People’s democratic republic of Algeria

Ministry of higher education and scientific research

University of Algiers 2 ABO ELKACEM SAAD ALLAH
College of Arabic language, literature and oriental languages

Department: Arabic language

Year: first year LMD
Specialization: common trunk Arabic literature
Subject: research techniques

Research title

Quantitative Research

Prepared by students:
MECHRI Ali Abdelaziz
LAKEHAL Meriem Supervised by:
HAMMANI Fella Hibet Allah Dr OULMANE Leila
GOURARI Chaima
SEKRANE Rahma Marwa

Academic year:
2023-2024
 Search plan

 INTRODUCTION

THE FIRST TOPIC: Research

The first requirement: A Definition of Research
The second requirement: Problems With Research Today
The third requirement: The Process of Research
The fourth requirement: Ethical Considerations in Research

THE SECOND TOPIC: Quantitative Research

The first requirement: Definitions of Quantitative Research

The second requirement: Steps of Quantitative Research

The third requirement: Types of Quantitative Research
The fourth requirement: Characteristics of Quantitative Research
The fifth requirement: Strengths of Quantitative Research
The sixth requirement: Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
The seventh requirement: Advantages of Quantitative Research
The eighth requirement: Disadvantages of Quantitative Research

 CONCLUSION

 SOURCES AND REFERENCES

  INTRODUCTION

Research is an organized, methodical attempt to look into a certain issue and offer a
solution. Its objectives are to advance theories, add fresh information, and compile
data to support generalizations. Investigating can be
divided into three primary groups:

mixed method research,

qualitative research,

and quantitative research.

Every one of these techniques is significant to the field of study.

To find, gather, and evaluate data, researchers might select any one of the
aforementioned three categories of research methodologies based on their goals, the
nature of their subject, and their research questions.
Formal, objective, rigorous, deductive, and systematic approaches to knowledge
generation and improvement are what make up quantitative research, which is used to
solve problems.

Its designs, which can be experimental or non-experimental, aim to produce precise

and trustworthy measurements. It entails methodical observation and description of an
object's qualities or attributes.
or occurrences in order to identify connections between a population's independent
(predictor) variable and dependent (outcome) variable. The term "quantitative" refers
to the quantity or amounts (how many) of data gathered during the investigation and
presented in a quantified or numerical manner, i.e., in statistical supports, frequently
with the use of software like Excel, Access, SPSS, Python, SAS, JMP, R, or Stata
  RESEARCH

Definition of Research

The process of gathering and analyzing data to deepen our understanding of a subject
or problem is known as research.

Problems With Research Today

• Inconsistent or imprecise conclusions;

• Doubtful information;
• Imprecise claims regarding the purpose of the research
• The method used to acquire the data is not fully disclosed.
• A vague description of the research problem

The Process of Research

Determine the research problem,

define it, and provide evidence for it.

Insist that audiences research the issue.

Examine the available literature; identify relevant sources; books; journals; and
electronic resources

Choose resources:

Identify the sources that are pertinent to the subject.

Create a "Literature Map" to arrange the resources, and then compile them into a
literature review.

Define a Research Purpose.

• Determine the purpose statement.

• The main goal of the investigation.

- The study's participants

- The location of the investigation

- The goal statement's narrowing

- Quantitative: Compose research questions and/or hypotheses

-Qualitative: Select a main occurrence and formulate supplementary questions

Gather Data:

Select the appropriate data collection technique.

Choose the subjects for your research.

Create or choose data collecting tools and delineate data collection protocols;

Secure authorization;

Compile data

Analyze and interpret the data;

dissect the data to examine specific replies; and present the findings using tables,
figures, and images.
Describe data-driven findings that address the research questions.

Ethical Considerations in Research:

• Respect participants' rights;

• Comply with site requirements and restrictions;

• Provide a thorough and truthful report of the research

  QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Definitions of Quantitative Research

Design of Quantitative Research A hypothesis is an educated guess that explains a

collection of data and is verifiable by additional study. Studies that enable hypothesis
testing are created by quantitative researchers. Three categories of variables are
utilized in quantitative research: There are three types of variables in data analysis:

1) dependent,

2) independent,

and 3) extraneous or confounding.

The variables that are thought to be the cause or effect—that is, the variables that the
researcher manipulates—are known as independent variables. Exogenous variables
are those that obscure or complicate the relationship between dependent and
independent variables. Dependability variables are those that are thought to depend on
or cause other variables, that is, monitor how people react by measuring response on
one or more outcome measures.

One or more independent variables can have an impact on dependent variables. For
instance, in the medical field, the type of dressing used and the patient's age are
exogenous/confounding variables, while wound healing is a dependent variable. Lung
cancer is the dependent variable, while smoking is the independent variable. We can
utilize quantitative research appropriately when variables are well-defined and
numerical data is produced. Quantitative research uses the relationship between
variables to test objective ideas.

Steps of Quantitative Research

To conduct research effectively, the quantitative research process typically consists of

the following five steps: The first and most crucial stage in the research process is
formulating the research problem. It establishes the researcher's destination. It
outlines the fundamental queries that the researcher hopes to address with the
investigation. These queries outline elements or variables that the researcher is
interested in. In order to draw conclusions about bigger groups from relatively small
samples, the researcher uses statistics to identify human participants in the study in
the second stage. During the third phase, the investigator endeavors to select
techniques to address the inquiries, pinpoint variables and metrics, and determine the
research framework to be employed in crafting particular research inquiries,
methodologies, and study participants .

The researcher selects statistical analysis tools to examine the data that has been
gathered in the fourth phase. In order to explain the analysis results and respond to the
study's hypotheses, the researcher uses statistical analyses to ascertain how the
variables characterize, compare, associate, predict, and contribute. During the fifth
phase, the investigator decide how to interpret the analysis's findings using the
statistical After that, statistical techniques are applied to incorporate the tasks that
researchers wish to complete before closing the operation. defined relevance .
In quantitative research, these five phases are utilized for observation coding to
precise measurements and for population generalization.

Types of Quantitative Research

Quantitative Research Types The quantitative study falls into one of these categories:

Experimental research

is the kind of study design that people in the physical sciences and certain other
related subjects are most familiar with. It makes every effort to minimize biases of
any type. It shows how measurements or observations should be made in order to
provide a correct, effective, and affordable response to a question. It is known as a
deductive research method or hypothesis testing. It looks for a connection between an
independent variable and a dependent variable. Its outcomes are unknown in advance.
It is the process of organizing research to achieve predetermined goals.
In an experimental study, the researcher looks at how an intervention is administered
to the study group and then assesses how the intervention performs.
In an experiment, one variable (the independent variable) is changed in an observable
and quantifiable way, and the effects on other variables (the dependent variables) are
then observed. Its objective is to test theories in order to determine causality.
Non-Experimental Research

It does not allow for the manipulation of an independent variable; instead, researchers
must quantify variables as they arise by random assignment. Descriptive, causal
comparison, evaluation, existing data, meta-analysis, and other types of research are
classified as non-experimental.

Descriptive Research

Descriptive research is the general term that encompasses quantitative research

approaches. When little is known about a specific phenomenon, it is utilized. In the
behavioral sciences, nutrition, epidemiology, and education, descriptive research is
frequently employed. It makes an effort to compile data regarding current
circumstances in order to describe and interpret them. It outlines the who, what,
where, when, why, and occasionally the how of the research, which is better
understood as a means rather than an end in and of itself. This kind of research aims
to characterize and identify population patterns and variations, develops new metrics
for important phenomena, or describes samples from investigations that seek to
determine causal relationships. The descriptive study presents a precise portrait of
individuals,

, occurrences or circumstances. It describes the kind of study question, strategy, and

data analysis that will be used in relation to a certain subject. It investigates a
phenomenon that is taking place at a particular location and moment. It is focused on
situations, customs, organizational frameworks, distinctions or connections that exist,
and clearly defined thought processes. In an effort to further knowledge, it collects
and evaluates empirical data before organizing, tabulating, describing, and illustrating
the data collection process. The study of frequencies, averages, and other statistical
computations may be the focus of this statistical investigation. It produces quantitative
and qualitative data that characterize the state of nature at a certain moment in time. It
makes an effort to characterize, clarify, and interpret current circumstances.

It's a fundamental research technique that looks at the state of affairs. Survey research,
correlational research, and observation studies are the three categories of descriptive
research. Studies of Observation:
Observation study

is one of the most significant research techniques in the social and natural sciences,
and it has been applied to qualitative research to gather information on subjects,
procedures, and cultures. It refers to a variety of non-experimental study designs
where behavior is methodically observed and documented. It appears to have no clear
beginning and is an ethnographic research method. An organized research method
used to support the goals and questions of the study is observation. It has to do with
positivist studies.

.. It makes it possible for the researcher to gather factual data by combining it with
surveys and interviews. The methodical documentation of observable phenomena is a
component of observation studies. The least invasive technique for gathering data is
observation studies, which may violate people's privacy. Naturalistic inquiry employs
an organized, unstructured, or semi-structured method to gather observation data.
Data gathered through observation can help us better comprehend the practices,
procedures, information, attitudes, and ideas that are ingrained in social interactions.

Correlational Research

One popular and practical statistical notion used in research is "correlation." It

belongs to the positivist paradigm and is a kind of quantitative research methodology.
Positive correlation, negative correlation, and no correlation study are the three main
categories of correlational research that have been discovered. Current reality is
described by correlational research. It looks at how two or more variables are
correlated or how their properties differ. There is no variable manipulation in this kind
of study. Explaining phenomena by the collection and analysis of numerical data
using statistical techniques with a mathematical foundation is known as quantitative
research. This kind of dynamic, non-experimental study uses data from preexisting
variables in a backward-looking, non-experimental manner. It offers an assessment of
the direction and strength of the relationships between the variables.

Determining the nature and magnitude of the association between variables is the aim
of correlational research.
Survey Research

In the natural and social sciences, survey research—which includes questionnaires, in-
person interviews, phone surveys, and normative surveys—is one of the many forms
of quantitative research that is highly valued. A nation's political, social, cultural, and
economic landscapes are surveyed. It is the methodical collection of data from
interviewees with the aim of comprehending and forecasting certain facets of the
target population's behavior. It is centered on people—their essential characteristics,
attitudes, beliefs, opinions, drives, and actions. Studying both big and small groups,
survey research selects samples from the target population to find relative incidence
and distribution.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research

Qualities of research that is quantitative The positive model is connected to the

features of quantitative research. The fact that the quantitative research approach is
predicated on predefined designs, hypotheses, and variables defines it. It looks into a
particular issue using the conventional, positivist, experimental, or experimental
technique. It is used to get numerical responses that show the relationship between a
dependent and independent variable over a sizable population. It is simpler to draw
conclusions from the numerical result than from the comprehensive result since it is
straightforward to read and comprehend. The results displayed here typically take the
shape of graphs, lists of numbers, statistical data, tables, percentages, etc. to illustrate
patterns, connections, or variations among variables.

Random sampling is used in quantitative research to gather data and guarantee its
validity, correctness, and dependability. As a result, bias in the outcomes can be
prevented. Closed questionnaires are employed in quantitative research because their
responses are more precise and reliable than those from open surveys, which are more
dispersed and detailed. Additionally, responses to closed questions are considered to
be more trustworthy than those to open questionnaires. The following are the primary
attributes of quantitative research:

• The study was meticulously planned out before any quantitative research results
were gathered.
• Numbers and statistics are used to collect data, and they are frequently displayed in
tables, graphs, percentages, and other non-textual formats. A more significant result is
obtained from the numerical output, which is simple to read and comprehend than
from a thorough result.

• Structured research instruments, which employ contemporary instruments like

computer programs or questionnaires to gather numerical data, are typically used to
collect data.

Strengths of Quantitative Research

Statistical tests including mean, median, standard deviation, t-tests, multiple

regression correlations (MRC), analysis of variances (ANOVAS), and others are used
in quantitative research. Typically, surveys are used to gather quantitative data from a
large number of individuals who are chosen at random to be included. Quantitative
research occasionally incorporates secondary data, such as government statistics,
census data, health system measurements, etc. The following are a few advantages of
quantitative research:

• It is reasonably simple to examine the results of sample surveys, which can be

extrapolated to large population groupings.

• It is possible to combine and contrast the results between demographic groupings.

• If the sample is representative of the study population and the selection procedure is
well-designed, the results can be generalized and can be categorized by
socioeconomic group for comparison.

• Strong indicators for policy direction are provided by the reliability of data and
findings.
• The ability to provide surveys and data sets frequently so that the findings can be
studied.
• The analysis is not reliant on the individual's availability thanks to the ability to
transmit the data set to other analysts.

• Data may be incredibly dependable, accurate, and constant.

• For a lot of surveying work, there are exact professional or disciplinary minimum
criteria. Because statistical methods are used, the analysis is frequently regarded as
accurate.

• Fit for scenarios requiring frequent, consistent comparisons.

Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

Undoubtedly, quantitative research possesses sufficient strength, but it also has certain
shortcomings. The following are a few of the shortcomings of quantitative research:
• Through the aggregate process, potentially helpful information is sacrificed.
• Offers valuable information by classifying families or occurrences into distinct
groups.
The family's procedures and outcomes are neglected. Tough problems, such domestic
abuse and trouble contacting others, are frequently not reported.
• If the project is too costly, large data sets are never used. • Inexperienced
enumerators may make mistakes and inadvertently skew results.

• Data provided by census takers may be inaccurate.

• It can create a misleading sense of the sample's homogeneity.

Advantages of Quantitative Research

The fact that quantitative research yields easily examined and understandable
numerical data is one of its primary benefits. This makes it possible for researchers to
find correlations, trends, and patterns in the data. They can also use it to generate
generalizations and statistical assumptions about a bigger group. Additionally,
quantitative research has a high degree of dependability and objectivity. To reduce
bias and guarantee consistency in their conclusions, researchers can employ
standardized processes and metrics. This raises the general credibility of the research
by making it simpler to validate results and duplicate experiments.

Disadvantages of Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is not without restrictions, though. It might not fully convey the
complexity of human experiences, which is a significant drawback. Because it
concentrates on quantifiable characteristics, it could miss subtleties or subjective
elements that are hard to measure. This may hinder our ability to comprehend some
phenomena and keep us from developing a comprehensive perspective. Large sample
sizes are frequently needed in quantitative research in order to establish statistical
significance, which is another disadvantage. This may require a lot of time and
resources. Furthermore, depending too much on numerical data might ignore
significant contextual variables or individual variations that could affect the study's
conclusions.
  CONCLUSION

To sum up, quantitative research is a useful method for acquiring information and
deriving statistical conclusions. Its benefits stem from its capacity to deliver accurate
and unbiased data. Nonetheless, it's critical to recognize its limitations and take into
account utilizing supplementary research techniques, like qualitative research, to have
a deeper grasp of the subject at hand.
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