CBI Indore Forest
CBI Indore Forest
CITY
BIODIVERSITY
INDEX
IND ORE
2023
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Pro j e c t Te a m
Implementing agency
Collaborating agency
Funding agency
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
MESSAGE
Indore is the commercial capital of Madhya Pradesh and through its dedicated efforts, the city
earned the distinction of being the cleanest city in India. It is growing at a fast pace and manages to
combine both traditional and modern lifestyles. At the same time, due to a rapid growth in population,
urbanisation and disposable incomes have grave impacts such as significant landscape changes that lead
to loss of biodiversity. Thus, there is an urgent call for cities to come together to form partnerships, share
experiences and seek solutions for urban biodiversity.
In this regard, CBD launched a concept of City Biodiversity Index for conservation of urban
biodiversity and sensitization of urban local bodies. Madhya Pradesh State Biodiversity Board (MPSBB)
initiated a project in 2021 to prepare the City Biodiversity Index for Indore in collaboration with Wildlife
Institute of India and ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, South Asia.
A lot of effort has been taken to prepare Indore’s City Biodiversity Index and I am sure that
it will play a key role in helping the city conserve and enhance its greenness sustainable smart city
development, and reinforce its vision to become a liveable and sustainable space. We are grateful to
Wildlife Institute of India and ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, South Asia for the invaluable
support they provided in making this initiative a success. I hope this report motivates other urban centres
in Madhya Pradesh to adopt similar measures to conserve their natural ecosystems.
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
MESSAGE
Biological diversity represents the natural wealth of our planet, and provides the basis for
life and prosperity of mankind. However, biodiversity is currently vanishing at an alarming rate due
to a variety of human activities. We need to respond to these challenges by rethinking our plans and
policies, and we can no longer see biodiversity as being restricted to forests and rural areas; cities,
too, play a critical role in biodiversity conservation.
In recognition of the fact, Madhya Pradesh Forest Department has taken lot of effort in
maintaining the greenness of Indore city. However, the concept of City Biodiversity Index is one of
the key initiative of CBD to sensitize the urban local bodies and help to conserve urban biodiversity.
Madhya Pradesh State Biodiversity Board (MPSBB) has taken a lead in developing the City Biodiversity
Index of Indore with the support from Wildlife Institute of India and ICLEI – Local Governments
for Sustainability, South Asia. The Madhya Pradesh Forest Department is committed to conserve
biodiversity in lndore city, and the development of the City Biodiversity Index is a key achievement of
our efforts in this direction.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank Wildlife Institute of India and ICLEI- Local
Governments for Sustainability, South Asia for their assistance and expertise in developing the City
Biodiversity Index, which will help lndore to take proactive steps towards biodiversity conservation
and contribute to the attainment of the National Biodiversity Targets and the Post 2020 Global
Biodiversity Framework, thus supporting the implementation of the Convention on Biological
Diversity.
M.P. Forest Department, O/o Principle Chied ConservatorIII of Forests & Head of Forests & Forest Force M.P.
First Floor, Satpura Bhawan, Bhopal- 462004, Tel.: (Office) 0755-2674200, (Fax) 0755-2674334,
Email ID: pccfmp@mp.gov.in, website : www.mpforest.gov.in
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
MESSAGE
Urban biodiversity, is essential for the city as well as human society because of the goods and
services it provides. Considering the fact, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in its ninth meeting
of the Conference of Parties in 2008, acknowledged the role of cities and local bodies in biodiversity
conservation and introduced the concept of City Biodiversity Index (CBI).
Indore being the cleanest city in India and in Madhya Pradesh, it should also have adequate
greenness and be the best green city in India. Recognizing this, Madhya Pradesh State Biodiversity Board
(MPSBB) has initiated a project in April 2021 to develop City Biodiversity Index of Indore with the support
from Wildlife Institute of India and ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, South Asia.
The City Biodiversity Index comprises background information on the city and 23 indicators that
make up the index. The overall exercise in developing the City Biodiversity Index documented valuable
information on 477 species of plants, 235 species of birds, 82 species of butterflies, 18 species of fish,
35 species of spiders from various studies conducted within the city limits, apart from understanding
the ecosystem services provided by the city. This report will act as a baseline for future monitoring and
assessment of biodiversity within the city of Indore.
I thank Wildlife Institute of India and ICLEI- Local Governments for Sustainability, South Asia for
developing the City Biodiversity Index of lndore.
MESSAGE
Indore is the commercial capital of Madhya Pradesh, situated on the Malwa Plateau. It is the largest
and most densely populated city in central India, which is popular for its history, monuments, food
and bazaars. Indore has retained the title of India’s cleanest city for six consecutive years, also
making it the greenest city is the biggest challenge ahead. There is demand for Urban Local Bodies
to maintain the biodiversity within the Smart City Framework. In this regard, City Biodiversity
Index (CBI) was launched by Convention on Biological Diversity in 2008 to mainstream biodiversity
conservation in urban planning and serves as a self-assessment tool for cities to evaluate their
biodiversity conservation efforts over time.
Madhya Pradesh State Biodiversity Board with technical support from Wildlife Institute of India
and ICLEI South Asia computed the baseline CBI for Indore. This document provides 23 indices with
three core components- native biodiversity, ecosystem services, and governance and management
of biodiversity of Indore. The study reported information on 477 species of plants, 235 species
of birds, 82 species of butterflies, 18 species of fish, 35 species of spiders from various studies
conducted within the city. Ralamandal Wildlife Sanctuary, Sirpur Lake, Fatan Khedi Lake, Bilawali
Lake, Pipliyapala Regional Park, Lalbagh, Meghdoot Garden, Nehru Park and Holkar Science College
Campus are important biodiversity rich areas in Indore.
The City Biodiversity Index is meant to be used as a tool for a city to measure their own progress
towards improving conservation efforts and therefore serves as a benchmark for the existing
efforts. It is unwise to compare City Biodiversity Index of two cities, as each city has its own local
context, demographics, strengths, weaknesses, resources and capacity.
Urban Local Bodies have an important role to develop the city sustainably and make it livable for
its citizens. City Biodiversity Index of Indore therefore should be repeated after every four years
preferably by Urban Local Bodies to examine the progress of conservation efforts over time.
Results in trends are more important than the absolute score for a city.
I compliment the Government of Madhya Pradesh for initiating CBI of Indore and look forward for
this exercise to be taken up in other cities.
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
A c kn owl e d g e m e nt s
We are thankful to the organisations and stakeholders which contributed large amounts of
data and provided their support in computing City Biodiversity Index of Indore.
We would like to thank the Madhya Pradesh State Biodiversity Board (MPSBB) for
providing funding and all necessary support in developing CBI of Indore. Special thanks to
the current Member Secretary- Dr. Atul Kumar Srivastava and Assistant Member Secretary-
Shri. Bakul Lad; Former Member Secretaries- Dr. Dharmendra Verma and Shri Jasbir Singh
Chauhan.
We would like to acknowledge the in-house support rendered during the study by the Director
of WII- Shri V.R. Tiwari, Former Directors of WII-Dr. S.P. Yadav and Dr. Dhananjai Mohan; Dean-
FWS- Dr. Ruchi Badola; Registrar- Dr. S. Sathyakumar and other faculty colleagues of WII.
We would like to express our gratitude to the officials of Forest Department for rendering all
support in providing data, coordination with stakeholders and technical support during the
study. We are thankful to Shri. Narendra Pandva, DFO, Indore Circle and
Shri. H.S. Mohanto, CCF, Indore Circle for their assistance in data collection.
We are greatful to the officials and staff of the Indore Municipal Corporation and Smart City for
assisting in collection of data. Special thanks to Ms. Roopal Chopra, Assistant Planner, Smart
City Indore for her support in data collection.
We express our thankfulness to Dr. Vipul Keerti Sharma, Zoology Department, Holkar Science
College for sharing list of fauna and Dr. Sudeep Ray, Botany Department, PMB Gujrati Science
College for providing the list of invasive alien plant species in Indore respectively. We extend
our thankfulness to Dr. Vivek Sarkar and Mr. Debanjan Sarkar, researchers, Wildlife Institute of
India for their support in preparation of species list.
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Ta b l e o f c o nte nt s
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VII
ABBREVIATIONS----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------XI
SUMMARY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------XII
2. Geophysical Characteristics----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
3. Demography----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
4. Economy--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
5. Biodiversity----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Indicator 12: Climate Regulation: Carbon Storage and Cooling Effect of Vegetation-------------------------22
Indicator 17: Policies, Rules and Regulations – Existence of Local Biodiversity Strategy and Action
Plan----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
Indicator 22: Education and Awareness: Is Biodiversity or Nature Awareness included in the School
Curriculum------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 36
Indicator 23: Education and Awareness - Number of Outreach or Public Awareness Events -----------37
REFERENCES--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
LIST OF TABLES
Table 8: List of Biodiversity and Ecosystem services related projects being carried out in Indore city-28
Table 12: Number and area of patches used in the calculation of Indicator 2----------------------------------------- 46
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Indore City Biodiversity Index at a Glance---------------------------------------------------------------------------------XIII
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
A b b re v i ati o ns
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Summary
Hosting more than half the world’s population, the inclusion of cities in the global
conversation around biodiversity conservation becomes all the more relevant whether
because of their location at important ecosystem junctions, or in areas of high biodiversity
and or because of the impacts they have on an area’s natural resources. Recognising this,
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 2008 conceptualised the first global biodiversity
index for urban areas, ‘City Biodiversity Index (CBI)’ or the ‘Singapore Index on Cities
Biodiversity’. The index is a self-assessment tool for cities to evaluate and monitor the
progress of their biodiversity conservation efforts across subsequent applications of the tool.
Considering the importance of the CBI, Madhya Pradesh State Biodiversity Board (MPSBB)
initiated a project in 2021 to prepare the City Biodiversity Index for the cities of Bhopal
and Indore, Madhya Pradesh with technical support from Wildlife Institute of India (WII),
Dehradun and ICLEI South Asia, New Delhi.
The CBI of Indore has been prepared as per the guidelines and methodology provided in
the User’s Manual on the Singapore Index on Cities’ Biodiversity, endorsed by the CBD in
2014. It comprises the following sections, a “Profile of the City”, which provides background
information on the city; and the 23 indicators that make up the index. The indicators are
grouped across three main components viz. Native Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services provided
by biodiversity and Governance and Management of biodiversity.
The overall exercise collated and documented information on 477 species of plants, 235
species of birds, 82 species of butterflies, 18 species of fishes, 35 species of spiders from
various studies conducted within the city limits of lndore. A Natural Asset Map was also
prepared which highlighted 11 dominant land classes within the city. Ralamandal Wildlife
Sanctuary, Sirpur Lake, Fatan Khedi Lake, Bilawali Lake, Pipliyapala Regional Park, Lalbagh,
Meghdoot Garden, Nehru Park and Holkar Science College Campus are important biodiversity
areas in Indore.
The city scored a total of 34 out of 72 for 18 indicators (Figure 1, Table 1). Since this was the
baseline year the indicators 4-8 were not considered for the analysis. The first section on
“Native Biodiversity in the City”, contributed to a score of 10 out of 20 as only five indicators
were taken into consideration. The city receives an average score for this section indicating
that natural spaces need to be enhanced or restored to improve its overall ecological health.
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Indicators 11-14 which relate to “Ecosystem Services Provided by Biodiversity in the City”
scored 3 out of 16 points. The city’s low score for this section which is linked to the previous
section can be improved by addressing the quality and health of its natural ecosystems.
This report will act as a baseline for future monitoring and assessment of biodiversity within
the city of Indore. The recommendations set out under each indicator are aimed at guiding the
city administration in taking actions towards improving their future score.
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
INDICATOR WISE
SUMMARY SCORE OF
CITY
BIODIVERSITY
INDEX- INDORE
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
* 5 indicators (Indicator 4-8) are not calculated as this is the first application of City Biodiversity Index, and
species changes can thus not be noted.
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
SECTION I
A b o ut C it y B i o di ve r s i t y I n d ex
T
he City Biodiversity Index (CBI) was proposed to be a benchmark in the conservation
efforts made by cities to preserve biodiversity, by Singapore’s former Minister for
National Development, Mr. Mah Bow Tan at COP-9, of CBD in 2008. Developed and
maintained by the Singapore National Parks Board (NParks), with support from ICLEI, the
CBD and others, the CBI is the only biodiversity index designed specifically for monitoring and
evaluating biodiversity in cities.
Also called the ‘Singapore Index (SI)’, so named in recognition of Singapore’s contribution and
leadership, the index is a self-assessment tool meant to assist cities in better understanding
how to enhance their biodiversity conservation efforts over time. The CBI is broadly divided
into two parts: Part I- the profile of the city; which provides background information on
the city; and Part II- the 23 indicators that measure native biodiversity, ecosystem services
provided by biodiversity, and governance and management of biodiversity based on
guidelines and methodology provided in the User’s Manual on the Singapore Index on Cities ‘
Biodiversity,With a maximum score of 92, scores for each indicator vary from 0 to 4 points.
The year in which a city first embarks on this scoring will be taken as the baseline year,
and this will be measured against future applications of the Index to chart its progress in
conserving biodiversity .
CBI for Indore has been prepared by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Dehradun with
support from the Madhya Pradesh State Biodiversity Board (MPSBB), the Indore Municipal
Corporation and with the knowledge support from ICLEI South Asia.
The CBI of Indore has been prepared based on the Secretariat of Convention on Biological
Diversity (SCBD) endorsed user’s manual for CBI updated in 2014. The 23 indicators that make
up the index are grouped into three main components viz. Native Biodiversity, Ecosystem
Services provided by biodiversity and Governance and Management of biodiversity. The CBI is
divided into 2 parts:
Part I - Profile of the city- Location, physical features, demographics, administration, economic
parameters etc.
Part II- Native Biodiversity in City 10* 40#
Ecosystem services provided 4* 16#
by biodiversity in the city
Governance and Management 9* 36#
of biodiversity
Total number of indicators and score 23* 92#
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
SECTION II
C it y B i o di ve r s i t y I n d ex o f I n d o r e
2. Geographical Characteristic
The city is located on the Malwa Plateau in the country’s north central region, on the banks of
the rivers Kanh and Saraswati and tributaries of the River Shipra (Verma and Bhonde, 2014).
In the north, it is bordered by the Madhya Bharat Plateau and the Bundelkhand area, in the
south by the Vindhyan Range, and in the west by the Gujarat region (Shukla and Solanki, 2021).
According to the Zonation Map of India, the region lies in the Seismic Zone III (Shukla and
Solanki, 2019).
3. Demography
According to the census 2011, the population of Indore city and its outgrowth is 19,94,397
which includes 10,35,912 males and 9,58,485 females (Census, 2011).
In terms of religion, 80.18% of the population follows Hinduism followed by 14.09% who follow
Islam. Christianity is followed by 0.65%, Jainism by 3.25%, Sikhism by 1.09%, and Buddhism by
1.09% in Indore city (Census, 2011).
Indore Municipal Corporation is the Urban Local Body that oversees all the matters pertaining
to the city governance with a jurisdiction overseeing 85 wards, covering an area of 279.39 sq.
km. Figure 2 , Table 2 represents the ward boundary and list of wards in Indore City.
4. Economy
Indore district’s gross domestic product was INR 4,335,623 at current prices in 2016-17,
compared to INR 3,464,020 at constant prices in 2011-2012. The district’s net domestic product
in 2016-17 was INR 3,836,158 at current prices, compared to INR. 3,023,311 at constant prices in
2011-2012. The district’s Per capita income, at factor cost in 2016-17 was INR 107,930 at current
prices, compared to INR 85,060 at constant prices in 2011-2012 (Census, 2011).
In terms of education, Indore is fortunate to have both IIT and IIM, making it the only city in
India with both the prestigious institutions. Daly College is one of the oldest co-educational
boarding schools of India which was established in 1882.
5. Biodiversity
Indore city has several natural spaces which supports a rich biodiversity. The green spaces
of the city are dominated by several parks and avenue plantations. The Ralamandal Wildlife
Sanctuary, a biodiversity hotspot, is situated adjoining the municipal boundaries of the city. In
terms of the blue spaces, Sirpur Lake, Fatan Khedi Lake, Bilawali Lakes are important sites.
Sirpur Wetland has been recently declared a Ramsar Site on the 7th of January 2022, with
a total area of 161 ha. The area is also known as Pakshi Vihar (bird sanctuary). It is home
to over 175 species of terrestrial plants, 6 species of macrophytes, 30 species of wild and
cultivated fishes, 8 species of reptiles and amphibian, and more. During winters more than 130
different bird species can be seen around the lake (Ramsar Convention, 2022). The Lake is also
designated as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBBA) by Birdlife International.
Data on biodiversity of the city is limited to some scientific research papers and books
published on birds and benthic macro invertebrates. To further support the development of
the index, several experts were consulted for checklists of birds, plants, butterfly, invasive
species.
Studies on birds particularly the spatial variation, IUCN, WPA and residential status, and their
nest building behaviour was conducted in various green spaces of Indore city (Pipliyapala
Regional Park, Lalbagh, Meghdoot Garden, Nehru Park) and in the Holkar Science College
Campus (Bhonsle et al., 2018; Gaur et al., 2019; Gaur et al., 2020a; Gaur et al., 2020b). In the
study conducted in the Holkar Science College Campus, 51 species of birds were identified
which belong to the 14 Orders and 33 Families. In the study of various birds in different green
spaces of the city, 58 bird species belonging to 13 orders and 34 families were identified (Gaur
et al., 2021).
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
The Nature Volunteers (TNV), an NGO working in Indore, has also conducted some studies in
the region. They have published two books, The Birds of Sirpur (Mondhe et al., 2012) and Birds
of Indore (Mondhe et al., 2019) which reports 130 and 266 species of birds respectively. Birds of
Indore accounts for the whole district rather than the city. For the city, a consolidated list was
developed which was compared with the species recorded by citizen science platform eBird,
developed by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. A total of 235 species of birds are reported in the
city (Table 13 of Annexure III).
A study detailing the flowering plants of Indore district in Madhya Pradesh by Rao & Sastry
(1964) identified 566 species of flowering plants. The study hasn’t been revised and an updated
publication on the flora is lacking. A checklist of plants from the Garden Department of Indore
Municipal Corporation (IMC) accounts for 477 species of vascular plants reported for Indore
city & has been referred for computation of CBI of Indore (Table 14, Annexure III).
Sharma and Barkale (2017), studied the benthic macro-invertebrates in the Bilawali lake of
the city, where 35 species of macro-invertebrates were identified. Among these, 12 species of
Annelids, 12 species of Molluscans and 11 species of Arthropods were found.
A butterfly list was supplied by Dr Vipul Keerti, Professor, Department of Zoology, Holkar
Science College Indore. 82 species of butterflies are reported in Indore city (Table 15, Annexure
III).
Sharma & Sharma (2015) identified 35 species of spiders under 11 families, in their study on
Sirpur Lake (Table 16, Annexure III) and same has been reported for Indore city and used for
computation of CBI. Data on the fishes occurring in the ponds of city is collected from the
Department of Fisheries. There are 18 species of fishes occurring in the water bodies of the city
(Table 17, Annexure III).
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
7. Administration of Biodiversity
State driven conservation models include protected areas and territorial forests (Krishnan et
al., 2012). Indore city has city forests/territorial forests which are maintained by the Madhya
Pradesh Forest Department.
In Indore, the following agencies are responsible at state and city administrative level for
biodiversity related activities.
This department which was established in 1860, is headed by the Principal Chief Conservator
of Forests (PCCF). Forest lands and other protected areas are managed efficiently, and forest
resources are conserved and promoted through administrative entities established at the
regional level. Madhya Pradesh was likely the first state in India to begin the job of developing
a working plan in 1894. The Forest Department also maintains the city forests of Indore. For
more details please visit: https://mpforest.gov.in/HomeHindi.aspx
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Part B:
Indicators of the
City Biodiversity Index
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
The definition of the Natural areas is stated in the Singapore Index Manual as “Natural areas
comprise predominantly native species and natural ecosystems, which are not, or no longer, or
only slightly influenced by human actions, except where such actions are intended to conserve,
enhance or restore native biodiversity.”
The definition given in the CBI manual was followed as closely as possible given Indian conditions,
and the Natural Asset map (Figure 3) was referred while calculating the Proportion of Natural
Areas. Table 3 enlists all the land classes and their areas as identified in the Natural Asset Map.
Among all the land classes, those that fit within the definition of natural areas include Forest
/ Natural vegetation, Sparse vegetation/Scrub, Lakes and pond, Marshes, River/Drainage and
Riverine Vegetation and have been considered for the calculation of this indicator (Table 4) .
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Landscapes represented in Indore Municipal Corporation by the land classes- Agriculture, fallow
land, tree patches, open ground, and parks also form a part of the ecological network. However,
these have not been considered natural areas following the guidelines of the CBI manual.
1
Atotal * ( 1
A 2 + A22 + A32 + ... + An2)
Where:
Atotal is the total area of all natural areas
A1 to An are areas that are distinct from each other (i.e. more than or equal to 100m apart)
n
is the total number of connected natural areas
This measures effective mesh size of the natural areas in the city. A1 to An may consist of areas
that are the sum of two or more smaller patches which are connected. In general, patches are
considered as connected if they are less than 100m apart.
The patches associated with the land classes used to calculate indicator 1, i.e., Forest / Natural
Vegetation, Sparse Vegetation/ Scrub, Lake, Marshes, River/Drainage and Riverine Vegetation
have been considered in this calculation. Figure 4 shows the map prepared for Connectivity
patches of Natural Areas of Indore Municipal Boundaries.
162 polygons (patches) were merged with the land class River Saraswati and considered a single
unit, as per the 100m proximity rule. The total area of this big patch (A1) was determined as
491.92 ha. 19 patches were merged with Sirpur lake, considered patch A2, with an area of 326.72
ha (Annexure II,Table 12).
There are 323 polygons (patches) outside the 100m buffer of these two big patches. As per the
100m proximity rule, these patches are inter-merged into 116 patches
(A3 – A124). The total number of patches is shown in Table 12, Annexure II.
Atotal = 2124.83 ha
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
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Figure 4: Connectivity Patches of natural areas of Indore City
Component: Native Biodiversity
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Secondary data on birds was available in the form of research papers, books and reports.
Citizen science platforms such as eBird (2021) developed by Cornell Lab of Ornithology
was also referred for the generation of the list. The computation of this indicator does not
include the natural areas that were taken into account in Indicator 1. The Nature Volunteers
Team’s experts were consulted to examine the birds that are found in the natural or urban
(anthropogenic) areas.
The city is home to 235 different bird species, 97 of which may be found in the city’s urban and
anthropogenic altered areas. Table 13 of Annexure III, lists the birds taken into consideration.
The number of urban birds dwelling in the city can be improved by expanding the
greenspaces in the urban environment. Birds can be attracted by encouraging the public to
plant more native trees in their yards, communal gardens, or parking lots. The planting of
native vegetation should be encouraged rather than replacing it with ornamental plants.
The general public ought to be aware of the value of urban birds and their contribution to
the environment. With the aid of NGOs already dedicated to the same cause, the city can
initiate partnerships that encourage residents to engage in activities like bird watching and
participating in citizen science initiatives.
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
The change in number of native species is used for indicators 4 to 8. The three core groups are:
Component: Native Biodiversity
These groups have been selected as data are most easily available and to enable some common
comparison.
Cities can select any two other taxonomic groups for indicators 7 and 8 (e.g. bryophytes, fungi,
amphibians, reptiles, freshwater fish, molluscs, dragonflies, beetles, spiders, hard corals, marine
fish, seagrasses, sponges, etc.)
The above data from the first application of the CBI would be reported in Part A: Profile of the
City as the baseline.
Net change in species from the previous survey to the most recent survey is calculated as:
Total increase in number of species (as a result of re-introduction, rediscovery, new species
found, etc.) minus number of species that have gone extinct.
Data is very deficient in case of native biodiversity of city. Relatively few studies are conducted
on the flora or fauna present on the region, as also discussed in the part A of the Biodiversity
Section. For Indicator 4, the Garden section of IMC provided a list of plants (Table 14, Annexure
III). For the preparation of birds list for indicator 5, a consolidated list was prepared from all
the available sources discussed in part A (Table 13, Annexure III) and a taxa expert from the
TNV Team was consulted at the final stage of the list preparation. Dr. Vipul Keerti, Professor in
the Department of Zoology at Holkar Science College, provided the list of butterflies for the
indicator 6 (Table 15, Annexure III).
For the additional taxa (Indicator 7 & 8) a list of Spiders and Fishes was compiled respectively.
The list of spiders was extracted from the study conducted by Sharma & Sharma (2015) (Table
16, Annexure III) and the list of fishes was received from the Department of Fisheries, Indore
(Table 17, Annexure III).
When the city revises the index in five years, these lists will serve as the baseline data for
comparison and calculation of indicators.
The details of the protected areas have been supplied by the Forest Department, Indore
Division. In addition to the designated protected zones, the Indore Municipal Corporation is
creating the Ahilya Van (City Forest) in 150 selected spots. However, since these areas are still in
the process of being developed and declared, they have not been taken into consideration. The
Sirpur Wetland which is a Ramsar site is also included in the list. Table 5 below lists all of Indore’s
protected areas.
(Area of protected or secured natural areas) ÷ (Total area of the city) × 100
R ES U L T : 0 . 0 2 0 % SCO RE : 0
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
The taxonomist Dr. Sudeep Ray, Professor, Department of Botany, PMB Gujarati Science
College, was contacted to support in the identification of invasive species from the total plant
list of the city because there was no published information on the invasive species of Indore
City. Dr. Ray identified 44 invasive species, listed in Table 18, Annexure III.
The score for this indicator has been calculated taking into account limited information on the
city’s invasive species and therefore can only be considered indicative. Further research should
be carried out on the invasive species of the region which may be addressed as an action point
in the LBSAP for the city which should be developed to improve the score of several indicators.
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
A permeability map of IMC was prepared for the purpose of calculating this indicator (Figure
5). For the map preparation Sentinel-2 Level, 2 products with a cloud cover of less than
3% comprising the IMC region (Tile Number - T43QEF) acquired on 01 October 2022 were
downloaded from USGS Earth Explorer. Red (R), Green (G), Blue (B), and Near Infrared (NIR)
bands with 10m spatial resolution and vegetation red edge bands and Short-wave infrared bands
with 20 m spatial resolution were pre-processed for the supervised classification process. The
field surveyed and Google satellite layer location data for the Land use classes of Paddy field,
Plantation, Waterbody, Scrubland, Dense vegetation, Sparse vegetation, Open ground and
Urban built-up were utilized as the training data set for the supervised classification based on
the standard methodology in ENVI 5.3 software. After the LULC classification, the respective
land classes were merged, and a permeability map was prepared. The area of permeable spaces
of Indore city are given in Table 6.
R ES U L T : 4 4 . 0 8 % SCO RE : 2
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
In order to calculate indicator 12, a tree cover map (Figure 6) was developed using Sentinel
satellite imagery. Sentinel-2 Level 2 products with a cloud cover of less than 3% comprising the
study region (Tile Number - T43QEF) acquired on 01 October 2022 were downloaded from USGS
Earth Explorer. Sentinel bands 2 to 8,8a,11 and 12 were pre-processed and used in the supervised
classification process based on the standard methodology. The field surveyed location data for
the tree cover area such as Dense vegetation, Forest, Avenue tree patches and plantations were
utilised as the training data set for the tree cover classification in ENVI 5.3 software. The tree
cover map was prepared by merging the respective land classes. The Tree canopy cover area for
Indore is given in Table 7.
Tree Cover = (Tree canopy cover) ÷ (Total terrestrial area of the city) × 100
Indore’s land use comprises a high percent of built-up area followed by agricultural areas. As
a result, the score for this indicator is low. To boost the score the IMC can identify suitable
areas for tree as well as look into developing native tree green belts along roadsides,
avenues and parks. Involving the public through well thought out awareness programmes
and sapling distribution will only serve to accelerate plantation on private and public land.
Future applications of the indicator may see an increase in the score if the Ahilya Van project is
successful.
22
23
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
The IMC is responsible for developing and maintaining 1,381 parks throughout the city which are
accessible to all its citizens (List of parks is provided in the Annexure IV). The Indore Zoo, also
known as Kamla Nehru Prani Sanghralay, is an area of recreation for city inhabitants, hence its
area is taken into account while calculating the indicator.
(Area of parks with natural areas and protected or secured natural areas)/1000 persons
Area of recreational services for 1 person = Total recreational area/total population of city
= 138.55 ÷ 19,94,397
= 0.00006 ha per person
R E SULT : 0 . 0 6 h a / 1 0 0 0 p e rs on SCO R E : 0
Indore has less than the minimum standard of 570 ha of recreational green space, as provided
in the Urban and Regional Development Plans Formulation and Implementation (URDPFI, Vol.
I) Guidelines, 2015. The city must, on priority, establish more organised native green spaces.
Partnerships with agricultural land owners resulting in them setting aside a small proportion of
land which can be developed into recreational green spaces through an appropriate financial
model, will not only result in protection of the city’s agricultural lands from being converted,
but also provide recreational spaces for locals.
24
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
The Kamla Nehru Prani Sanghralay (Indore Zoo), in collaboration with an NGO, The Animal
Rehabilitation and Protection Front (ARPF), offers several informative educational guided
tours for students from various schools. Additionally, ARPF organises several excursions to
Ralamandal Wildlife Sanctuary. Anubhooti camp, a nature camp organised by the Madhya
Pradesh Forest Department for Indore’s public schools, takes students to a neighbouring
national park or wildlife sanctuary. However, as these activities are not mandatory in the school
curriculum, they cannot account for the indicator calculation.
R ES U L T : N o For mal
SCO R E : 0
e d uc a t i o n a l vi s i t s
Despite the fact that several environmental educational programmes take place, these are not
linked with the curriculum and hence the indicator’s score is zero. The city can recommend to
the state education boards that a mandatory educational tour to natural areas be added to the
curriculum to boost this score.
25
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
26
Component: Governance and Management of Biodiversity
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
1. Budget allocated to biodiversity related administration (under the function Parks and
Gardens, functional group Urban Forestry of Indore Municipal Corporation)- 16,07.36 million
INR. The breakdown of the amount is given below:
Expenditure on development of parks and gardens = 316.001 million INR
Expenditure on maintenance of Sirpur Pond buffer zone = 415.162 million INR
Expenditure on plantation on Pitra parvat = 1.0 million INR
Operations and maintenance of lakes, ponds and other waterbodies = 271.00 million INR
Others = 606.284 million INR
Total budget allocated for biodiversity = Budget allocated to biodiversity related administration
+ Budget allocated for Indore Zoo = (16,09.447 + 2,97.5) million INR = 1906.947 million INR
R ES U L T : 4 % SCO R E : 4
Indore has scored the highest points in the indicator as the budget allocated to the biodiversity
activities are quite effective. To maintain the score, the city governance should develop more
projects which can enhance the scores of other indicators. The scores of other indicators can
also be raised by allocating a small amount to creating a BMC and LBSAP.
27
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
In addition to submitting the total number of projects and programmes carried out, cities are
encouraged to provide a listing of the projects and to categorise the list into projects that are:
1. Biodiversity related
2. Ecosystems services related
There are various agencies which work together with the ULB to implement several projects
throughout the year. Some of these are statal agencies while others are NGOs. On the basis of
data collected from the IMC, ISCDL, the list of projects is given in Table 8.
Table 8: List of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Related Projects being carried out in
Indore city
S. No. Name of project Agency
1 Bhu Jal Sanrakshan Abhiyan (Rain water harvesting) IMC and ISCDL
2 Ahilya van Project IMC and ISCDL
3 Ecofriendly Mati Ganesh Campaign IMC
4 Har Din ek Ped Campaign from 8 August to 15 August IMC
2022.
5 Plantation drives by Forest Department Forest Department
6 Blue Master Plan ISCDL and IMC
7 Riverfront Project: Plantation across the river banks of ISCDL
Sarswati and Kahn river.
8 Native trees Plantation at different sites Scientech Eco Foundation
9 Rejuvenation of traditional water bodies of the city IMC and ISCDL
10 Treatment of Catchment areas of river Saraswati and IMC and ISCDL
Kanh rivers
11 Lake Restoration and Rejuvenation Project at Kanadia IMC and ISCDL
12 Pitra Parvat Green Area Development IMC and ISCDL
13 Rejuvenation of Kanh and Sarswati River areas IMC and ISCDL
14 Drum plantation on roadside IMC and ISCDL
15 Green Belt Area and Garden Development IMC and ISCDL
16 Study on Biodiversity of Sirpur Wetland, Indore EPCO & IMC
17 Conservation of Important Lakes & Reservoirs EPCO & IMC
18 Sirpur Lake Five Year Plan EPCO & IMC
28
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
R ES U L T : 21 SCO R E : 1
The city of Indore, through its LBSAP can take up meaningful activities identified therein, to
enhance its biodiversity, through partnerships with statal and parastatal agencies, local NGOs,
academic institutions and the private sector.
29
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Under the Indicator 17, LBSAP has been considered as mainstreaming document to implement
NBSAP & CBD objectives.
Status of LBSAP (or any equivalent plan); number of associated CBD initiatives.
* LBSAP or equivalent.
** The thematic programmes of work and cross-cutting issues of the CBD are listed in http://
www.cbd.int/programmes/. The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011-2020), including the Aichi
Biodiversity Targets can also be used as a reference framework (http://www.cbd.int/sp/default.
shtml).
RE S U L T : N o L B S A P SCO R E : 0
Developing an LBSAP for Indore can improve several indicators’ score which will help the city
better plan and administer to its local biodiversity. The initiative in this regard should be taken
up on priority basis by the Municipal Corporation.
30
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
The city has a number of biodiversity functions housed in academic institutes, museums and
include the following (Table 9).
R ES U L T : 1 0 SCO R E : 4
Several biodiversity functions are already present in Indore city however, most are maintained
autonomously, without any participation of the ULB. The IMC can contribute to the
maintenance of these institutions, exploring partnerships and ways to attract more visitors.
Drawing a connect with the educational aspects, the Corporation can also facilitate connections
with education boards.
31
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
The main local government agencies that are working on biodiversity matters.
R ES U L T : 3 SCO R E : 1
To improve this score the city administration can look at establishing an outreach organisation
of the Corporation, which will be registered separately and will function independently.
This organisation will assist the city corporation in undertaking and monitoring projects and
programmes related to biodiversity conservation. Additionally, the corporation should also
set up their biodiversity management committee (BMC) as per the provisions of the Biological
Diversity Act of 2002. This committee will be responsible for documenting local biodiversity, its
sustainable use and dealing with Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) issues.
32
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
No formal or informal public consultation process pertaining to biodiversity exists in the city,
hence score would be zero.
R ES U L T : N o For mal
o r I n fo r m a l P ub li c SCO R E : 0
C o n sul t ati on
The city needs to incorporate a formal public consultation process to improve inclusive decision
making, public participation, public ownership and transparency. The Biodiversity Management
Committee, once formed can spearhead this process of public consultation.
33
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
international organisations with which the city is partnering in biodiversity activities, projects
and programmes.
(Instances of inter-agency co-operation listed in Indicator 19 should not be listed here again)
There are several agencies, private companies, NGOs, with which the city is partnering in
biodiversity activities, projects and programmes. The information is acquired from consultations
held with ULB officials directly, with the relevant stakeholders, and via social media platforms
(Table 10).
34
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
R ES U L T : 22 SCO R E : 4
Indore has several partnerships which focus on various aspects of biodiversity both directly and
indirectly. Strengthening the number and nature of these partnerships and collaborations can
lead to higher scores in other indicators such as Indicator 16, Indicator 21.
35
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Is biodiversity or nature awareness included in the school curriculum (e.g. biology, geography,
etc.)
The school of the city follows the curriculum of Madhya Pradesh State Board, Central Board
of Secondary Education (CBSE), and Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE). All of
the examination boards include subjects like, biology, geography, science, and environmental
science, thus, the components of biodiversity are taught in schools.
SCO R E : 4
It should be noted here that this indicator which measures the theoretical aspects of
biodiversity education receives the highest score possible whereas indicator 14 which measures
practical aspects of biodiversity education received the lowest score possible. This highlights
that environmental education not just in Indore, but in the country at large needs to strike the
right balance between theory and practice. In order to address the same, the city administration
can give a directive to all schools to include visits to parks and biodiversity facilities (listed in
indicator 18) in their curriculum.
36
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Number of outreach or public awareness events held in the city per year.
Being the Cleanest City of India, IMC itself conducts a lot of outreach awareness activities under
the aegis of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) which directly or indirectly encompass biodiversity
issues. Numerous initiatives including plantations, cyclathons, marathons, and competitions are
employed to generate awareness. The outreach programs are also conducted via social media
accounts, FM radio, hoardings, and door-to-door outreach. According to conversations with city
administrators, there are over 150 outreach activities carried out every year.
R E S U L T : 1 50 - 3 00 SCO R E : 3
The Municipal Corporation takes its status as the Cleanest City of India seriously which it has
won as a result of well planned and executed awareness activities. Moving beyond the SBA
associated awareness programmes, into biodiversity related issues would benefit the score for
this indicator. Partnerships and collaborations will further bolster the score.
37
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
R e f e r e nc e s
Bhonsle, O., Shrivastava, C. S., Jain, R., & Gaherwal, S. (2018). A Preliminary Study on Avian
Fauna at Govt.(Model, Autonomous) Holkar Science College, Indore,(MP).
Gaur, P., Pichhode, M., Dudwe, J., Shrivastava, C. S., & Gaherwal, S. (2021). Residential, IUCN and
WPA Status of the Avian Fauna Observed in Indore city (MP), India. Nature Environment and
Pollution Technology, 20(1), 113-121.
Gaur, P., Pichhode, M., Kumari, P., Shrivastava, C. S., & Gaherwal, S (2020). Observation of Nest
Building by Birds at Indore City. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 20, 977-984.
Gaur, P., Shrivastava, C. S., & Gaherwal, S (2020). Percent Occurrence of Birds Recorded in
Indore City of Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Xidian University, 14(2), 45-70.
Gaur, P., Shrivastava, C. S., & Gaherwal, S. (2019). Spatial variation in avifaunal diversity from
various green spaces of Indore city, Madhya Pradesh. International Journal of Current Research
and Reviews, 11(14), 06-15.
IDA : Indore Development Authority. (2017). IDA. Retrieved April 9, 2022, from https://www.
idaindore.org/frmAboutIndore.aspx
Indore City Population Census 2011–2022 | Madhya Pradesh. (2022). Census 2011. Retrieved May
6, 2022, from https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/299-indore.html
Mondhe, B., Khandekar, A., & Rishi, K. (2012). Birds of Sirpur, Indore. The Nature Volunteers
(TNV).
Mondhe, B., Khandekar, A., Gadikar, A., & Mourya, P. (2019). Birds of Indore. The Nature
Volunteers (TNV).
Ramsar Convention (2022), Sirpur Wetland | Ramsar Sites Information Service. (2022). Rsis.
ramsar.org. Retrieved September 14, 2022, from https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2478
Rao, A. S., & Sastry, A. R. (1964). An account of the flowering plants of Indore district in Madhya
Pradesh. Nelumbo, 6(2-4), 267-286.
Sharma, P., & Sharma, V. K. (2015). Diversity of spiders around Sirpur Lake, Indore (MP), India.
International Journal of Zoology and Research, 5(2), 1-8.
Sharma, S., & Barkale, S. (2016). The species richness and abundance of macro-invertebrates in
Bilawali Talab, Indore (MP), India. IJFAS, 4(5), 311-315.
Shukla, D., & H Solanki, C. (2019). Estimation of the Shear Wave Velocity for Indore City Using
Various Correlations. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(03).
Shukla, D., & Solanki, C. H. (2021). Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Indore city and
surrounding areas. Innovative infrastructure solutions, 6(3), 1-24.
Smart City Indore | Introduction. (2020). Smart City. Retrieved April 24, 2022, from https://www.
smartcityindore.org/introduction/
38
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Urban and Regional Development Plans Formulation and Implementation Guidelines, Volume-I
, 2015. Government of India, Ministry of Urban Development. Town and Planning Organisation.
Available at - https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/URDPFI%20Guidelines%20Vol%20I(2).
pdf
User’s Manual for the City Biodiversity Index. (2014). Assessed online at 12 July, 2022. Available
at: http://www.cbd.int/en/subnational/partners-and-initiatives/city-biodiversity-index
Verma, A., & Bhonde, B. K. (2014). Optimisation of municipal solid waste management of Indore
City using GIS. International Journal on Emerging Technologies, 5(1), 194.
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
ANNEXURE I: M e t ho d o l o g y f o r Pr e p arat i o n
o f N atural A s s e s t M ap o f I n d o r e
1. The shapefiles of the IMC boundaries were collected from the ISCDL.
2. A satellite imagery base map was imported in ArcGIS (April 2022) and mapping scale was set
to 1:2500, 1cm on map= 100m on ground.
4. The final classes are: (Forest / Natural vegetation, Sparse vegetation/ scrub, Marshes, Open
Green Spaces, Lakes and Ponds, River/drainage, Riverine, Open Ground, Tree patch and
plantation, Agriculture and Fallow land.
Several visual interpretation elements like - shape, size, colour, texture, pattern etc., were used
for identification and digitisation of the Natural asset classes. Table 11 shows list of classes and
corresponding interpretation keys used for classification-
40
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Classification Scheme
1. Forest / Natural vegetation: A Forest is a large area dominated by trees and have legal status and
administrative boundary. This area appears to be dark green and dense on the imagery. Devguradiya
City Forest has been identified in this category.
Natural vegetation: In Indore, in the middle of urban areas there are few patches which appears to be
highly dense and vegetated. These areas are classified as Natural vegetation.
2. Sparse Vegetation: The land use in this land class has green area which have very little or no vegetation.
The land is mostly permeable and appears to be in green colour giving grass like appearance.
41
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
3. Marshes: These are wetland ecosystems dominated by herbaceous plants, such as grasses, reeds, and
sedges. Marshes are mostly located near lakes and larger water bodies. They appear to be bright green
in satellite imagery.
4. Open Green Spaces: These are areas with trees and plantation meant for recreational purposes. They
have a defined boundary and are accessible to public, therefore parks are present around built-up areas.
All the parks have been digitised and classified under this class.
5. Lakes and ponds: These areas are lentic ecosystems, water bodies which appears to be dark blue and
sometime greenish in colour. The city is characterised by presence by 2 important lakes, upper lake and
lower lake and several small ponds.
42
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
6. River/ Drainage: The city has two rivers prominently, i.e., Saraswati River and Kahn river that flows
across the city. These two main streams are classified under this land class.
Drainage: Streams or drainage which connects with the river or lakes. They do not follow a regular
pattern and appears to be blue, sometimes whitish blue or dark blue in colour.
7. Riverine Vegetation: The vegetation present around the rivers or drainage are classified under this
category. This vegetation is irregular in shape and appears to be green in colour.
8. Open Ground: Open grounds are open land areas meant for sports activities. They are found mostly
around school and college campus.
43
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
9. Tree patch and plantation: The patches of trees occur amid the urban area. These areas appear to be
green in colour in the imagery and looks vegetated. The tree patch does not follow a regular pattern but
is present in scattered form.
Plantation: The land use plantation has been identified along with roads, canals in a linear pattern. The
roadside plantation always follows a regular (linear) pattern and appears to be green in colour.
10. Agriculture: : It is land area which is being used for crop production. The land use class is characterised
by regular checkerboard shaped areas with defined boundaries. They appear to be in different shades of
green- yellow colour.
44
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
11. Fallow land: These areas are cultivable lands which have no growing crops, they appear to be brown or
yellow in colour and area adjacent to agricultural fields.
45
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
A N N E X U R E I I - C al c ulat i o n o f C o nn e c t i v it y A r e as
Table 12: Number and area of patches used in the calculation of Indicator 2
Area_A Area_A
Patch_no Area_A *Area_A Patch_no Area_A *Area_A
A1 491.93 241990.67 A37 5.40 29.14
A2 326.74 106762.23 A38 5.15 26.52
A3 260.40 67807.18 A39 4.77 22.71
A4 110.18 12138.88 A40 4.59 21.10
A5 109.14 11912.47 A41 4.30 18.47
A6 88.11 7763.67 A42 4.22 17.84
A7 80.19 6429.84 A43 4.13 17.02
A8 52.88 2796.11 A44 4.07 16.59
A9 42.16 1777.48 A45 3.97 15.74
A10 37.86 1433.10 A46 3.76 14.11
A11 37.74 1423.97 A47 3.50 12.23
A12 34.52 1191.51 A48 3.36 11.29
A13 32.16 1034.24 A49 3.05 9.30
A14 31.16 971.22 A50 2.81 7.90
A15 26.06 679.05 A51 2.80 7.82
A16 26.01 676.75 A52 2.70 7.27
A17 24.85 617.39 A53 2.53 6.39
A18 23.75 564.05 A54 2.28 5.18
A19 20.46 418.77 A55 2.20 4.86
A20 14.32 205.20 A56 1.99 3.96
A21 13.83 191.17 A57 1.92 3.69
A22 12.21 149.01 A58 1.86 3.47
A23 12.18 148.40 A59 1.84 3.40
A24 11.38 129.49 A60 1.84 3.38
A25 11.18 125.09 A61 1.80 3.25
A26 10.79 116.40 A62 1.74 3.03
A27 10.18 103.64 A63 1.70 2.89
A28 8.36 69.83 A64 1.44 2.08
A29 7.28 53.01 A65 1.40 1.96
A30 7.11 50.53 A66 1.29 1.66
A31 6.67 44.51 A67 1.25 1.57
A32 6.39 40.83 A68 1.20 1.43
A33 6.20 38.43 A69 1.14 1.29
A34 6.04 36.54 A70 1.12 1.26
A35 5.78 33.38 A71 1.08 1.16
A36 5.73 32.86 A72 1.07 1.15
46
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Area_A Area_A
Patch_no Area_A *Area_A Patch_no Area_A *Area_A
A73 1.04 1.09 A96 0.26 0.07
A74 0.95 0.90 A97 0.25 0.06
A75 0.88 0.77 A98 0.25 0.06
A76 0.84 0.71 A99 0.24 0.06
A77 0.84 0.70 A100 0.22 0.05
A78 0.80 0.64 A101 0.22 0.05
A79 0.75 0.56 A102 0.21 0.05
A80 0.75 0.56 A103 0.20 0.04
A81 0.74 0.55 A104 0.20 0.04
A82 0.74 0.55 A105 0.19 0.04
A83 0.74 0.55 A106 0.19 0.04
A84 0.66 0.43 A107 0.16 0.03
A85 0.63 0.39 A108 0.16 0.03
A86 0.54 0.29 A109 0.16 0.03
A87 0.52 0.27 A110 0.13 0.02
A88 0.48 0.23 A111 0.13 0.02
A89 0.43 0.18 A112 0.08 0.01
A90 0.35 0.12 A113 0.08 0.01
A91 0.33 0.11 A114 0.08 0.01
A92 0.33 0.11 A115 0.04 0.00
A93 0.29 0.09 A116 0.03 0.00
A94 0.26 0.07 A117 0.02 0.00
A95 0.26 0.07 A118 0.00 0.00
47
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
A N N E X U R E I I I - L i s t o f F l o ra an d Fauna S p e c i e s in
I n d o r e C it y
Urban Birds
S.No. Common Names Scientific Names Resident (R)
(YES/NO)
FAMILY: PODICIPEDIDAE : Grebes
1 Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis R NO
FAMILY: PHALACROCORACIDAE : Cormorants
2 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger LM YES
3 Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscicollis LM NO
4 Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo R NO
5 Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster WM NO
FAMILY: ARDEIDAE : Herons, Egrets, Bitterns
6 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea LM NO
7 Striated Heron Butorides striata R NO
8 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii R YES
9 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R YES
10 Intermediate/Medium Egret Mesophoyx intermedia R YES
11 Little Egret Egretta garzetta R YES
12 Night Heron Nyticorax nycticorax R NO
13 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea LM YES
14 The Great Egret Ardea alba R YES
FAMILY: CICONIIDAE : Storks
15 Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala LM NO
16 Open-bill stork Anastomus oscitans WM YES
17 Woolly-necked stork Ciconia episcopus R NO
18 Black Stork Ciconia nigra WM NO
FAMILY: THRESKIORNITHIDAE : Ibises, Spoonbill
19 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus LM YES
20 Red-naped Ibis/ Indian black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa LM NO
21 Black-necked Ibis/Oriental white Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus R YES
22 Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia WM NO
FAMILY: PHOENICOPTERIDAE : Flamingos
23 Greater Flamingo Phoeniconaias roseus V NO
FAMILY: ANATIDAE : Ducks, Geese
Lesser Whistling-teal/Indian whistling
25 Dendrocygna javanica R
duck NO
26 Northern Pintail Anas acuta WM NO
27 Eurasian Teal Anas crecca R NO
28 Indian Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha R NO
29 Gadwall Anas strepera WM NO
30 Garganey Anas querquedula WM NO
31 Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea WM NO
32 Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotes R NO
33 Cotton Pygmy-Goose Nettapus coromandelianus LM NO
34 Common Pochard Aythya ferina WM NO
35 Red Crested Pochard Rhodonessa rufina WM NO
36 Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope WM NO
37 Greylag Goose Anser anser WM NO
38 Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus WM NO
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Urban Birds
S.No. Common Names Scientific Names Resident (R)
(YES/NO)
39 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos WM NO
40 Northern Shoveler Spatula clypeata WM NO
41 Ferruginous Pochard Aythya nyroca WM NO
42 Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula WM NO
FAMILY: GRUIDAE : Cranes
43 Sarus Crane Grus antigone R YES
FAMILY: RALLIDAE : Coots
44 Eurasian Coot Fulica atra R NO
45 Grey-headed Swamphen Porphyrio poliocephalus R NO
Common Moorhen/Eurasian
R
46 Moorhen Gallinula chloropus NO
FAMILY: ACCIPITRIDAE : Hawks, Vultures, Eagles
47 Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus R YES
48 Crested Honey Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus R YES
49 Black Kite Milvus migrans R YES
50 Shikra Accipiter badius R YES
51 White-Eyed Buzzard Butastur teesa R NO
52 Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus R YES
53 Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus WM NO
54 Short-Toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus R NO
55 Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela R NO
56 Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus WM NO
57 Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus R NO
58 Greater Spotted Eagle Clanga clanga R NO
59 Bonelli's Eagle Aquila fasciata R NO
60 Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus R NO
61 Crested Hawk Eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus R NO
FAMILY: FALCONIDAE : Falcons
62 Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus WM NO
63 Red-necked Falcon Falco chicquera WM NO
64 Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo WM NO
65 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus WM YES
FAMILY: PHASIANIDAE : Pheasants, Patridges, Quails
66 Painted partridge Francolinus pictus R NO
67 Grey Francolin/Teetar Francolinus pondicerianus R NO
68 Common Quail Coturnix coturnix R NO
69 Jungle Bush Quail Perdicula asiatica R NO
70 Grey Junglefowl Gallus sonneratii R NO
71 Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus R YES
72 White Breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus R YES
73 Rain Quail Coturnix coromandelica R NO
74 Rock Bush Quail Perdicula argoondah R NO
FAMILY: CHARADRIIDAE : Plovers, Lapwing
75 Red-Wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus R YES
76 Yellow-Wattled Lapwing Vanellus malabaricus R NO
77 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius WM NO
78 Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus WM NO
FAMILY: JACANIDE : Jacanas
79 Bronze Winged Jacana Metopidius indicus R NO
80 Pheasant Tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus R NO
49
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Urban Birds
S.No. Common Names Scientific Names Resident (R)
(YES/NO)
FAMILY: ROSTRATULIDAE : Snipes
81 Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago WM NO
82 Greater Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis R NO
83 Temminck Stint Calidris temminckii WM NO
FAMILY: RECURVIROSTRIDAE : Stilts, Avocet
84 Black Winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus R YES
FAMILY: GLAREOLIDAE : Coursers, Pratincoles
85 Small Pratincole Glareola lactea LM NO
86 Indian Courser Cursorius coromandelicus R NO
FAMILY: LARIDAE : Terns
87 River Tern Sterna aurantia R NO
88 Brown-headed Gull Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus R NO
89 Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus R NO
90 Little Tern Sternula albifrons R NO
FAMILY: PTEROCLIDIDAE : Sandgrouse
91 Chestnut Bellied Sandgrouse Plerocles exustus R NO
FAMILY: COLUMBIDAE: Pigeons, Doves
92 Yellow Footed Green Pigeon Treron phoenicoptera R YES
93 Rock dove/ pigeon biset Columba livia R YES
94 Eurasian Collared-Dove Streptopelia decaocto R YES
95 Red Collared-Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica R NO
96 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis R YES
97 Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis R YES
FAMILY: PSITTACIDAE : Parakeets
98 Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria R YES
99 Rose-Ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri R YES
100 Plum Headed Parakeet Psittacula roseate R YES
FAMILY: CUCULIDAE : Cuckoos
101 Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus SM YES
102 Common Hawk Cuckoo Hierococcyx varius R YES
103 Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus SM YES
104 Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea R YES
105 Sirkeer Malkoha Phaenicophaeus leschenaultii R NO
106 Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis R YES
FAMILY: STRIGIDAE : Owls
107 Common Barn Owl Tyto alba R YES
108 Indian Scops Owl Otus bakkamoena R NO
109 Eurasian Eagle-Owl Bubo bubo R NO
110 Jungle Owlet Glaucidium radiatum R NO
111 Spotted Owlet Athene brama R YES
112 Mottled Wood Owl Strix ocellata R NO
113 Short eared Owl Asio flammeus WM NO
114 Indian Eagle Owl Bubo bengalensis R NO
115 Brown Fish Owl Ketupa zeylonensis R NO
FAMILY: CAPRIMULGIDAE : Nightjars
116 Indian Jungle Nightjar Caprimulgus indicus R NO
117 Common Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus asiaticus R NO
118 Savanna Nightjar Caprimulgus affinis NO NO
FAMILY: APODIDAE : Swifts
119 Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba R NO
120 Little Swift Apus affinis R YES
50
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Urban Birds
S.No. Common Names Scientific Names Resident (R)
(YES/NO)
121 Crested Tree Swift Hemiprocne coronata R NO
122 Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis R YES
FAMILY: ALCEDINIDAE : Kingfishers
123 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis R NO
124 Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis R NO
125 White Breasted Kingfisher Smryensis halcyon R YES
FAMILY: MEROPIDAE : Bee-eaters
126 Blue-Tailed Bee-Eater Merops philippinus R NO
127 Green Bee-Eater Merops orientalis R YES
FAMILY: CORACIIDAE : Rollers
128 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis R YES
129 European Roller Coracias garrulus V NO
FAMILY: UPUPIDAE : Hoopoe
130 Eurasian Hoopoe Upupa epops R YES
FAMILY: BUCEROTIDAE : Hornbills
131 Indian Grey Hornbill Ocyceros birostris R YES
FAMILY: CAPITONIDAE : Barbets
132 Brown-Headed Barbet Megalaima zeylanica R YES
133 Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala R YES
134 Eurasian Wryneck Jynx torquilla M NO
FAMILY: PICIDAE : Woodpeckers
135 Black-rumped flameback Dinopium benghalense R YES
136 Brown Capped Pigmy Woodpecker Dendrocopos nanus R NO
137 White-bellied Woodpecker Dryocopus javensis R NO
FAMILY: PITTIDAE : Pittas
138 Indian Pitta Pitta brachyura SM NO
FAMILY: ALAUDIDAE : Larks
139 Singing Bush Lark Mirafra cantillans R NO
140 Ashy Crowned Sparrow-Lark Eremopterix grisea R YES
141 Rufous Tailed Lark Ammomanes phoenicurus R YES
142 Syke’s Crested Lark Galerida deva WM NO
143 Common Crested Lark Galerida cristata R NO
FAMILY: HIRUNDINIDAE : Swallows
144 Dusky Crag-Martin Hirundo concolor R YES
145 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica R YES
146 Wire-Tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii R NO
147 Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica R NO
FAMILY: DANIIDAE : Shrikes
148 Great Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor WM NO
149 Bay-Backed Shrike Lanius vittatus R YES
150 Long Tailed Shrike Lanius schach R YES
151 Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus WM NO
FAMILY: ORIOLIDAE : Orioles
152 Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus R YES
153 Black-Headed Oriole Oriolus xanthornus R YES
FAMILY: DICRURIDAE : Drongos
154 Black Drongo Dicurus macrocercus R YES
155 White-Bellied Drongo Dicrurus caerulescens R YES
FAMILY: ARTAMIDAE : Swallow-Shrikes
156 Ashy Woodswallow Artamus fuscus R NO
51
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Urban Birds
S.No. Common Names Scientific Names Resident (R)
(YES/NO)
FAMILY: STURNIDAE : Mynas
157 Brahminy Starling Sturnus pagodarum R YES
158 Rose-coloured Starling Sturnus roseus WM YES
159 Pied Myna Sturnus contra R YES
160 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis R YES
FAMILY: CORVIDAE : Crows, Treepies
161 Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda R YES
162 House Crow Corvus splendens R YES
163 Jungle Crow Corvus macrorhynchos R YES
FAMILY: CAMPEPHAGIDAE : Minivets, Cuckoo-Shrikes
164 Common Woodshrike Tephrodornis pondicerianus R NO
165 Large Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina macei R NO
166 Black Headed Cuckoo Shrike Coracina melanopter R NO
167 Small Minivet Pericrocotus cinnamomeus R YES
168 White Bellied Minivet Pericrocotus erythropygius R NO
FAMILY: IRENIDAE : Ioras
169 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia R YES
FAMILY: PYCNONOTIDAE : Bulbuls
170 Red-Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer R YES
FAMILY: MUSCICAPIDAE : TIMALINAE : Babblers
171 Yellow- Eyed Babbler Chrysomma sinense R YES
172 Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus R YES
173 Large Grey Babbler Turdoides malcolmi R NO
174 Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus R YES
175 Siberian Stonechat Saxicola maurus WM YES
FAMILY: MUSCICAPINAE : Flycatchers
176 Red-Throated Flycatcher Ficedula parva WM NO
177 Ultramarine Flycatcher Ficedula superciliaris WM NO
178 Tickell’s Blue Flycatcher Cyornis tickelliae R NO
179 Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassina WM NO
180 Grey Headed Canary Flycatcher Culicicappa ceylonensis WM YES
181 White Browed Fantail Rhipidura aureola R YES
182 White-Throated Fantail Rhipidura albicollis R NO
183 Indian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi R YES
184 Black-Naped Monarch Hypothymis azurea R NO
FAMILY: SYLVIINAE : Warblers
185 Plain Prinia Prinia inornata R NO
186 Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis R YES
187 Grey Breasted Prinia Prinia hodgsonii R NO
188 Common Tailor Bird Orthotomus sutorius R YES
189 Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides WM YES
190 Booted Warbler Hippolais caligata WM NO
191 Streaked Fantail Warbler Cisticola juncidis R NO
FAMILY: TURDINAE : Thrushes, Chats
192 Bluethroat Luscinia svecica WM NO
193 Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis R YES
194 Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros WM YES
195 Common Stone Chat Saxicola leucura WM NO
196 Pied Bush Chat Saxicola caprata R YES
197 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata R YES
198 Blue Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius WM NO
52
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Urban Birds
S.No. Common Names Scientific Names Resident (R)
(YES/NO)
199 Common Blackbird Turdus merula R NO
200 Brown rock Chat Cercomela fusca R YES
201 Isabelline Wheatear Oenanthe isabellina WM NO
FAMILY: PARIDAE : Tits
202 Great Tit Parus major R YES
203 Black-Lored Tit Parus xanthogenys R NO
FAMILY: SITTIDAE : Nuthatches, Creepers
204 Indian Chestnut Bellied Nuthatch Sitta castanea R NO
FAMILY: MOTACILLIDAE : Pipits, Wagtails
205 Paddyfield Pipit/ Oriental Pipit Anthus rufulus R YES
206 Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola WM NO
207 Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea WM YES
208 White Wagtail Motacilla alba WM YES
209 White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis R YES
210 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava WM YES
FAMILY: DICAEIDAE : Flowerpeckers
211 Thick-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum agile R YES
212 Pale-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos R YES
FAMILY: NECTARINIDAE : Sunbirds, Spiderhunters
213 Purple Rumped Sunbird Nectarinia zeylonica R YES
214 Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica R YES
FAMILY: ZOSTEROPIDAE : White-Eye
215 Indian White-eye Zosterops palpebrosus R YES
FAMILY: PLOCEIDAE : Sparrows, Munias, weaver Birds
216 House Sparrow Passer domesticus R YES
217 Yellow Throated Sparrow Petronia xanthocollis R NO
218 Baya Weaver Ploceus phillippinus R YES
219 Streaked Weaver Ploceus manyar R NO
220 Red Avadavat Amandava amandava R NO
221 Scaly Breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata R YES
FAMILY: EMBERIZIDAE : Buntings
222 Black-headed Bunting Emberiza melanocephala WM NO
223 Red-headed Bunting Emberiza bruniceps WM YES
224 Crested Bunting Melophus lathami R NO
FAMILY: Scolopacidae : Sandpipers
225 Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata WM NO
226 Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia WM NO
227 Common Redshank Tringa totanus WM NO
228 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola WM NO
229 Green Sandpiper Tringa Ochropus WM YES
230 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos WM NO
231 Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis WM NO
232 Black Tailed Godwit Limosa limosa WM NO
233 Ruff Calidris pugnax WM NO
234 Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus WM NO
FAMILY: Pandionidae
235 Osprey Pandion haliaetus WM NO
Note: Status-(Resident R, Local Migratory LM, Winter Migratory WM, Summer Migratory SM, Passage Migrant PM,
Vagrant V)
53
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
54
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
55
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
56
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
57
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
58
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
59
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
60
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
61
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
62
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
63
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
64
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
65
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
66
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
67
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
68
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
A N N E X U R E I V - L i s t o f Parks in I n d o r e C it y
69
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
70
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
71
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72
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74
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
75
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
76
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
77
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
78
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
79
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
80
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
81
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
82
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
83
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
84
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
85
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
86
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
87
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
88
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
89
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
90
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91
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
92
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
93
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
94
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
Total 1381
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City Biodiversity Index, Indore
96
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
97
City Biodiversity Index, Indore
98