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85 views4 pages

AE Unit 3

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vbarath58
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© © All Rights Reserved
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DEPARTMENT OF EEE

II YEAR/ III SEM


18EES103T - ANALOG ELECTRONICS
UNIT-3
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER FUDAMENTALS

1. What is an op amp? K1

An operational amplifier (or an op-amp) is an integrated circuit (IC) that operates as a voltage amplifier.
An op-amp has a differential input. That is, it has two inputs of opposite polarity. An op-amp has a single
output and a very high gain, which means that the output signal is much higher than input signal.

2. List the six characteristics of an ideal op amp. K1

The Characteristics of an ideal operational amplifier are


(i) Open loop voltage gain AOL = ∞ (infinity)
(ii) Input impedance Ri = ∞ (infinity)
(iii) Output impedance Ro=0 (zero)
(iv) Zero offset Vo =0 (zero) when V1=V2=0
(v) Bandwidth BW=∞ (infinity)
3. Draw the op-amp symbol and state its important terminals? K1

4. What is input offset voltage? K1


Input offset voltage is defined as the voltage that must be applied between the input terminals of
an op-amp to nullify the output, when no input is given. For IC741, the maximum value is 6mV
5. What is thermal drift?K1
Thermal drift is defined as the change in offset current and offset voltage due to change in
temperature.
6. What is input bias current and input offset current ? K1
Input Bias current IB is defined as the average value of the base currents entering into the
inverting and non inverting terminals of an op-amp. IB=𝐼𝐵++𝐼𝐵−2
For 741IC the bias current is 500nA. Input offset current is defined as the algebraic difference
between the currents into the non inverting input terminal (IB+) and inverting input terminal (IB-).
For 741IC the offset current is 200nA. |Ios|= (IB+)-(IB-)

7. What is slew rate? State slew rate equation? K1


Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage caused by a step input
voltage. Unit is V/μs. 𝑠=2𝜋𝑓𝑣𝑚106𝑉/μ𝑆 Vm is amplitude of input signal f is frequency of input
signal Slew rate of 741 IC is 0.5V/μS. Cause of slew rate: A capacitor present in an op-amp is
used to prevent oscillation. This capacitor prevents the output voltage from responding
immediately to a fast changing input.
8. What is frequency response of the op-amp? K1
Amplifiers are classified by frequency response. The frequency response of an amplifier refers to
the band of frequencies or frequency range that the amplifier was designed to amplify
9. Draw the equivalent circuit of practical op-amp? K1

10. Name the three packages in which IC op-amp is available? K1


1. Metal can
2. Dual in line
3. Flat package

11. Draw the typical frequency response of the op-amp? K1

12. State the causes for slew rate in an operational amplifier? How it is indicated? K1
A capacitor present in an op-amp is used to prevent oscillation. This capacitor prevents the output
voltage from responding immediately to a fast changing input.
Unit is V/μs.
𝑠=2𝜋𝑓𝑣𝑚106𝑉/μ𝑆
Vm is amplitude of input signal
f is frequency of input signal
Slew rate of 741 IC is 0.5V/μS.

13. What is the value of open loop gain and output impedance of an ideal op-amp? K1

Open loop voltage gain AOL = ∞ (infinity)


Output impedance Ro=0 (zero)

14. Define CMRR K1


Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is defined as the “ratio of difference mode gain to
common mode gain”. Its ideal value is infinity. CMRR=𝐴𝑑𝐴𝑐 Where Ad is difference mode gain
and Ac is common mode gain.

15. What is the input impedance of a non-inverting amplifier? K1

 Operational amplifier input impedance is a key issue for the design of any overall electronic
circuit using op amps.
 The input impedance needs to be sufficiently high not to degrade the performance of the previous
stages.
 Accordingly there is a balance between the advantages of the inverting amplifier with its virtual
earth mixing capability and simplicity, but low input impedance against the much high input
impedance of the non-inverting amplifier.

16. In what way is IC741S is better than IC741? K1


(i) IC741S is military grade of amplifier
(ii) It has higher slew rate
(iii) It has Lower temperature than IC741.

17. Define PSRR. K1


Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR) is defined as the “change in op-amp‟s input offset voltage
due to variations in supply voltage”. It is expressed in micro volt per volt or measured in dB.
18. Define Tail current. K1
Tail current is defined as the “current which is flowing through the common emitter resistor of the
differential amplifier”.

19. Draw and explain the internal block diagram of typical op-amp circuit. K1

20. Mention the draw backs of using large RC in differential amplifiers. K1


The main drawbacks of using a large RC are
(i) A large value of resistance requires a large chip area.
(ii) For large RC quiescent drop, a large power supply will be required to maintain a given
quiescent collector current.
21. Why do we use Rcomp resistor? K1
In a bipolar op-amp circuit, even when the input is zero, the output will not be zero. This is due to
the effect of bias current. This effect can be compensated using Rcomp resistor and it is given by
Rcomp=(R1Rf)/(R1+Rf) Where R1 is input resistance and Rf is feedback resistance.

22. Define magnitude plot and phase angle plot. K1


Magnitude plot is drawn between “changes in gain of an op-amp along y-axis with respect to the
changes in frequency along x-axis”. Phase angle plot is drawn between “phase angle changes
along y-axis with respect to the changes in frequency along y-axis”.

23. Define compensating network. K1


The compensating network is formed by passive components such as resistor and capacitor to
obtain (i) Larger bandwidth and (ii) Lower closed loop gain.

24. Define large signal voltage gain. Why it is referred so? K1


Large signal Voltage gain is defined as “the ratio of the output voltage to differential input voltage”.
Since the amplitude of the output signal is much larger than the input signal, the voltage gain is
commonly referred to as large signal voltage gain.

25. What does the output voltage swing indicate? K1


The output voltage swing indicates the maximum value of positive and negative voltage of an op-
amp. It should never exceed the supply voltage V+and V-.

PART-B

1. Explain the block diagram, pin configuration and equivalent circuit of op amp with neat diagrams K2
2. List the six characteristics of an ideal op-amp and explain in detail. Give the practical op-amp
equivalent circuit. K2
3. Explain in detail about input bias current and input offset current in DC characteristics of op amp. K2
4. Explain about the DC characteristics of operational amplifier. K2
5. Explain in detail about AC Characteristics of op amp with neat diagrams. K2
6. Explain about the frequency response and slew rate of op amp with neat frequency response curve. K2
7. Discuss in detail about the External frequency compensation of op amp. K2
8. Explain in detail about the internal compensated op amp and slew rate and to draw the frequency
response curve of µA 741 op amp. K2
9. Explain about the inverting and non-inverting amplifiers using opamp and derive an expression for
their gain. K2
10.Explain the differential amplifier using op-amp. K2

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