found that the drug liraglutide
worked better than others in maintaining good blood sugar when
HbA1c levels were above 7.0% or 7.5%.
DENG, Y., POLLEY, E., WALLACH, J., ET AL. (2022). EMULATING THE GRADE TRIAL USING REAL WORLD DATA:
RETROSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS STUDY BMJ; 379 :E070717 DOI:10.1136/BMJ-2022-070717
USES QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Application Description Example

Conducting a survey to determine which

Analyzing consumer
Market Research smartphone brand is most popular among
preferences and trends
young adults.

Conducting a clinical trial to determine the

Experimental Testing cause-and-effect
efficacy of a new drug in treating a specific
Studies relationships
medical condition.

Statistical analysis for Analyzing sales data to identify the most

Data Analysis
decision-making profitable products for a retail company.

PEDAMKAR, P. (2023) TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH. HTTPS://WWW.EDUCBA.COM/TYPES-OF-QUANTITATIVE-

RESEARCH/
USES QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Application Description Example

Evaluating the impact of a training program

Performance Assessing the effectiveness of
on employee productivity in a corporate
Evaluation programs or products
setting.

Using historical stock market data to predict

Identifying patterns and
Trend Analysis future market trends and investment
forecasting future trends
opportunities.

Quantifying potential risks Assessing the financial risk associated with a

Risk Assessment
and mitigations particular investment portfolio.

PEDAMKAR, P. (2023) TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH. HTTPS://WWW.EDUCBA.COM/TYPES-OF-QUANTITATIVE-

RESEARCH/
USES QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Application Description Example

Studying disease prevalence Investigating the relationship between

Health Studies
and treatment outcomes smoking and lung cancer using patient data.

Measuring student
Analyzing standardized test scores to assess
Education Research performance and learning
the effectiveness of a new teaching method.
outcomes

Evaluating investment Calculating the return on investment (ROI) for

Financial Analysis
opportunities and risks a potential real estate investment.

PEDAMKAR, P. (2023) TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH. HTTPS://WWW.EDUCBA.COM/TYPES-OF-QUANTITATIVE-

RESEARCH/
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Advantages Disadvantages

Quantitative research offers objectivity by relying Sampling issues, such as bias, can impact the reliability
on numerical data and reducing subjectivity. of findings.

It enables generalizability by collecting data from The approach may reduce validity by not capturing all
large, representative samples. aspects of a problem.

The structured approach allows other researchers It lacks depth as it may oversimplify complex
to duplicate the study. phenomena.

It is efficient for studying large populations or Large-scale projects can be costly and resource-
conducting surveys. intensive.
PEDAMKAR, P. (2023) TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH. HTTPS://WWW.EDUCBA.COM/TYPES-OF-QUANTITATIVE-
RESEARCH/