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thise is computer architecture and organization question bank
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
24 views14 pagesCAO Question Bank
thise is computer architecture and organization question bank
Uploaded by
Gajanan KalbandeCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 14
Asset eee A
ren oy Sana Ll
—©__i]_| Solve Any todo_0f the foliocating—
mn) ~Lxplain.the. a Caren. Commponems_OF Central
processing tunis ¢ ase
___ =| the cpu has three mafn_ Component fi:
‘) Arithmetic aud Jagic Unit (ftw)
a] Coniro\ Unit (cu)
3 Registers
: > 1
1] Arfinm etic and lagfo yutt (ALU):
}
. ° ° ° °
Thig_Unit ig regpangible For mothomotical
logical, And decision aperasfons
|
- This _unft 1s divided: fato tao mafa parts or
Qtouns of function The artthmatio partion
Camaletes the mathematica: operations |
including addition, aubstraction .mulsiplica. |
tion, And division 1
- The oat.
Comparing golecting matchiag Qnd
merging ‘dato and informasion |
Tho ALU mn have mubiple designs, and same | __
other:
© scanned with OKEN Scanner 4] Controtunts—Couls
pongnts_of the CPU
“The conirel_uniy_is oneof the Crucioi com: |
“D_instructs the Complete Computer $y
to perform o particular task
TB Gntt1S_ond_Co-ardinaves the funtion. |
f oll Ports of 4ho Compute 4o the CPu than gan
7 xample include n.12 and 1a Gach
=D sakes_instnuchions from memory and =
then _detades nd executes these inshuction Ran (Random Access Hemon): |
wiases aod cain
jing the information's cioca acmas the jempororily Stored cabiie the mmpurer is |
—|— | mrncessor. 1 does not take par io Staring | running
data_and processing.
a Registers, a)
= Tis faster than Semndary Starage but
Slocer than _cochi
- These dre gmail. high =Speed Storage ares
+ _Exampis_o:
calthin the CPu. They hold dota instruction:
ond addre!
2 DDRYDDRS..ote
sempororily dusting processing
3] Ron (Read - Ont
= ROgisiers are used for various: pu
Memory)
Including Stoef
> This_ memory retail
1+S_Content even when)
folermediate resus Ane Computer j6 turned off T's used to.
oddresges of momany location ond other Store. Peon and Bros
necessary data For processing insimcHon
Pie real = ‘oclude Row. EPROM, EEPROM and
= The ret a Flash moms —-
to nother The register get include Sevornl a z
: 5 "
(Lvirtual hemory
> This uses disk Spo:
| _of @an. alto,
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner oo ea
| Jon 2/0 -modute and ine cpu, ee
A_memory module Consisys of ose of |
es locgtians. defined vy. Gequenrialy camborca |
| Ee address £8 ese |
—{-fach 1Ocation Contains a tanary number sna |
+ —}—}—Can.be_interpreted. a8 etther On instruction |
~—| 1 or dora
Poss eve See |
physical memory
the page file in condo sd
_|- An TJo_moduie anglers data fran external |
Aas saree _|__devices. to cP gnd memary...and sce versa |
lude hard drives. Soild state drive: doing interna, butters for temo
Tt con! nik
and cerca drives holding these deta unit ae Oa
2 . a abe sens —_7_
ceu
[sc Trae] Rat remory
oc 7
7 [xe Tee | 7 : B
—|-Tiusimies these tng. lew ig Tone] =
| “Suqgeais the interactions amang the: ae
ag s Teel ion
The cou - {r10 89]
[ thie oti :
| po iM)
Temdeean Lic boduie
enn Oaaess registers CRAR. chick
7 -|_§ Dota
! Sie (HGR). Which Caniains the data t +t {|
$0 be Gritien ints memory or receives 1 sina
{ne dato read _from_memar, 2 7
> Bimitouy an r/o oddress ver Cr/ond) Suttes_ |
it articular “r/o dovice
= an adress register CT/oAR) 6p
igure: Computor Components. “Tan =\euol igi
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner |
| ay (Cr90: Complex “Enstruch on 9et-Arichitecture
param counter
euckon register —
ree gave reek TICE cree arehiveciure ig characterized by ‘a targer
Toput /Ouiput address register —— ———___;—)—- gnd_t mare _Complex ingtruckion Geb. wh it
ge: Input / outpur buefer register —Cludes_inst functions that Can perform more | ___
Complex operations fo.a single Instruction |
one Any Two of the Rnoasing — eee
T exec processors have insimictions fora.caide |
f a 4ypes-of instructions —| IEF ange nf tasks. includit L
Sere ‘Opsratians data mavemént and oven Gpecia.}
a {ied _ioStructians —
There Ose mainly 409 4ypes of fnssnuctfon a
Set_mmputing_Cerse)_And_Reducerl msiru. | ——__J | | case Orchsecture one_gencrally-associosel | —
Cuan_Set_fomnputing (RESO: coith_older Computer Syste 08 carl
at “Thiel x 86 processars. Hocdever modern x86}
— | iercs: (Reauced “Insiruchion Set tompuseh procestor_have iachrpated Olement of RECS}
{4 esign 08 a
__ | |= errs ig characterized toy 0 Simplified ond ¥
| Stream ined instruction Ges rahich meas G]| Explato digeeren: qadressing modes —____}__
“hat the Cpy_u! Smaller_Set of bo!
| fostruchic perfare operatic =i Addresefng_mades fo compute ser orchitecture |
{ Z refer_io the Various. Gaya processors can}
| T- esce fnstructios Aypically Simple sing access data _or-operands_in memory He
cycle cb thas perfarm basic op3- oO nd _Comiman addressing made:
scatio: “They Dien for officiancy and co:
bo executed, |i) Tmmediate Node i
= RCS processors Often rsiy on Oprinnlzft The operand sell ia Specified cithin the
—TT= comptes to extract performance from Hy e instruct eee
ardatare, = 18S Boy o6 wank to Btore operand into
co register And then add Operand
Rrcs_pmcessor are for their +_osith immediate gddressing made the data}
pfficienky Ond are Often found fo devcie: Nol od_2 Gould be part of the inetr=
i Soni! Yor eSources. Bich uuctions isseil how bolas
—mobiie phones dnd &mbedced systems
ad_§ 0. %
cee
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner Ces
eg relah ely fast optan Since
required 10 get
The operand. haw ever 1s timed |
£ Of On¢ Gartd—_
— add $12. $11.10—
a pet fexing data from ane register is Cast ard
“the 106 fruction are Shor ber becouse no
| | -memory-is inveiwes 7
: eo | Expioin_the prchivecture of prScond |
jng_minéc addressing made. the crsc Processor
2 _of the Qperand is Specified in the |
a JT arse Reduced snairuction setcomputer) |
Aig the 108i || |the teem 0r8e Stands for 2edyeed Thstnu}
- ching Se+ Compuser” _
- - ~ Tis 0 COU design plan bosed on simple |
orders_and acts fas:
— “shi8 -fig_the @xomple Showa hasd the Lots TTnié iso Small F
+ _ cqgessar_cdhens.so-get thé Wore, Ovory inBiruction 1s xpected toate
{ Gate from ini memory “Tre variable add. Very. senoll fb
71s 0 painter 16 tne effective address Of —aitny Sent thtae. the instructions See
TTT the opemod cmodest nd Simple. cohich eta io Comprising
TT ‘Tmare Coenplex_Canomand
|| - There are no Chicutal required to nekrigve = Foch instruction {6 Qhout a Similar. length
7 “the Operand aince the oftective (the add aetanvrannale al
| c5 OF the dperand) iS Oddrossed directs “4osk8 done ina Single of hiigbateisatpecceteshpd | _
| Live immeédinte addressing mode, the ope 7 Ca eee ats ore henge in.aoe madinl
| ig limited 40 the Size of Letard Corie bi [oye :
= This Pipslining is a_cuarial technique used
J] Registers Addressing + _ 40 Speed_up RTSC_Machines —____}
~ Renister Addressing made indicates. the Har he
Ceomod_doio 19 Stored {othe register itself Control unit Dat T
> the instrycklon_coniaio the odd: Of 4
7 ‘ta structls ata
aa 1 ean aaa
0 co on th
7 cragisien a oe SS ee sd | HSS Tare]
TSA mma 7
= i
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner qrawa ena
ath |
havacker (Shes OF RISC Architecture - |
ude the foLiowing Pg hg ol | ‘cache —|
zl ns Supporis fa Simple doa | | | hoi menmsy Le |
| tupes aod esis Comptes daia type pa
[> ersc mines. Smale -Addressing modes a 2 — j=
_ | ona fixed = length instruction for pipelining! . | cierist ay
isc permits Any registers touse in doy : | "i
Cot | | The characteristics OF Crsc architecture oClude_}—§
>On Cy ution Tine : he feusiwing — [|
cTsc ( Gimpiex instruction Set compuber: = Tn.Stnuction - decndii =
eas pes a Siruction is required to ipl
= Hands for Complex instru. _oddrescing cnodes —
—cHons_Set Compute ~ Less chip Space is enough for general purpc
= Te ig 0 CP design based on single Gonm. toaisters “for the insituctians that Qre O
~| ands weshich one Skilled in exceruting mu fe |
Ste rasicns = NM CTSc design are Gohip itn te
= crst_compuier have Small program. B-ho Gpcrias rogiatera forthe Stock painter, hond-|
6 huge nucnber OF ad instruc \iog interrupts ete”
—eahich ove 0 Io tp _perfacen [= Muy i6 refered ta 08-0 Complex instmucsion |
= Here, Single Setof instruction is
protected 10 80 _¢4ope: Goch insinus [al save Any oneof the filosaing
Ciion_Set_hns_an additional thon 800 : 7
Sopamie ingtructi Exploin_the function of Aly
|] Maxiroum indirucsions Gre Finished to
4200 49 4en_cnochine jn Struchior 4 3] - giv is o digital Circuits that provides arithmel
ipolining is cot easiiy icnplem cnied + ica jerntions
= The crse machines have geod acis.based_}- =D. is the fundamental buildis Kofthe |
(00 the Overview of pragiam compil: Genim_psno of computer —-
8 the Monge of inno ative instructio | ~ A modern centmal processing unit cca) hos
i : Veny pacterfil Alu and i+ iS Corsplex in
wise > Aue attra yg
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner SS'9P pion te Riu modern chy Gatainsa
ine 5 get_af -regisvo.s ———
Zora Galt ond o-set of
Seep the operations Gre performed by —|
Moet o1_more ALus Which load _date from)
TJ isigess nagoilaae helmed
Ga
} 6] ]BrioFiy explain the follocing reproscaiarian: |
__| sign magnitude. ted0's_comp Jement
register —— ts
ie eg Small amount OF Storage —
|_|-"re she signed magnitude method number |
st Se toe th ——— -1s-divided into_p two parts : Sign bitand
Tacs Teg stess. al an ont
tantra units Wells ALu_@het-oparols = Sign bits ist for negative number anda |
=i "he _oNaliable dat |] for_positive number
Magnitude Of Oumber is represented ith
the binary form of the number |
Exomple Leta 40K,
bits register
~The anithmetic Logic unit Lai i
[| an Bier ragatraan
[JT Petete tet pete ya
the ols ToTeltTeletaa
gain ond pecknrms
performing itnmotic Operatinas C like
ision i pli ca i cee
‘addision.Subs#raction. cau Sane
division) aod logical eration (Such aitabec eathiGiste
as AND. O8 non_6o input-dasa
the right side_6¢ the Fioating . pain
spresenia ne
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner aoe Ron (Read _onty Merary) —
“iq | Soive Any iso -of she fettowsing
Of Semiconduckar_memaries—— | | Read omy snemory..oP POM \5.0 Ay
| groputer_storage—Containing non-valatite,t—
— permanent dato ahal. no-cmaliy.can on
af )
be read not caritten 41 i
Fa Bian tyes
| dechnotagies a
| gemicenductor_memar
2 = RaM donioing the Programming that allows | —
rl sy) ner to Storbup ox Megeneraie large/| —
a “rnput/outpur tasks Gnd protects
7 ie pam hich Stanas for Qandam Ace: ox Softaare instruct
TTT memo ny isa hard device general eae
jaa located the ther board OF er z date is viritten 19.6 ROM Chip. it} _
| and ots aS an inte yj OF th ok be removed
Pu 7 - a
2 PRan (Programmable Ron):
jaa | sh oliows Ceu store dato, and — _
| program eesuiis cobs ech O7 the =can bo programmed One a
compute
Hi + Eppa (Ems ante Peagrammable ROM):
+ Trig tho Wead and rite onemnaory, of
Le hos ich rneans the inf To To ~Conbe_orased sing Uv light for reps
oo written 40 it a6 «deh o4 Tend from it 4
+ EFfRaN (flectrically Erasable progrommabl
+ SRAM (gtotic RPAH) ROM):
> Foster Gnd dneset need refreshing but > tn_be_emsed Clectricnlly Gnd tenog rammeal
ig mare Oxpensive and CnSumnés enore ee
i] Flash Nemory
+ Dran (Dy ic RAM) + Flash memos
- +} }4i8 Not Volatite vohich ee
7 Requires refreshing aloes. but clata even {¢ shone Poriats the}
1nd_hhos higher densities Aly_provided fae
1}. This flash memory Work:
ttt
1n_the principal. “t
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner sc [EEPROM] Siands for Slectricat fe"
programmable Read only Memory
operation can only ce time «rite aod
ea
roguce ocres3 Vime «ahve speeding Lp |
{operations
“Types of Memory Hierarchy ————
| Hmes read and —os¢ Can't _erasett.
TEwernal hemony Or Setondory Emory} —
~ Bor Flach memory Gabe erased _multiole 7
| comparsing f magneX Disk. Optical disk. |
and update the dota Dx_psog:
“ond magnetic Taps. i.e peripheral Stamge
grated sete is = a
| devices tohich ore_aece ssible by the -
eSoubity 104he updation ofthe |
“processor_viaao_{0Modul
__peoguam ut Pon has 8. th type of
cS feature. ||. .—
[She processor Keeps chesking the “1/0.madule—-—
{ Hout’ Ori ie i Ane Completis of +he —
L iY
| “The races: time is wasied.in cose th
the to module Tt
processor is (aster _th
considered to be a slau module.
madule i
"= 116 opplicetion is in Certain loud = enc -micrs
erg. Tt ingle output and
ingimsction
gleiops
| toch ane Of the instnuchians Selects only}
‘one to device by number Gnd trans fr onl
a-single character by byte four nagiste:
involved in this technique nd they are
Qulput Status and character ond inPub sia
‘nd characte
= Ts Maalanda, bi ii ich onan:
y is busy Qaiting cohich fea
the processor Consumes most of 146 time i
Aight loop by Giaiting forthe To device to
bo wady to bo
ised Program checks orpalis|
Qn T1o horderare op: 4 device Or
42
— Programmed Tlo Module
= Thid “C/o technique {4 the Simplest to
Tntertupt= driven r}
t exchanges dain helepeen Octernal device
Pe :
@ scanned with OKEN Scanner Cl , eC
an_ is completedthe pracessor |
oe (ashe sahile#hé 1/0 operation
dara from 0 Computes hordwoore devices —
Or -netedorks : - +
operat
§Oth
ng performed —
Jo Operation is mp leted. the 16
ic inberrup!s the Processor letting thel
vocesaor no the Operation is completed |
edule 1S faster than the. programmed
“Tnpui /ourpure tnkerface 1s.used.08 an
~rebinat tah helps in Sransferring Of s0f0-—
~ernation_belsseen the interoar Starage device —
["paripherat dex emilee
input ond ouipur (Or the computer itis
|__p\so called “Thpus - Output devics
7 {nse wwunt Signar then the operations is |
=. finished. Thi: ochieved by bb Onin’
upknobisd bit in the tats registers
1 tis used
t eed OF Cpu Gah fousput
evi
i = Sechalque_néquices an for each
= otter that fs cdritten or read . Ib Is
— Tan expensive business. to internuph 4 running
ae __protess_OS ib pequires Saving motors
[a Ty Selects the inpur output device which
T : :
| input output device
I
a f pian a 5 [aa
|} —Seetral_nd raining. signal is pee
|g) sm shis dota butfering (on be possible Hornugh
t dota bu
[8] there Ore sariqus error dotectors
Breau ditional hordsaare such 46
hip This fase and officien’
t
TT eauirssintinizing the stack
a | Explofa