MENSURATION

A
Area :-The area of any plane figure is the amount of surface
enclosed with in its bounding lines. It is always
expressed in square units. a a
P2 O P1
Example :-Square metres, Square inches etc.
P3
Perimeter :- The perimeter of a geometrical figure is the
B C
total length of the sides enclosing the figure. a
Triangle :- A closed figure bounded by three sides.
Equilateral triangle :- All its three sides are equal. 3
P1  P2  P3  ah
2
2
a P1  P2  P3 
3
a a Right Angled triangle :- One angle is 90°
h
C

B a C
a Hypotenuse
Height
3 b
(i) Area = Side2  3 a 2
4 4
A c B
3 Base
(ii) Altitude (h) = a
2
(i) a 2  b2  c2
a
(iii) In-radius (r) = 1
2 3 (ii) Area  bc
2
a (iii) P  2 S  a  b  c
(iv) Circum-radius (R) =
3 Isosceles triangle :- Two sides are equal
(v) A  B  C  60
A
h2
(vi) Area 
3
a a
(vii) P  2S  3a h

Note :- If P1 , P2 and P3 are perpendicular lengths from any b

B C
interior point O of an equilateral ABC to all its three sides
respectively, then (i) B  C

b
(ii) Area  4a 2  b 2
4

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 MENSURATION

1 A
(iii) Altitude (height), h  4a 2  b 2 (v) In-radius (r) = S  semiperime ter  A  Area 
2 S
(iv) P  2 S  2a  b
abc
Isosceles right - angled triangle : - (vi) Circum- radius, (R) = A  Area 
4A
A

Quadrilateral :- A closed figure bounded by - four sides

h
a c C
D
h1
B C N
a d b
M h2
(i) AB  BC  a and B  90
A a B
(ii) h  a 2
(i) A  B  C  D  360
1 2
(iii) Area  a 1
2 (ii) Area   one diagonal  (Sum of Perpendicular
2
(iv) P  2 S  2a  h
1
Scalene triangle :- to it from opposite vertices )   AC h1  h2 
2
A (iii) P  a  b  c  d

Parallelogram :- opposite sides are equal and parallel

c h b

D b
C
B a C
a h a
1 1
(i) Area   Base  height  ah A B
2 2 b

(ii) Area  s s  a s  b s  c  (i) Area  base  height  b  h

Where, S 
1
a  b  c (ii) P  2a  b 
2
(iii) If lengths of three medians of ABC are x, y and z  
(iii) d 12  d 22  2 a 2  b 2  d 1 , d 2  length of diagonals 
units, then -
(iv) Area  2 ss  a s  b s  d 
4
Area = S m S m  x S m  y S m  z 
3 where a and b are adjacent sides, d is the length of
diagonal connecting the ends of the two sides and,
x yz
Where, Sm  abd
2 S
2
(iv) Perimeter (P) = 2 S  a  b  c

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 MENSURATION
Rectangle :- Its opposite sides are equal and all the four 1
angles equal to 90° (ii) Area d1 d2 
2
l
1
(iii) a  d12  d 22
d 2
b b (iv) P  4a
d
(v) d12  d 22  4a 2
l

(i) Its diagonals are equal and bisect each other

Trapezium :-it is a quadrilateral whose any two sides are parallel
(ii) Area = length  breadth =lb
D b C
(iii) d = AC = BD = b2  l 2
d1 h
d o
(iv) P  2l  b  c
d2
Square :- Its all four sides are equal and all the four angles
A a
equal to 90° B

A a B  AB || CD

1
d d (i) Area  a  b  h
a a
2

(ii) P  a  b  c  d

C a D AO BO
(iii) 
CO DO
(i) Its diagonals are equal and bisect each other at 90°
(iv) d12  d 22  c 2  d 2  2ab
2
d
(ii) Area  side   a 2 
2
2
Circle :- A circle is a set a points on a plane which lie at a
(iii) Diagonal (d )  AC  BD  a 2 fixed distance from a fixed point.
(iv) its diagonals are angle bisector. The fixed point is known as 'centre' and the fixed distance is
called the 'radius'
Rhombus: -it is a parallelogram whose all four sides are equal.

D a C
Diameter D
d2 d1 d
r
a
Ra

a
diu
s

A a B (i) Circumference or perimeter of circle = 2r

(i) Diagonal bisect each other at 90° and diagonals are (ii) Area = r 2
also angle bisector

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 MENSURATION
Semi- Circle :- It is a figure enclosed by a diameter and the Circular Path :-
part of the circumference cut-off by it.

s
diu
r

Ra
d (diameter)

(i) Circumference or perimeter = r  2r  r  d

R = outer Radius
r 2 r = inner Radius
(ii) Area 
2
Sector :- A sector is a figure enclosed by two radii and an

(i) Area   R 2  r 2 
arc lying between them. (ii) Perimeter  2R  r 
Pathways running across the middle of a Rectangle :
a = width of the Path (road)

a
O
r Q r

A B
a b
l


(i) l  arc AB  2r 
360 l

1
(ii) Area of sector ABO  arc AB  radius (i) Area of Path  l  b  a a
2
(iii) Perimeter = Arc AB  2r  l  2r (ii) Perimeter of path  2l  b   4a
Segment of a circle :- A shaded figure enclosed by a
chord and an arc which it cutsoff.  2l  b  2a

Pathways around a Rectangular space :

(outer path ways)

O
r r a
Q

A B
a b
C
l
(i) Area of segment - ACB min or segment  = area of
sec tor ACBO  area of OAB
(ii) Area of segment ADB (major segment) = area of circle (i) Area  l  b  2a 2a
- area of segment - ACB
(ii) Perimeter = inner Perimeter + outer Perimeter
    
(iii) Perimeter = arc AB  Q.r  2r  360  sin  2   2l  b   2l  b  4a 
  

Note :- Arc  Angle  radius  4l  b  2a 

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 MENSURATION
Inner Pathways :-
na 2 
Area  cot
4 n

Regular hexagon :-
a
b
3
(i) Radius of incircle, r  a
2
a
(ii) Radius of circum-circle (R) = a
l (iii) Area = 6× area of equilateral triangle
(i) Area  l  b  2a 2a 3 2
 6 a
(ii) Perimeter = inner P + outer P 4
 2l  b   2l  b  4a 
3 3 2
 a
 4l  b  2a  2
Polygon : - A polygon is a plane figure enclosed by four or
more straight lines,

Area of regular octagon = 2 2  1 side 2 
Example :- Pentagon, octagon etc. Cyclic quadrilateral :- A quadrilateral whose vertices lie
on the circumference of the circle.
Regular Polygon :- It is a polygon whose all sides are equal


a b
 

d c
 

All the interior angles of a regular polygon are equal (i) Area  s s  a s  b s  c s  d 

(i) Sum of exterior angles = 360° = 2

abcd
where,s 
(ii) Sum of interior angles = n  2  n  2  180 2
(ii) A  B  C  D  360
n  2   180
(iii) Each interior angle = (iii) A  C  B  D  180
n
3-Dimensional :
360
(iv) Each exterior angle = Cube :-
n
(v) Interior angle + exterior angle = 180°

nn  3
(vi) No. of diagonals in a polygon =
2 a
(vii) Perimeter = n  a
(where n = no of sides and a = length of each side)

1 1 a
(viii) Area =  Pr  n a r { r = in-radius } a
2 2

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 MENSURATION
(i) Volume  a 3 cubic units (iii) Total surface area  2rh  2r 2
 2r h  r  sq. units
(ii) Lateral surface area = 4a 2 sq. units
Right circular cone :-
(iii) Total surface area = 6a 2 sq. units

(iv) Diagonal of cube (d) = 3a units

(v) Face diagonal of cube = 2 a units h l

3
 T.S.A. 
(vi) Volume of cube =   cubic units
 6 

r
Cuboid :-
r  radius of base, h  height 

l  Slant height  h 2  r 2
h
1
(i) Vol.   area of the base  height
3

b 1 2
l  r h cubic units
3
(i) Volume = l  b  h cubic units
(ii) Curved surface area  rl sq. units
(ii) Lateral surface area = Perimeter of base  height
= 2l  b  h sq. untis (iii) Total surface area  rl  r 2
(iii) total surface area = 2lb  bh  hl  sq. units
 r l  r  sq. units
(iv) Diagonal of cuboid = 2 2 2
l  b  h units
Frustum of a right - circular cone :-
Right circular cylinder :- r
r
h l

R
r
R = Radius of the base of frustum
If r = radius of base and h = height of the cylinder
(i) V = Area of base  height r = Radius of the top of the frustum
 r 2 h cubic units
h = Height of the frustum
(ii) Curved surface area = 2rh sq. units
l = Slant height of the frustum

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 MENSURATION
Spherical shell :-
(i) l  h 2  R  r 2 units
R = outer radius of spherical shell

1
2 2

(ii) Vol.   R  r  Rr h cubic units
3
r = inner radius of spherical shell

(i) Volume =
4
3

 R3  r 3 
(iii) Curved surface area  R  r l. sq. units

  
(iv) Total surface area   R  r l  R 2  r 2 sq. units

(ii) Total surface area  4 R 2  r 2 
Right Prism :- A solid having top and bottom faces identical
Sphere :- It is the solid figure formed by revolving a and side faces rectangular is a prism.
semicircle on its diameter.

Top

Side face
Edge

r
Base

(i) Volume = area of base  height

(ii) Lateral surface area = perimeter of base  height
(iii) Total surface area = lateral surface area
4 3 + 2  base area
(i) volume = r cubic units
3 Pyramid :-
(ii) surface area = 4r 2 sq. units

Hemisphere :-

Base

r
1
2 3 (i) Volume :  area of base  height
(i) Volume = r cubic units 3
3
(ii) Curved surface area =
(ii) Curved surface area = 2r 2 sq. units
1
 Perimeter of base  slant height
(iii) Total surface area = 3r 2 sq. units 2
(iii) Total surface area = curved surface area
+ area of the base

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 MENSURATION
Tetrahedron :- Ellipse :-
D A E

b
B a C
a

1
(i) Volume   Area of base  height
3
a = semimajor axis
1 3 2 2 2 3 b = semiminor axis
volume =   a  a a
3 4 3 12
Area = ab

(ii) Surface area =

1
2
 3a 
2
3
a
3 3 2
4
a 
Circumference =  3a  b   a  3b b  3a 
(iii) Total surface area = surface area + base area

3 3 2 3 2
 a  a
4 4
 3 a2

Hollow cylinder :-


(i) volume =  R 2  r 2 h 
(ii) CSA = 2R  r h

(iii) TSA = 2R  r h  R  r 

(iv) Thickness = (R - r)

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