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Awol-1 Proposal - Final Commented

The document discusses street vending in Dessie City, Ethiopia. It provides background on street vending and the informal sector. Street vending provides livelihoods but vendors face challenges accessing capital, skills and infrastructure. The study will examine challenges and support demands of street vendors in Dessie City.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
282 views55 pages

Awol-1 Proposal - Final Commented

The document discusses street vending in Dessie City, Ethiopia. It provides background on street vending and the informal sector. Street vending provides livelihoods but vendors face challenges accessing capital, skills and infrastructure. The study will examine challenges and support demands of street vendors in Dessie City.

Uploaded by

Gizaw Seyoum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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You are on page 1/ 55

ZEMEN POSTGRADUATE COLLEGE

DEPARTEMENT OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT MBA PROGRAM

CHALLENGES AND SUPPORT DEMANDS OF STREET VENDING IN DESSIE CITY

BY:-

AWOL MOHAMMED

ID NO. ZPGCE/104/15

ADVISOR:-

AMARE MITIKU (ASS.PROF.)(PhD)

A THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO ZEMEN POST GRADUATED COLLEGE,


IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A
MASTER'S DEGREE IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT.

APRIL, 2024

DESSIE, ETHIOPIA
Table of Contents
Contents Page

CHAPTER ONE 5
1.INTRODUCTION 5
1.1. Background of the study 5
1.2. Problem Statement 7
1.3. Objectives of the Study 8
1.3.1. General Objective 9
1.3.2. Specific Objectives 9
1.4. Research Questions 9
1.5. Significance of the Study 9
1.6. Scope of the Study 10
1.7. Operational Definition of Key Words 11
1.8. Limitations 12
1.9. Organization of the Thesis 13
CHAPTER TWO 14
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 14
2.1. Introduction 14
2.2. Concepts of Street Vending 14
2.3. Street Vending as an Informal Sectors 15
2.4. Socioeconomic Characteristic of Street Vendors 16
2.5. Typology of Street Vendors 17
2.6. Driving Factors That Attract People to Street Vending 18
2.6.1 Economic Driving Factors 18
2.6.1.1 Search for Employment 18
2.6.1.2 Escape Taxes and Government Trade Policy 19
2.6.1.3 Other Economic Driving Factors 19
2.6.2 Social Driving Factors 19
2.6.2.1 To Be Self-Employed 19
2.6.2.2 Supporting Family 19
2.6.2.3 Limited Education 19
2.7. Economic Contribution of Street Vending to Livelihood 20
2.7.1. Creation of Employment Opportunities 20
2.7.2 Generation of Income 21
2.7.3 Provision of Relatively Low-priced Goods 21
2.7.4 Street Vending and Security in the City 22
2.8. Spatial Effects of Street Vending on the Urban Environment 22
2.8.1 Street Vending and Human Flow and Motorized Traffic Flow 22
2.8.2 Environmental Effects of Street Vending 22
2.9. Challenges and Support Demands of Street Vendors 23
2.9.1. Challenges of Street Vendors 23
2.9.1.1. Street Vending on Run 23
2.9.1.2 Street Vending and Access to Capital 23
2.9.1.3. Street Vending and Business Skills 24
2.9.1.4 Street Vending Regulations and Policy 24
2.9.1.5 Street vending and access to Basic Infrastructure 24
2.9.1.6 Street Vending and planned Business Location 25
2.9.2. Support Demands of Street vending 25
2.9.2.1. Legal Recognition and Formalization 25
2.9.2.2. Access to Infrastructure and Services 25
2.9.2.3. Financial Services and Support 25
2.9.2.4. Skills Training and Capacity Building 26
2.10. Street Vending Success Stories 26
2.11. Failure Case 32
2.12. Conclusive Remarks on Successes and Failure Case 33
2.13. Conceptual Frameworks 33
CHAPTER THREE 35
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 35
3.1. Introduction 35
3.2. Description of the Study Area 35
3.3. Research Approach 36
3.4. Research Method 36
3.4.1. Research Techniques 37
3.5. Sampling Design 37
3.5.1. Population 37
3.5.2. Sampling Frame 38
3.5.3. Sampling Unit 38
3.5.4. Sample Size 38
3.6. Sources of Data 39
3.6.1. Primary Data Sources 39
3.6.2. Secondary Data Sources 39
3.7. Data Analysis and Interpretation 40
3.8. Data Presentations 40
3.9. Ethical Considerations 41
References 43
Annexes 47
CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

The informal economy has experienced rapid growth in developing countries; consequently it attracted
increasing attention among academics, researchers, social development activists, and policy planners. It
is generally believed that the rapid growth of the sector has been influenced by increasing unemployment
in developing countries (Singh et al., 2023). The lack of jobs in the formal sector of the as well as the
lack of skills in a large part of the labor force has resulted in the growth of a substantial informal sector
in which most workers are in low-paid employment under unregulated and poor working conditions. It
encompasses largely unrecognized, unrecorded and unregulated small scale activities including; self-
employed sectors such as street venders, small enterprises, household enterprises, cleaners, shoe-shiners,
hawkers (Mishra, 2018).
The first part of this proposal gives highlights about the general background of street vending, the prob -
lem statement, the objectives of the study, brief descriptions of the significance, scope, limitations of the
study and description of the study area, and organization of the thesis. While literature review and re-
search methodology are the second and the third part of this research proposal. This proposal will final-
ize with action plan and budget allocation. The detail is presented in the following ways.

1.1. Background of the study


In many developing nations worldwide, the informal sector has seen rapid growth, attracting
increasing attention from researchers, policymakers, and social development activists. This growth is
often driven by factors such as urbanization, rural-to-urban migration, and economic disparities. Street
vending, a prominent component of the informal sector, has become a significant source of livelihood
for millions of individuals in urban centers globally (Arocikam, 2016). .

Across continents, street vending is a common sight in cities and towns, contributing to the local econ-
omy and providing essential goods and services to urban dwellers. From the bustling streets of Mumbai
to the vibrant markets of Lagos, street vendors play a vital role in meeting the diverse needs of urban
populations. However, the informal nature of street vending often leads to challenges such as lack of le-
gal recognition, limited access to credit and financial services, and vulnerability to harassment and evic -
tion by authorities (Ndhlovu, 2011).
The prevalence of street vending is particularly notable in African countries, where informal
economies play a crucial role in sustaining livelihoods amidst economic challenges. Countries such as
Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, and South Africa have large informal sectors, with street vendors comprising a
significant portion of the urban workforce. In these nations, informal employment is often
characterized by low wages, poor working conditions, and limited access to social protection
mechanisms (Berhanu, 2021).

According to Berhanu (2021) in urban centers across Africa, vibrant street markets and bustling informal
settlements are a testament to the resilience and adaptability of informal sector workers. Despite facing
numerous obstacles, including regulatory constraints and competition from formal businesses, street ven-
dors continue to thrive, providing essential goods and services to urban communities.

Ethiopia, located in the Horn of Africa, grapples with similar economic dynamics, with a significant
portion of its population engaged in the informal sector. The country's formal industrial sector remains
relatively small, leading to high levels of informal employment, particularly in urban centers. In
Ethiopia, as in other African nations, street vending serves as a vital means of income generation for
individuals who lack access to formal employment opportunities (Arocikam, 2016).

The informal sector in Ethiopia encompasses a wide range of activities, including street vending, small-
scale trading, and household enterprises. In cities like Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, and Bahir Dar, informal
markets and street vendors are ubiquitous catering to the diverse needs of urban residents. However, in-
formal sector workers in Ethiopia often face challenges such as lack of access to credit, limited market
opportunities, and harassment from authorities (George, 2022).

Within Ethiopia, the Amhara Region stands as one of the largest administrative regions, encompassing
diverse urban and rural landscapes. In cities and towns within the Amhara Region, including Dessie
City, street vending is a common sight, with vendors selling a variety of goods and services to local
residents. The region's informal sector plays a significant role in providing employment and livelihood
opportunities, particularly for individuals with limited formal education or skills (Berhanu, 2021).

Despite its importance, the informal sector in the Amhara Region faces numerous challenges,
including inadequate infrastructure, limited access to credit and financial services, and regulatory
hurdles. Street vendors in cities like Bahir Dar and Gondar often operate in crowded and unsanitary
conditions, with little protection from harassment or eviction by local authorities (Berhanu, 2021).
Dessie City, situated within the Amhara Region, is a bustling urban center experiencing significant popu-
lation growth and economic activity. Like many cities in Ethiopia, Dessie City grapples with high levels
of informal employment, with street vending being a prevalent occupation. The city's informal sector
serves as a vital source of income for thousands of residents, contributing to the local economy and pro-
viding essential goods and services to urban dwellers (Ibid).

However, street vendors in Dessie City encounter various challenges, including harassment from authori-
ties, lack of access to basic services, and limited opportunities for formalization and economic advance -
ment. Despite these obstacles, street vending remains a resilient and integral part of the city's economy,
offering livelihood opportunities to marginalized individuals and contributing to the vibrancy of urban
life.

1.2. Problem Statement


Street vending is a survival strategy of the urban poor in response to insufficient job creation. In
addition to this, it is a very significant component of national economies for several reasons: it
provides goods and services at a low price, it plays the role of a reservoir of the individual reserve
army that holds down ways for the formal sector of the urban economy (George, 2022) and finally, it
provides opportunities for earning income to the indigenous town residents and migrants.
Consequently, there is no simple relationship between working as street vender and being poor, nor
between the presence of street vending and the relative wealth or level of development of the country
(Ndhlovu, 2011).

In the case of Ethiopia, particularly in Dessie City, street vending is a source of employment, income
and survival for a large number of populations in the town, especially the middle and low- income
earners. At the same time it should be noted that street vending survives not merely because an
important source of employment but also provides goods and services to the town poorest population
including food stuffs at low prices, it means one section of the town poor subsidize the existence of the
other sections of the town poor by providing those cheap goods and services.

However, Ethiopian commercial registration and business licensing proclamation No. 686/2010
defines a business person as, any person professionally and for gain carries on any of activities
specified under article 5 of the commercial code, or who dispenses services, or who carries on those
commercial activities designated as such by law, other than this who carries business activities is
regarded as unfair trade practice (any act of violation of any provision of trade related laws),
(Ethiopian commercial proclamation no 686, 2010). The increasing number of street vending in the
city is an indication for the spread in the violation of trade related laws. It is that street vending
considered as they affect legal business persons and street venders supply substandard articles which
could cause a problem on the society (George, 2022).

Moreover, these aspects in the town unfortunately considered an illegal activity and are treated as
criminals and affects legal business persons. Furthermore, the role of street vending has not been well
perceived in Dessie City rather it regarded to be a non-profiting activity, as it does not contribute to the
town economy in terms of tax and it is marginalized from the development agenda. Hence it has been
severely affected by the functioning of macro socio-economic policies. Particularly improper or lack
of policy support in the city has made street venders to be insecure, which adversely affects the
livelihoods of the town poor. Yet street venders are popular because they provide the city population
with much needed services that neither the city municipalities nor the larger retailing outlets can
provide. Therefore, the focus of this study is to assess the challenges and support demands of street
vending in Dessie City.

1.3. Objectives of the Study


This part includes the general and specific objectives which is derived from the statement of problem and

expressed as follows:

1.3.1. General Objective


The general objective of this study is to assess the challenges and support demands of street vending in
Dessie City.

1.3.2. Specific Objectives


Along with the above mentioned main objective, it has also the following specific objectives are:
1. To identify the key challenges faced by street vendors in Dessie City.
2. To examine the support demands of street vendors in addressing these challenges.
3. To evaluate existing interventions and policy frameworks aimed at supporting street vendors.

1.4. Research Questions


In the light of the above problem statement and objectives, the study attempts to answer the following
questions.
1. What are the economic challenges experienced by street vendors in Dessie City?
2. What support mechanisms are needed to address the challenges faced by street vendors?
3. How can policymakers and stakeholders effectively support street vendors in Dessie City?

1.5. Significance of the Study

The findings of this study hold significant implications for addressing the challenges and support de-
mands faced by street vendors in Dessie City. By examining the factors influencing street vending and
proposing potential solutions, the study aims to contribute to the improvement of the overall well-being
of society, particularly for street vendors.

Firstly, the study is expected to provide valuable insights for local authorities in Dessie City to acknowl-
edge and understand the various challenges and support demands experienced by street vendors. Accep-
tance of these factors could pave the way for the implementation of targeted interventions and policies
aimed at improving the working conditions and livelihoods of street vendors in the city.

Furthermore, the findings of the study will inform organizations and stakeholders about the specific is-
sues and concerns faced by street vendors, enabling them to develop effective strategies to address these
challenges. This could include initiatives to improve access to resources, enhance infrastructure, and pro-
vide support services tailored to the needs of street vendors.

Moreover, the study will serve as a valuable reference material for future research endeavors in the field
of street vending in Dessie City. Researchers and policymakers can build upon the findings of this study
to further explore the dynamics of street vending and develop evidence-based interventions to support
street vendors and promote their socio-economic empowerment.

Additionally, by shedding light on the factors influencing street vending and their impact on the local en-
vironment, the study will contribute to a better understanding of the complex interplay between socio-
economic factors and informal economic activities. This holistic perspective can inform more compre-
hensive approaches to urban development and poverty alleviation efforts in Dessie City and similar con-
texts.

Lastly, the research will also fulfill partial requirements for the researcher's master's degree, demonstrat-
ing academic rigor and contributing to the advancement of knowledge in the field of urban studies and
informal economies. Furthermore, the study may inspire future researchers to delve deeper into the chal-
lenges and support demands of street vending and contribute additional insights to the existing body of
literature on this topic.

1.6. Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is delimited to assessing the challenges and support demands of street vending,
focusing specifically on Dessie City. In order to effectively manage the study, certain boundaries and pa-
rameters have been established to guide the research process.

The study will concentrate on sampled street vendors operating in specific areas within Dessie City.
These areas include Arad Kebele (Street along Piassa Square to Jemie), Bahil Amba Kebele (Around
Bus Station Area), Dawdo Kebele (Around Qualiber), and Borkena Kebele (Around Buanbua Wuha
Square). These areas have been selected due to their high concentration of street vending activities, pro-
viding a representative sample for analysis.

Street vendors in these selected kebeles will be categorized into six distinct strata based on the nature of
their vending activities. These categories include vegetable vendors, fruit vendors, garment vendors,
electronic equipment vendors, tea and Jebena Buna vendors, books and newspapers vendors, and cos-
metics vendors. By stratifying the vendors based on their homogeneous characteristics, the study aims to
capture the diverse nature of street vending activities in Dessie City.

Furthermore, the study will encompass both fixed-location street vendors and mobile vendors. This in-
clusive approach ensures that the research captures the full spectrum of street vending practices and ex-
periences within the city.

In addition to street vendors, the study will also engage with various stakeholders, including government
officials, urban residents, and customers/pedestrians. Their perspectives and insights will provide valu-
able context and supplementary information to complement the experiences of street vendors.

It is important to note that the scope of the study is limited to Dessie City and does not extend to other
urban centers or regions. The findings and conclusions drawn from this research will be specific to the
unique socio-economic and environmental context of Dessie City.
Overall, the scope of the study is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges
and support demands faced by street vendors in Dessie City, while also ensuring the inclusion of diverse
perspectives and experiences within the street vending sector.

1.7. Operational Definition of Key Words

Street Vendors: Street vendors, also known as hawkers, peddlers, or informal traders, play a crucial role
in urban economies by providing affordable products, convenient services, and accessible goods to local
communities (Berhanu, 2021). For the purpose of this research, street vendors refer to individuals en-
gaged in the informal economic activity of selling goods and services on sidewalks, public spaces,
streets, and other open areas in urban and rural settings to provide survival services for themselves and
their relatives.

Street Vending: Street vending is defined as a form of informal economic activity that involves the sell-
ing of goods and services on sidewalks, public spaces, streets, and other open areas in urban and rural
settings to provide survival services for vendors and their families (Sara, 2023). In this study, street
vending refers to the practice of informal trading conducted by street vendors to earn a livelihood.

Formal Sectors: The formal sector comprises registered businesses, formal employment arrangements,
and government-regulated activities (MWUD, 2019). In the context of this research, formal sectors refer
to economic activities and employment relationships that are legally registered, regulated, and recog-
nized by government authorities.

Informal Sectors: The informal sector encompasses unregistered businesses, informal employment rela-
tionships, and economic activities that operate outside formal regulatory frameworks (MWUD, 2019).
For the purpose of this study, informal sectors refer to economic activities, employment arrangements,
and businesses that are not formally registered or regulated by government authorities, often character-
ized by a lack of legal recognition and protection.

Challenges: Challenges refer to obstacles, difficulties, or problems faced by street vendors in conducting
their business activities, such as harassment by authorities, lack of access to formal markets, competition
with formal businesses, and inadequate infrastructure (Berhanu, 2021). In this research, challenges per-
tain to the various impediments and barriers that hinder the operations and livelihoods of street vendors
in Dessie City.
Support Demands: Support demands encompass the needs, requirements, or requests of street vendors
for assistance, resources, or interventions to address the challenges they encounter and improve their
livelihoods (Sara, 2023). For the purpose of this study, support demands refer to the specific actions,
policies, or interventions sought by street vendors to mitigate challenges and enhance their economic op-
portunities and well-being.

1.8. Limitations

The study encountered several limitations that may have impacted the accuracy and comprehensiveness
of the findings. One of the primary limitations will be lack of accurate and compiled data from the
Dessie City administration and the Urban and Infrastructure Development Department. Despite efforts to
access relevant data and information from official sources, the data available will be often incomplete,
outdated, or not readily accessible. This limitation hindered the ability to provide a comprehensive analy-
sis of the challenges and support demands of street vending in Dessie City.

Another significant challenge will be the reluctance of some officials to provide accurate and reliable in-
formation required for the study. This reluctance may have been due to various factors, including con-
cerns about confidentiality, bureaucratic constraints, or political sensitivities. As a result, the study may
have relied more heavily on alternative sources of information, such as interviews with street vendors
and observations of street vending activities.

And yet another limitation will be raised from its scope of the study will be limited to specific areas
within Dessie City, namely Arada, Bahil Amba, Dawdo, and Borkena kebeles. While these areas will be
selected based on their high concentration of street vending activities, the findings may not be generaliz-
able to other areas within the city or to other cities in Ethiopia. Therefore, caution should be exercised
when extrapolating the findings to broader contexts.

The last but not the least will be time constraints also posed a limitation on the study, particularly in
terms of data collection and analysis. The research will be conducted within a limited timeframe, which
may have restricted the depth and breadth of the investigation. As a result, some aspects of street vend-
ing in Dessie City may not have been fully explored or adequately addressed in the study.
Despite these limitations, the study endeavors to provide valuable insights into the challenges and sup-
port demands of street vending in Dessie City, contributing to the existing body of knowledge on infor-
mal economic activities and urban livelihoods in Ethiopia.

1.9. Organization of the Thesis


The organization of the thesis will be divided into five chapters. The first chapter will cover the
introduction part which includes background, problem statement, objectives, significance, scope,
limitation, and the organization of the study. Chapter two will deal with the related literature review on
theoretical and empirical literatures on challenges and support demands of street vending related
concepts and ideas. The third chapter will describe about the design of the study or research
methodology. The fourth will discuss about the results and findings of the research. And finally the last
chapter will deal about the conclusion and recommendations part and then appendix and annexes will
follows.
CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction

Literature review is used to demonstrate skills in library searching, to show command of the subject
area and understanding of the problem to justify the research topic, design and methodology (Hart,
1998). Furthermore, literature gives to the researcher a set of explanatory concepts that are useful for
explaining a particular phenomenon. This chapter is designed to review relevant literature.

Both theoretical and other relevant literature have been reviewed which are pertinent to the study.
Hence, this chapter consists of four main sections. In the first section key concepts have been defined.
In the second section theories of informal sector are reviewed. The third section consists of livelihoods
approach that includes livelihood frame work, livelihood asset pentagon of (natural capital, physical
capital, human capital, social capital and political capital). Finally, it presents the empirical literatures
of different countries experience relate to street vending including Ethiopian experience.

This chapter will serve as the foundation for the development of the study. Therefore, the primary pur -
pose of this chapter is to give the theoretical understanding in assessing impact of working environment
and employees’ satisfaction with regard to an organization working environment practices. More specifi-
cally, review of up-to-date related literatures regarding: definitions of human resource development, pur-
poses of human resource development, components of working environment and factors affecting Em-
ployees’ Satisfaction will be presented.

2.2. Concepts of Street Vending


Street vending, an age-old practice found in cities worldwide, has gained prominence in the informal
economies of developing countries. As urbanization accelerates and formal sector employment fails to
keep pace with the growing urban population, street vending has emerged as a vital source of income and
livelihood for many (Cross, 2019; UN Habitat, 2022). The informal sector, where street vending predom-
inantly occurs, is characterized by various features such as small-scale operations, labor-intensive activi-
ties, minimal fixed costs, reliance on simple technology, utilization of family labor, and informal sources
of credit (Hart, 1973; Hope, 2021).
According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), a significant proportion of new employment
opportunities globally arise in the informal economy, with approximately 60% of urban jobs worldwide
situated in this sector (ILO, 2022). Street vending, being a subset of the informal economy, aligns with
these characteristics, offering opportunities for entrepreneurship and income generation in urban settings
(Jimu, 2014). Moreover, street vending, along with home-based work, constitutes a substantial portion of
the non-agricultural workforce in developing countries, accounting for 10-35% of the total workforce
(ILO, 2022).

Evidence from specific countries underscores the significance of street vending as a source of employ-
ment. In Kenya, South Africa, and Tunisia, street vending occupies a considerable portion of the non-
agricultural labor force, representing 8%, 14.6%, and 6% respectively (ILO, 2022). Moreover, these fig-
ures are indicative of the increasing prevalence of street vending as a means of livelihood, highlighting
its resilience and adaptability in urban contexts.

In summary, street vending plays a crucial role in providing livelihood opportunities for urban dwellers,
particularly in the absence of adequate formal sector employment. Its informal nature, characterized by
flexibility, low entry barriers, and reliance on local resources, makes it a resilient and integral component
of urban economies in developing countries. Understanding the dynamics and challenges of street vend-
ing is essential for policymakers and stakeholders to develop strategies that support and regulate this im-
portant sector.

2.3. Street Vending as an Informal Sectors


Street vending is intricately linked with the broader concept of the urban informal economy, which en-
compasses various unregulated economic activities. Street vending, in particular, is often considered a
subset or extension of the urban informal sector (Hope, 2021). Historically, there was an expectation dur-
ing the 1950s and 1960s that traditional economies could transition into modern capitalist economies,
leading to the absorption of small-scale enterprises and casual jobs into the formal sector. However, per-
sistent unemployment in developing countries highlighted the resilience and expansion of the informal
sector, prompting the adoption of the term "informal sector" to encompass these activities (ILO, 2022).

The International Labour Organization (ILO) conceptualizes the informal sector as comprising economic
activities that are not officially regulated and operate outside the state's incentive system, contrasting
with formal sector enterprises that enjoy recognition and support (ILO, 2022). Factors such as urbaniza-
tion and globalization have fueled the growth of the informal economy, offering livelihood opportunities
in the absence of formal employment options. In many developing countries, formal labor markets ab-
sorb only a fraction of new entrants into the workforce, while the informal economy absorbs the major-
ity, accounting for over 90% of the workforce in some cases (Carr et al., 2017).

The expansion of the informal economy is particularly evident in urban areas, with street vending play -
ing a significant role in providing employment and income opportunities. In countries like Burkina Faso,
Ghana, Kenya, and South Africa, a large proportion of the urban workforce is engaged in informal activ-
ities, with street trading contributing substantially to urban incomes (Chen et al., 2015). The challenges
faced by the informal sector, including street vendors, underscore the need for policy interventions and
support mechanisms to address the livelihood needs of this segment of the population.

In summary, street vending is deeply intertwined with the broader urban informal economy, reflecting
the challenges and opportunities associated with informal livelihoods in urban settings. Understanding
the dynamics of the informal sector, including street vending, is essential for devising effective policies
and interventions to support informal workers and promote inclusive urban development.

2.4. Socioeconomic Characteristic of Street Vendors


The socioeconomic characteristics of street vendors encompass various dimensions, including educa-
tional attainment, gender distribution, age demographics, and household responsibilities (Kamala, 2017).
Street vendors typically exhibit low levels of formal education, with many having only completed pri-
mary school or lacking any formal education (Lund, 2018). This limited educational background often
restricts their access to formal employment opportunities, leading them to engage in informal economic
activities as a means of survival. The lack of education also affects their ability to pursue higher-paying
jobs or access training programs that could enhance their skills and qualifications.

Gender plays a significant role in the composition of street vending, with women comprising a signifi -
cant majority of informal vendors (Mitullah, 2013). This gender disparity is influenced by various fac-
tors, including societal norms, access to education, and traditional gender roles. Women often turn to
street vending as a flexible income-generating activity that allows them to balance household responsi-
bilities such as childcare and domestic chores (Lund, 2018). In contrast, men may engage in street vend-
ing at a younger age but are more likely to transition to other forms of employment as they age.
Street vending attracts individuals across different age groups, but there are notable differences in the
age distribution between men and women (Lund, 2018). Men tend to enter street vending at a younger
age, often as adolescents or young adults, while women may join the sector later in life, sometimes as a
secondary source of income after fulfilling family obligations. The age at which individuals enter street
vending can influence their longevity in the sector and their ability to adapt to changing economic condi -
tions.

Street vending is often characterized by its flexibility, allowing individuals to engage in economic activi -
ties while fulfilling household responsibilities (Mitullah, 2013). Women, in particular, may prioritize
street vending as a means of supplementing household income and supporting their families. This bal-
ancing act between economic activities and caregiving responsibilities highlights the resilience and re-
sourcefulness of street vendors in navigating complex socioeconomic challenges.

In summary, the socioeconomic characteristics of street vendors underscore the diverse and dynamic na-
ture of informal economic activities. Addressing educational disparities, promoting gender equality, and
providing support for informal livelihoods are essential steps towards fostering inclusive economic de-
velopment and improving the well-being of individuals engaged in street vending.

2.5. Typology of Street Vendors


Street vendors encompass a diverse range of individuals engaged in informal economic activities, and
they can be categorized into various typologies based on their operational characteristics and modes of
vending (Iyenda, 2015). One common typology distinguishes between fixed-stall vendors and mobile
sellers, each with distinct patterns of operation and spatial arrangements (Iyenda, 2015).

Fixed-stall vendors typically operate from established locations, such as designated stalls or makeshift
structures set up in front of their residences or along street pavements (Iyenda, 2015). These vendors
may specialize in selling specific types of goods or commodities and often develop regular clientele
within their local communities. The fixed nature of their operations allows them to establish a sense of
permanence and stability in their vending activities.

In contrast, mobile sellers traverse different locations and settings, carrying their merchandise with them
as they move from one place to another (Iyenda, 2015). These vendors rely on portable carts, baskets, or
even handheld displays to transport their goods, enabling them to adapt to changing market dynamics
and customer demand. Mobile vendors may target high-traffic areas or specific events to maximize sales
opportunities and reach a wider customer base.

Within the context of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, Iyenda (2015) further distinguishes be-
tween walking vendors and fixed vendors based on their mobility patterns and operational strategies.
Walking vendors are characterized by their constant movement, traversing various neighborhoods and
thoroughfares throughout the day to sell their goods (Iyenda, 2015). In contrast, fixed vendors maintain
relatively stationary positions for extended periods, often occupying specific locations or street corners
known for commercial activity (Iyenda, 2015).

The typology of street vendors provides insights into the diverse ways in which informal economic activ-
ities manifest in urban environments. Understanding these different categories of vendors is crucial for
policymakers, urban planners, and development practitioners seeking to address the needs and challenges
faced by street vendors and promote inclusive economic growth. By recognizing the varied modes of
vending and the unique circumstances of different vendor groups, interventions and support programs
can be tailored to meet the specific needs of street vendors in their respective contexts.

2.6. Driving Factors That Attract People to Street Vending


Street vending serves as a vital economic activity for individuals seeking livelihood opportunities in ur-
ban environments, driven by a combination of economic and social factors. This section explores the key
drivers that compel individuals to engage in street vending, including economic motivations such as the
search for employment and avoidance of taxes, as well as social factors like the desire for self-employ -
ment and the need to support family members.

2.6.1 Economic Driving Factors

2.6.1.1 Search for Employment


Rapid population growth and urbanization in sub-Saharan African countries have led to increased migra -
tion into urban centers, where formal employment opportunities are limited (Mutandwa, 2021; AC-
CRON, 2021). Many migrants, lacking formal education and specialized skills, are unable to secure
wage employment and turn to street vending as a means of livelihood (Berner et al., 2018; Gomez,
2018). Studies indicate that the influx of unemployed individuals creates a conducive environment for
street vending activities (Nittaya, 2014).
2.6.1.2 Escape Taxes and Government Trade Policy
Complex business registration procedures, heavy taxation, and rigid labor regulations in some countries
deter entrepreneurs from formal economic sectors, prompting them to operate informally on the streets
(De Soto, 2019). Street vending offers a way to circumvent formal sector barriers and minimize costs as -
sociated with compliance and taxation.

2.6.1.3 Other Economic Driving Factors


Additional economic drivers include limited access to capital, avoidance of formal market rents, and dis-
satisfaction with previous job conditions (Turner & Laura, 2012). Street vendors often opt for informal
trade to overcome financial constraints and bureaucratic hurdles associated with formal sector engage-
ment.

2.6.2 Social Driving Factors

2.6.2.1 To Be Self-Employed
Street vending provides individuals with an opportunity to establish themselves as self-employed en-
trepreneurs with minimal initial capital investment (Ndhlovu, 2021). The allure of autonomy and inde-
pendence motivates many individuals to pursue street vending as a viable means of livelihood.

2.6.2.2 Supporting Family


Many street vendors engage in vending activities to financially support dependent family members, in-
cluding children, siblings, and parents (Babere, 2013). In households facing economic vulnerability,
street vending serves as a crucial source of income to meet basic necessities and sustain livelihoods.

2.6.2.3 Limited Education


A lack of formal education and vocational training restricts employment opportunities in the formal sec -
tor, compelling individuals to turn to street vending as an alternative livelihood (Judai, 2022; Ndhlovu,
2021). Street vending offers an accessible avenue for income generation, particularly for individuals with
limited educational qualifications.
Understanding the multifaceted motivations driving individuals to engage in street vending is essential
for designing targeted interventions and support mechanisms to address the diverse needs of vendors and
promote sustainable urban livelihoods. By acknowledging the economic and social dynamics shaping
street vending activities, policymakers can develop inclusive policies that empower vendors and enhance
their socio-economic well-being.
2.7. Economic Contribution of Street Vending to Livelihood
Street vending plays a significant role in urban economies worldwide, particularly in developing coun-
tries, where it serves as a vital source of employment and income for millions of individuals. This sec-
tion explores the economic challenges faced by street vendors and the support demands necessary to sus-
tain their livelihoods.

2.7.1. Creation of Employment Opportunities


[[[[[[

Street vending emerges as a crucial avenue for job creation, especially in urban areas grappling with high
unemployment rates (Mramba, 2015). In Amhara Regional State, street vending employed over 1 million
individuals in 2014, highlighting its pivotal role in absorbing surplus labor (Mramba, 2015). Addition-
ally, street vending fosters linkages with formal sectors, facilitating the marketing of locally manufac-
tured goods and sustaining employment in small-scale industries (Timalsina, 2021). By providing viable
self-employment opportunities, street vending acts as a buffer against instability in the labor market, par-
ticularly for marginalized urban populations.

Table 1: The Number of Person Engaged in Street Vending from different countries
Country Number of street vendors % of non-agriculture labor force % of females
Benin(1992) 45,591 5.0 81.0
Tunisia(1997) 125,619 6.0 2.0
Kenya(1999) 416,294 8.1 33.0
South Africa 445,000 14.6 -
Source: ILO (2022)

Table 2: Street vending as a Significant Share of the Total Employment and the Total Informal Employ-
ment in Different Cities (2022/23)
Region /Country/ % of share of total employment % of share of informal total employ-
ment
Africa
Dakar, Senegal, 10.4 13.0
Abidjan, Cote D’Ivoire 12.7 16.0
Ouagadougou, Burkina 13.6 16.7
Faso
Cotonou, Benin 15.3 18.8
Bamako, Mali 16.6 19.9,
Lome, Togo 20.0 24.0
Asia
Ahmadabad, India 5.6 7.0
Latin America
Buenos Aires, Argentine 2.7 5.4
Lima, Peru 5.4 9.2
Hanoi. Vietnam 6.0 11.3
Source: ILO (2022)

2.7.2 Generation of Income


[[

Street vending serves as a crucial income-generating activity, enabling vendors to support their liveli-
hoods and meet daily household needs (Tripp, 2017). Despite minimal profit margins, street vending of-
fers a pathway to financial independence for low-income individuals (Bell & Loukaitou, 2014). Income
earned from street vending contributes to diverse expenditures, including education, healthcare, and in-
vestments in other economic ventures (Turner & Laura, 2012). Moreover, street vending fosters en-
trepreneurship, allowing vendors to expand their businesses and compete successfully in the market (Co-
hen, 2013).

2.7.3 Provision of Relatively Low-priced Goods


[

Street vendors play a crucial role in providing essential goods and services at affordable prices, particu -
larly for low-income consumers (Roever, 2014). By offering small quantities of goods and flexible pur-
chasing options, street vending enhances accessibility to basic necessities for economically disadvan-
taged populations (Nittaya, 2014). This affordability ensures that marginalized communities can access
essential commodities without financial strain.
2.7.4 Street Vending and Security in the City
[

In addition to economic benefits, street vending contributes to urban security by deterring antisocial ac-
tivities and maintaining a visible presence in public spaces (Roever, 2014). Street vendors often act as in-
formal guardians, safeguarding their communities from crime and providing assistance to those in need
(Cohen, 2019). By fostering community cohesion and enhancing surveillance, street vending contributes
to the overall safety and well-being of urban environments.
Overall, street vending serves as a multifaceted economic activity with far-reaching implications for ur-
ban livelihoods and community dynamics. Addressing the economic challenges faced by street vendors
and providing appropriate support mechanisms are essential for promoting inclusive urban development
and sustainable livelihoods.

2.8. Spatial Effects of Street Vending on the Urban Environment


Understanding the spatial effects of street vending is crucial for assessing its impact on the urban envi-
ronment and informing urban planning strategies. This section examines how street vending activities in-
fluence human and motorized traffic flow, as well as their environmental implications.

2.8.1 Street Vending and Human Flow and Motorized Traffic Flow
Street vending often occurs in bustling urban areas where competition for space is intense, leading to

congestion and hindering the free flow of both pedestrian and motorized traffic (Jimu, 2015; Onesmus,

2015; Perera & Amin, 2016). By transforming streets and pavements into commercial hubs, street ven -

dors exacerbate existing congestion problems, particularly in cities with already strained transportation

networks. This congestion not only disrupts the movement of people and vehicles but also poses safety

risks and impedes emergency response times.

2.8.2 Environmental Effects of Street Vending


[

The environmental impact of street vending extends beyond traffic congestion to include issues such as
littering and waste management challenges (Jimu, 2015; Yankson, 2019; Onesmus, 2015). Unregulated
street trading activities often contribute to the accumulation of filth and litter, straining the capacity of
city authorities to maintain cleanliness. Inadequate waste disposal infrastructure further exacerbates these
environmental concerns, leading to unsanitary conditions in public spaces.
However, countries that have formalized their street vending sectors have demonstrated the potential for
mitigating these environmental impacts. In cities like Durban, street vendors actively contribute to main -
taining cleanliness by undertaking cleaning activities themselves and adhering to waste removal regula -
tions (Roever, 2014). By integrating street vendors into formal waste management systems and imposing
regulations on cleanliness standards, cities can leverage the potential of street vending to enhance urban
environmental quality.

Overall, the spatial effects of street vending on the urban environment highlight the need for comprehen -
sive urban planning approaches that balance the economic benefits of street vending with environmental
considerations. By integrating street vendors into urban development strategies and providing adequate
infrastructure and support services, cities can harness the potential of street vending while minimizing its
adverse spatial impacts.

2.9. Challenges and Support Demands of Street Vendors

2.9.1. Challenges of Street Vendors


Despite the socioeconomic importance of street vending in urban areas, especially for the urban poor
group, street vendors face various challenges. Cohen et al, (2019) found that like all informal workers,
informal street vendors lack legal status, representation, and voice. Due to this situation, they face
several specific problems along the way of securing the livelihood which limits their opportunities to
work efficiently for income generation and poverty reduction.

2.9.1.1. Street Vending on Run


Asiedu & Agyei-Mensah (2018) and Brown (2016) said that vendors are continuously on the run due to
constant harassment, assault and seizure of goods by the local government authorities or police in and
other users\ of the city space. All these disturb the development of links with customers, reduce the
accumulation of fixed-asset value, and discourage investment even if the investment is low.

2.9.1.2 Street Vending and Access to Capital


If street vendors could have access to funding from financial institutions, they could also have higher
investment capital, judging from the expensive merchandise they sell. In addition, the high capital could
provide them with the opportunity to rent space in prime areas of the city. But street traders operate
below capacity because they have limited access to capital as they have no access to financial services
such as credit, loans from financial institutions because they do not have collateral security.
This concurs with the assertion of the renowned Zimbabwean economist John Robertson, who stated that
it is difficult for people in the informal sector to secure credit facilities because they do not have
evidence to secure such services since their incomes are erratic and low with little production involved.
They lack things like pay slips and bank account statements as an indication to the lender that one can
pay or service credit (Nkululeko et al, 2014). Therefore, the lack of capital or access to capital hinders
the development of their activities.

2.9.1.3. Street Vending and Business Skills


The majority of street vendors has a low level of education and do not have any skills for business. Even
those who are educated do not have the requisite skills for business. And because their activities are not
legally recognized, they therefore do not have access to any training for business and any technical
training that could help in ensuring the development of their business. This continues to challenge their
business as they have low level of business skills.

2.9.1.4 Street Vending Regulations and Policy


Majority of street vendors around the world, undertake street vending business with the threat of
eviction, jail, harassment, and fines because street vending activities are usually not recognized or
protected under legal and regulatory frameworks. Almost in all countries in Africa, they operate with
restrictive policies and regulations that lay emphasis on the illegality of street vending (Bhowmik, 2005;
Mitullah, 2013). As informal activities (street vending activities) in many countries are on the fringes of
the law, authorities often confuse them with criminal activities and subject them to oppression (ILO 2022
as cited in Brown, 2016).
Street vending is mainly affected by policy and practice of both national and local governments.
According to Brown (2016), actions of local governments can be a major hindrance to the development
of a secure environment for street trading. For the street vending business to work towards poverty
reduction there is a need for the African governments to formulate supportive policies, regulations and
organization of street vending space that will provide legal protection while conducting business.

2.9.1.5 Street vending and access to Basic Infrastructure


In many developing countries street vending is often looked down on as an undesirable activity
undertaken by criminals which impinges on the use of public space. Due to this, they work in poor
conditions, with little access to basic infrastructure such as water, electricity, waste removal, storage
facilities etc (Donovan, 2018).
2.9.1.6 Street Vending and planned Business Location

In many developing countries, lack of well-planned and designed business areas and premises result in
conflict of land use and also expose street vendors to harassment or eviction from the place that they
have invaded for trading. In addition to this, street vendors face environmental risks involved in the
activity. Here one may cite the constant exposure to harsh weather conditions like heavy rains and harsh
sun, especially in tropical Africa as the traders mostly carry out their activity in the open areas without
any shelter (Lund, 2018).

2.9.2. Support Demands of Street vending


Support demands of street vending encompass various aspects aimed at facilitating the operations of
street vendors and ensuring their socio-economic well-being. These support demands are essential for
addressing the challenges faced by street vendors and promoting their integration into urban economies.
The following sections outline key support demands of street vending:

2.9.2.1. Legal Recognition and Formalization


Street vendors often operate in a legal grey area, facing harassment and eviction due to lack of formal
recognition by authorities. Legal recognition of street vending as a legitimate economic activity is crucial
for ensuring vendors' rights to access public spaces and conduct business without fear of persecution.
Formalization efforts should include the establishment of clear regulations, licensing procedures, and
designated vending zones to promote orderly Street vending practices (Roever, 2014; Carr et al., 2017).

2.9.2.2. Access to Infrastructure and Services


Street vendors require access to basic infrastructure and services to conduct their businesses effectively.
This includes provisions for clean water, sanitation facilities, waste management services, and electricity.
Improving infrastructure in vending areas enhances vendors' working conditions and contributes to pub-
lic health and safety (ILO, 2022).

2.9.2.3. Financial Services and Support


Many street vendors lack access to formal financial services, making it difficult to invest in their busi-
nesses or cope with financial shocks. Providing microfinance services, savings schemes, and credit facil-
ities tailored to the needs of street vendors can empower them economically and enable business expan-
sion (Cohen, 2013; Adhikari, 2021).
2.9.2.4. Skills Training and Capacity Building

Street vendors often lack formal education and business skills necessary for managing their enterprises
effectively. Training programs on business management, marketing, hygiene practices, and financial lit-
eracy can equip vendors with the knowledge and skills needed to improve their businesses' viability and
sustainability (Babere, 2013; Ndhlovu, 2021).

2.9.2.5. Social Protection and Welfare Support


Street vendors are vulnerable to income instability, exploitation, and adverse weather conditions. Social
protection measures, such as health insurance, maternity benefits, and pension schemes, can provide a
safety net for vendors and their families during times of hardship. Additionally, access to affordable
childcare services can support vendors, particularly women, in balancing work and family responsibili-
ties (Berner et al., 2018; Gomez, 2018).

2.9.2.6. Market Linkages and Networking

Facilitating linkages between street vendors and formal markets or supply chains can enhance vendors'
access to quality inputs, diversified products, and larger customer bases. Networking opportunities, such
as cooperative associations or trade unions, enable vendors to advocate for their rights collectively and
access information and resources for business improvement (Turner & Laura, 2012; Mitullah, 2013).

Addressing these support demands requires coordinated efforts from governments, civil society organi-
zations, and other stakeholders to create an enabling environment for street vending. By recognizing
street vendors' contributions to urban economies and providing them with the necessary support, cities
can harness the potential of street vending as a source of livelihood for millions of urban residents while
promoting inclusive and sustainable urban development.

2.10. Street Vending Success Stories


Many countries are a major obstacle to the development of street vending sector activities. The countries
have declared vending illegal. Yet some actions that support street vendor have been successfully
implemented in some countries. The following are some of the best successful examples.
2.10.1 India Case Study
India is a country that has succeeded in organizing and formalizing street vending sector. Among the
factors that made India to succeed in street vending are:
a) Legal Protection
Street vendors in India have a legal protection through the Street Vendors Act of 2014 (Protection of
Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending).This is an Act of Parliament of India enacted to regulate
street vendors in public areas and protect their rights. The bill received the assent of the President of
India on 4 March 2014. The Act aims at providing social security and livelihood rights to street vendors.
The key point of the Act is it gives legitimate protection to street vendors from harassment by police and
civic authorities; demarcation of vending zones; planning for street vending activities every 5 years;
conducting research on street vending at least once within 5 years; establishment of town vending
committees; and the establishment of effective grievance redress and dispute resolution mechanism
(India, 2012).
b) National Policy on Urban Street Vendors, 2019
India had recognized the role of street vendors in improving the livelihood of the poor people in Indian
towns. In this light, India formulated a policy regarding street vending activities. The starting point of
this policy was the recognition of the positive role of street vendors in providing essential commodities
to people at affordable prices and at convenient places. India also recognized the need for regulation of
street vending based on certain objective and principles.

The overall objective of this policy, therefore, is to provide for and promote a supportive environment
for the vast mass of urban street vendors to carry out their vocation while at the same time ensuring that
their vending activities do not lead to overcrowding and unsanitary conditions in public places and
spaces. The policy aims to achieve these objectives through the provision of legal status, civic facilities,
transparent regulation, and organization of the vending, participative process, self-regulation, and
promotional measures (India, 2019).
c) Street Vendors Association
One of the best street vending associations in the world is the National Association of Street Vendors of
India (NASVI). It is a federation of 715 street vendor organizations, trade unions and non-governmental
organizations (NGO's). This association advocates for street vending and takes any case to protect their
livelihoods.
2.10.2 China Case Study

China is also among the countries which have recognized the role of street vending and has attempted to
formalize the sector through regulation and enforcement of street vending licensure. Park and Cai (2021)
study reveal that by the year 2022 undocumented workers represented 39% of the Chinese labour
market. Based on these studies, informal employment appeared to represent a substantial portion of both
the labour market and China's economy. This signifies a growing percentage to the overall economic
activity, especially street vending. In order to effect the formalization of the street vending sector,
multiple levels of government attempted to develop and implement regulatory practices through
revamped licensing procedures, creation of vending districts, and new forms of supervision (Bell &
Sideris, 2014).
a) Regulation and Policies
The government of China started to recognize the informal economy in 1980 by formulating various
regulations and policies which fluctuated with time. The regulation stated that every legal street vendor
should have a license, lack of it renders the activity illegal (Hu and Zhao, 2016). Further, the State
Council (China's Cabinet) established urban management districts in Chinese cities that officially started
operation in 2022 and included the policing of street vending among their responsibilities (Zhang and
Zhang, 2018; China Daily, 2019). Sidewalk vending policy is overseen by the Ministry of Industry and
Commerce, while monitoring and fining of illegal vending is typically handled by Chengguan, urban
management officers. Chengguan are also responsible for the enforcement of ordinances relating to
sanitation, traffic safety, urban construction, and stopping illegal business (the category into which
unlicensed street vending falls).

Today, the Chinese initiative demonstrates new responses, such as a call for greater leniency when
dealing with unlicensed street vendors, and an emerging civil society discourse that seeks more flexible
solutions to the conflict between street vending and local regulatory authorities (Bell & Sideris, 2014). In
2019, street vending and its regulation became the focus of a public dialogue in China, when the
Legislative Office of the State Council solicited public opinion on a regulation of self-employed
businessmen (Xinhua, 2019). New laws in Beijing related to street vendor status were developed due to
the responses from a public Internet-based survey. This ensured that the public were involved in policy
creation. For example, laws have changed in some regions to allow unregistered vendors the right to sell
in specific areas or at certain times.
b) Creation of Street Vending Districts
In Hong Kong in China the response to the street vending issues has been to consolidate street vending
into hawker centers or cooked-food centers. Hawker centers provide an experience and preservation of
livelihood, with the additional benefit of improved regulation of health and management.

2.10.3 South Africa

Durban city is among the cities that have been able to recognize street vending activities. Durban
municipality is often presented as an example of good practice of street vending. For Durban to succeed,
it had adopted the following approaches to support street vendors (Durban, 2021; Sung, 2021)
a) Spatial tools
Durban uses the concept of permitted zones. A permitted zone is a geographic designation where
vending is allowed, a departure from the typical licensing that assigns a specific location to a vendor. In
Durban, street vendors are granted access to permitted zones by paying for a permit, which provides
legality and a basic package of services (water, trash, etc), whereas in Johannesburg, street vendors are
given trading space in return for agreeing to comply with health and environmental standards. These
permitted zones approach offer an innovative approach to managing informal street activity and offer
promise toward a spatial management approach.
b) Integrated approaches to support street vendors
In 2021, a policy on Durban’s informal economy, inspired by several pilot projects, was adopted. It made
a number of suggestions for improving street vending with regards to registration (simplification of the
registration process and reduction of its cost), site allocation (criteria for allocation should be negotiated
with stakeholders and the allocation of sites should then be done by officials), and operating charges
(different transparent fees should be set according to location, size and services provided; payment
should be simplified). The policy established as well a framework of principles for by-laws. The
integrated approaches focus also on the following:

Planning: the policy stated that new markets and trading opportunities must be properly planned,
bearing in mind the economic needs of traders, the need for more vibrant land use, and the need for
orderly town, spatial and transport planning, as well as health and safety.

Sector-based support: the support function, in terms of focused efforts to help small operators take
steps along the ladder towards growth and independence, should be provided through a sectoral
approach, as is happening in industrial policy in support of large business.
Support for small enterprises: Support for building the capacity of organizations of informal workers
is closely linked to the development of their enterprises. Durban has much to learn from its own recent
efforts at support, as well as from international experience, about which forms of training and support are
effective, sustainable, and able to reach large numbers of people.

Regulation and control: regulation of the informal economy is linked to the management and support
functions. The local government is responsible for setting the basic minimum standard (of cleanliness for
example) and the small business people maintain that standard.

Assistance in building the capacity of organizations of informal workers: the success of area based
management and of support for economic development would hinge on the orderly growth of
organisations of workers in the informal economy. The interests of informal operators are best served
when they can bargain from a position of strength and confidence. For example, the Self-employed
Women’s Union (SEWU), launched in 1994, and the Informal Trade Management Board, established in
1995, lobbied and negotiated with the Durban local authorities to obtain infrastructures for street
vendors. Their activities ensured the incorporation of vendors in city planning.

2.10.4 Singapore

Singapore, a Southeast Asian, known by most people for its government's perceived obsession with
cleanliness and rather draconian forms of punishment for the equivalent of misdemeanor crimes. The
country is actually home of the world's second-busiest port and is a major global center of trade,
technology, and finance. Since its independence in 1965, street vending especially food vending, known
there as "hawking," became a popular entrepreneurial activity when formal jobs were scarce following
the post-World War II reconstruction years. Street hawkers had set up their carts or ersatz food stalls
along major thoroughfares, at public spaces and near public housing complexes.

But the overabundance of unregulated street hawkers turned into a serious problem for Singapore:
Cleanliness and sanitation of vending areas became a major issue for vendors. Food quality and food
borne illnesses also became part of the public health issue. And food and liquid wastes polluted the city's
streets. In the late 1960s, the Singaporean government embarked on a compulsory registration drive for
all street hawkers and designated temporary off-street locations for them to operate. In the 1970s and
1980s, hawker centers or public food courts were constructed to house the street vendors.

Open-air and semi-enclosed by design (due to Singapore's year-round hot tropical climate), for street
food vending hawker centers not only provide dining areas but, most importantly permanent facilities for
cooking, food storage, preparation, and sanitary amenities like restrooms, sinks, and disposal receptacles.
The end result was something that satisfied both the government's penchant for urban cleanliness and the
country's culinary traditions. The hawker centers are typically found adjacent to high-density housing
complexes and commercial districts.

Singapore government also organizes regular training courses on food and personal hygiene, and
environment cleanliness. The composition of the city's street vending population in Singapore had
changed over time. There was an emergence of younger, better educated street vendors. This change is
attributed to the rising unemployment that has put more graduates out of jobs. Many of these have taken
to street vending. The government decided to upgrade the hawker centre in the densely populated
residential areas. Though the rents charged by the government have increased, the street vendors still get
a lot of clientele because the items they sell are cheaper than those sold in shops. One significant fact
about street vendors in Singapore is that over the past 30 years they have helped keep the cost of living
down since workers, students and the poorer sections depend on them for their daily necessities,
including their meals. This is true of other places as well but unfortunately the planners rarely consider
these challenges and support demands to the local economy. Strategically placing these hawker centers
near heavily pedestrian areas, transit facilities, parks or public plazas, or mixed-use developments will
further enhance Kigali's ongoing maturity of its public-space identity.

2.10.5 Tanzania

Tanzania has taken forward steps to recognize street vending informal livelihood activities since the
early 1990s. The Dar-es- Salaam city council was persuaded to adopt a consultative approach which
greatly helped in the implementation of the plan and resolved many issues such as crime and street
cleanliness.
a) Institutional framework
Municipality which is the main actor for managing and controlling the informal activities within the
municipality collaborates with the city council for organizing the informal activities. The city
departments which are involved include the Departments of Land and Town Planning, Finance and
Trade, Hygiene and Environment, and Health. The municipality exercises its responsibility for
facilitating informal livelihood activities by issuing licenses, allocating working spaces, health and
quality control, as well as setting and enforcing rules, regulations and policies. A department of Land
and Town Planning within the municipality of the city is responsible for the production of spaces for
street vending and their inclusion in the city design. Second, it is responsible for identifying new spaces
and processing their change of use. Finally, it involves the control of informal activities by playing a part
in decision-making on the relocation of informal livelihood operators.

The Finance and Trade Department within the municipality is responsible for providing technical advice
in terms of the management of informal activities, as well as acting as the main agent responsible for
issuing business licenses within its boundaries and ensuring that the revenue collection process is
efficient. The Environmental Working Group is responsible for implementing municipal cleaning
campaigns.
b) Provision of capital
The municipality has facilitated the availability of capital which was once inaccessible to informal
livelihood operators. Although the majority still experience limited access to finances, the reform has
provided a chance for them to access other services such as opening savings accounts (Kessy and Urio,
2016).
c) Formation of street vendors’ organizations
It is recommended that informal operators should form economic working groups. The main role of these
organizations is to mediate between the needs of informal operators and those of central government and
local authorities as well as other institutions interested in informal sector issues.
(URT, 2019; Kessy et al, 2016; URT, 2019; Babere, 2013)

2.11. Failure Case


In countries like Kenya, Rwanda, Malawi, Zimbabwe have failed to accommodate street vending in their
cities. Street vending activities have decorated the streets of these countries‟ capital cities and have
become an increasingly visible and disruptive locus of conflict between the government's efforts to
maintain public order of a desired modernized city on one hand and the citizens‟ efforts to generate
income on the other (Kamunyori, 2017).

Where there have been windows for better practices emerge, there tends to be a continuity problem. In
many cities of developing countries, street vendors are consistently harassed and periodically violently
removed from the selling sites. All these challenges make the sector not to operate freely although it is a
source of livelihood for most unemployed people and urban poor in different cities (Steel, et al, 2012;
Skinner, 2018).

The study done in Harare, Zimbabwe revealed that the inability to achieve stable governance of street
vending may be rooted in problems at the national, city and local levels. First, policy contradictions
caused by conflicting political incentives at different levels of the state have made establishment of
sectoral governance rather elusive. Second, at the city level, neoliberal by-laws and regulations
continued to exclude street vendors from participating in the economic activities of the country. These
by-laws have failed to adapt to the changing circumstances. Third, street vendors lacked formal
association(s) that can coordinate strategies across different groups to achieve sectoral governance
(Njaya, 2014). This is the case in most developing counties that had failed to accommodate street
vending into urban areas. Therefore, measures should be taken to accommodate the sector into urban
areas as the sector provide and improve the livelihood urban people who rely on street vending sector.

2.12. Conclusive Remarks on Successes and Failure Case

Street vending plays a key role in shaping the urban economy in many developing countries. It is also the
main livelihood for urban poor. But in many developing countries, street vending sector is considered as
illegal and street vendors are consistently harassed and periodically violently removed from the selling
sites. With such policy, street vending is therefore spread haphazardly and the trend will be the same
unless street vending sector is regularized or established in planned locations. The successful stories in
some countries like Singapore and South Africa about street vending had found a way and means to
regularize and recognize street vending activities in urban planning and urban development programs
through legal protection of street vendors, organization of street vendors, provision of training, and
allocation of street vending business sites.

2.13. Conceptual Frameworks

Table 3. Below is a table that presents the challenges and support demands of street vending in
Dessie City:

Category Challenges of Street Vending Support Demands of Street Vending


Access to financial services and
Economic Challenges Limited access to capital
support
Uncertain income due to market
fluctuations and lack of formal Skills training and capacity building
employment
Lack of legal recognition and protection Legal recognition and formalization of
for street vendors street vending
Social Challenges Harassment, assault, and goods seizure by Social protection and welfare support
Category Challenges of Street Vending Support Demands of Street Vending
authorities
Stigmatization and negative perception of Integration into urban planning and
street vendors development initiatives
Business Location and Inadequate access to safe and secure Planned business location and
Security vending locations designated vending zones
Risk of eviction and lack of tenure Provision of secure vending spaces and
security tenure regularization
Access to Basic Lack of access to clean water, sanitation,
Access to infrastructure and services
Infrastructure and waste management services
Limited access to electricity and storage Provision of basic amenities and
facilities facilities for street vendors
Regulatory Restrictive regulations and policies Legal recognition and formalization of
Environment governing street vending street vending
Support for compliance with
Enforcement challenges and inconsistent
regulations and enforcement
application of regulations
mechanisms
Market Access and Limited access to formal markets and Facilitation of market linkages and
Linkages distribution channels networking
Lack of integration with formal economy Integration into formal market systems
and supply chains and value chains

This table provides a structured overview of both the challenges faced by street vendors in Dessie City
and the corresponding support demands that can help address these challenges effectively.
CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Introduction
This chapter presents the steps used in conducting this research. The chapter identified the research design
techniques, the target population, the sampling frame and sampling unit, data collection techniques, sample
size, sources of data and methods how to analyses the collected data.

3.2. Description of the Study Area

Dessie city, located in the Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia, embodies a rich tapestry of historical sig -
nificance, geographical diversity, and demographic complexity. Founded in 1893 by King Michael,
Dessie has evolved into a bustling urban center renowned for its role as a northeast trade hub and capital
of the South Wollo Administrative Zone. Nestled amidst the picturesque landscapes of the Ethiopian
Highlands, Dessie's mountainous terrain and temperate highland climate shape its distinct character.

The city experiences a temperate highland climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons. From June to Sep -
tember, Dessie witnesses its rainy season, crucial for agriculture and sustaining the local ecosystem. In
contrast, the dry season, spanning from October to May, brings cooler temperatures and lower precipita-
tion levels. Despite its relatively mild climate, Dessie can experience occasional temperature fluctuations
and weather extremes.

In addition to its climate, Dessie boasts a diverse population, comprising various ethnic groups such as
the Amhara, Oromo, Tigre, and Gurage, among others. This diversity contributes to the city's cultural vi -
brancy, with residents coexisting harmoniously and enriching the social fabric with their unique tradi -
tions and customs. Despite the diversity, Dessie maintains a sense of unity and community cohesion,
with residents sharing common values and aspirations.

Moreover, Dessie's status as a regional trade hub and capital city has fueled rapid population growth and
spatial expansion over the years. The city's demographic composition, influenced by migration from sur-
rounding rural areas and natural population growth, reflects the dynamic socio-economic landscape of
urban Ethiopia. Understanding the interplay between Dessie's climate, population dynamics, and socio-
economic context is essential for informing evidence-based policies and interventions aimed at promot-
ing sustainable development, resilience, and inclusive growth in the city.
Figure 1.1. Map of Study Area

3.3. Research Approach

The research approach utilized for this study is a mixed-method approach, combining both qualitative
and quantitative methods. This approach will be chosen to capitalize on the strengths of each method
while minimizing their respective weaknesses. The qualitative approach focuses on understanding
people's knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs, while the quantitative approach deals with statistical analysis.
By employing both approaches, a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and support demands
of street vendors in Dessie City can be achieved. The research type adopted in this study is a cross-
sectional survey.

3.4. Research Method


This study employs a descriptive research method, specifically utilizing a survey approach. Descriptive
research is suitable for describing characteristics, making specific predictions, and narrating facts about a
situation. Given the objective of the study to understand people's opinions, perceptions, and beliefs
regarding street vending challenges and support demands in Dessie City, a descriptive research method
is deemed appropriate.

3.4.1. Research Techniques

Various data collection techniques are employed in this study:


Interviews: Semi-structured interviews are conducted with key stakeholders, including municipal
managers, road authority heads, and sanitation and beautification department officials. Purposive
sampling is utilized to select interview participants based on their expertise and relevance to the study.

Questionnaires: Closed-ended questionnaires are administered to selected household respondents from


three kebeles in Dessie City (Borkena, Piassa, and Bahil Amba). Questionnaires are translated into the
local language (Amharic) to ensure clarity and accuracy of responses.

Observation: Field observation is utilized to compare responses with the actual situation on the ground.
Photos are taken to capture relevant information for the study.

Focus Group Discussion (FGD): FGDs are conducted to triangulate responses obtained through
questionnaires and interviews. Participants are purposively selected from households, respected offices,
and road authority experts.

3.5. Sampling Design

A combination of probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling techniques is employed. Probability


sampling is used to ensure representativeness and minimize bias, while non-probability sampling allows
for detailed information gathering from relevant individuals. Three kebeles are purposively selected
based on population density, existing road infrastructure, and the prevalence of street vending
challenges. Systematic random sampling is used to select household respondents, while purposive
sampling is utilized to select higher officials and leaders from relevant sectors and organizations.

3.5.1. Population
Total population is a total number of elements, which are subjected to the study. Dessie city has the total
population of 151,094 (CSA, 2007). The target population of this study will be households living in three
kebeles of the city because the number of household lived in these kebeles covered the largest percent, and
also Piassa Kebele is a center of commercial activities in the city and lack of integrated street vending
controlling and management has negative impact on the environmental and aesthetics contribution of the
city. The reason why the researcher chooses household as the population is that it is not possible to cover
the entire population.
3.5.2. Sampling Frame
The sampling frame is a list of all units in the study population from which a sample is drawn. The three
kebeles in the city with Borkena = 3837 households, Piassa = 1880 households and Bahil Amba = 4237
households will be the sampling frames of the study. A total of 9954 households are living in these
kebeles. These sample kebeles will be selected purposively from the tenth kebeles in the city.

3.5.3. Sampling Unit


The sample unit for this study will be taken from households of the city resident, Urban and Infrastructure
Development Department head, Dessie City Job and Training Department head, Trade and Transport Illegal
Trade Controlling Core Process Coordinator in order to collect sufficient information on existing condition
and challenges as well as support demands of street vending.

3.5.4. Sample Size

According to Kothari (2004) the sample size is calculated using the formula n= z2*p*q/d2 for
populations greater than 10,000 or when it is unknown. Adjusted sample size is determined based on
Cochran's formula (1977) is fn =n/1+n/N to ensure accuracy and reliability. A total sample size of 374
individuals including key informants, comprising household respondents and key stakeholders, is
determined and distributed proportionally among the selected kebeles.

Therefore the sample size of the population which is greater than 10,000, the ideal sample size is calculated
by using the following formula.
n= z2*p*q/d2 Where, N= population size
n= desired sample size
z= standard normal variable at the required confidence level
p= estimated characteristics of target population
d= level of statistical significance of target population.
Z=1.96, p=0.5, q=1-p=0.5, d=0.05 (in which 95 % accuracy is assumed b/c of due to lack of financial
resources and time limitation).
Then, n= z2*p*q/d2 = 1.962*0.5 *0.5/ 0.052 = 0.9604/ 0.0025 = 384.16 ≈ 384
But according to William G. Cochran (1977) the adjusted sample size if N< 10,000 the formula is
fn =n/1+n/N
Where fn = the desired sample size when the population is less than 10,000
n= the ideal sample size when the population is less than 10,000
N= the estimated population size
fn=384/1+384/9954 = 384/1.0385775 = 369.7364905 ≈ 370
Table 4 Sampling Design of the Households from the three kebeles

Kebele Population Households in Sample Drown Percen


Each kebeles from each kebeles t

Borkena 14246 3837 143 38.7

Piassa 7473 1880 70 18.9

Bahil Amba 15807 4237 157 42.4

Total 37526 9954 370 100

3.6. Sources of Data


The researcher collected both primary and secondary data from different sources by using different research
data collection instruments.

3.6.1. Primary Data Sources

Data will be collected from households and concerned institutions such as the urban and infrastructure
department managers, Dessie city trade and transport head and head of trade and Transport department
illegal trade controlling core process to get reliable information about the existing situation, challenges
and support demands of street vending in Dessie city.

3.6.2. Secondary Data Sources


The secondary data sources will be from relevant books, working papers, previous researches, reports,
websites; unpublished materials and other related documents from different sectoral offices of the city
administration.

3.7. Data Analysis and Interpretation

In the data analysis and interpretation phase, both qualitative and quantitative methods will be utilized to
ensure a comprehensive understanding of the gathered data. Qualitative data, which consisted of narra-
tive statements and textual descriptions, will be analyzed through content or thematic analysis. This in-
volved identifying recurring themes, patterns, and relationships within the qualitative data to extract
meaningful insights.

On the other hand, quantitative data, which included numerical measurements and counts, will be ana-
lyzed using statistical measures such as mode, median, and mean. These statistical methods helped in
summarizing and interpreting the quantitative data to identify trends, distributions, and central tendencies
within the dataset.

To facilitate the analysis of quantitative data, computer software programs such as Microsoft Excel and
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) will be employed. These tools enabled efficient data
management, manipulation, and statistical analysis, allowing for more robust interpretation of the quanti-
tative findings.

By employing a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques, the research team will
be able to gain a comprehensive understanding of the collected data. This approach ensured that both the
richness of qualitative insights and the precision of quantitative measures will be leveraged to derive
meaningful conclusions and recommendations from the study findings.

3.8. Data Presentations

In the data presentation phase, various statistical tools and visual aids will be utilized to effectively com -
municate the analyzed data. These tools included figures, plates, tables, graphs, pie-charts, photographs,
maps, and percentages. Each of these visual aids served specific purposes in presenting different types of
data and facilitating comprehension for the audience.

Figures and plates will be used to showcase visual representations of key findings or trends identified
through the analysis. These could include diagrams, illustrations, or schematic representations that
helped to convey complex information in a clear and concise manner.

Tables will be employed to organize and present numerical data in a structured format, allowing for easy
comparison and reference. Tables will particularly useful for presenting detailed datasets, such as survey
responses or quantitative measurements.
Graphs, including bar graphs, line graphs, and scatter plots, will be used to visually depict relationships,
trends, and patterns within the data. Graphical representations helped to illustrate changes over time, cor-
relations between variables, and distributions of data more effectively than raw numerical figures.

Pie-charts will be utilized to represent proportions and percentages within categorical data, allowing for
a quick and intuitive understanding of the distribution of responses or categories within a dataset.

Photographs and maps will be incorporated to provide visual context and spatial information wherever it
will be relevant to the study. Photographs could capture real-life examples or scenarios related to the re-
search topic, while maps helped to visualize geographical patterns or spatial distributions of data.

Finally, figures and percentages will be employed to summarize key findings and highlight significant
results or conclusions derived from the data analysis. Figures and percentages provided a concise sum -
mary of important insights, making it easier for the audience to grasp the main takeaways from the re-
search.

By employing a diverse range of visual aids and statistical tools, the presentation of the analyzed data
will be enhanced, enabling effective communication of findings and facilitating audience understanding
and interpretation.

3.9. Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations are paramount in any research endeavor to ensure the integrity, confidentiality,
and well-being of participants. The following ethical principles will be adhered to throughout the re-
search process:

Ethical Approval: The research process obtained ethical approval, affirming that all activities conducted
adhered to ethical standards. This approval ensures that the research will be conducted with integrity and
transparency, without any fabrication, alteration, or misrepresentation of data for partisan or other goals.

Privacy and Confidentiality: Respondents will be assured that their responses would be kept confiden-
tial, and their identities would remain anonymous. This commitment to privacy and confidentiality fos-
tered an environment where participants felt comfortable and secure in sharing their thoughts and experi-
ences without fear of repercussions.
Organizational Approval: Prior to commencing any research activities, approval will be obtained from
relevant organizations and sectors where the research will be conducted. This ensured compliance with
organizational policies and regulations and demonstrated respect for institutional guidelines.

Informed Consent: Participants will be provided with clear and comprehensive information about the
purpose of the study, how their data would be used, and their rights as participants. Informed consent
will be obtained from all participants, who will given the option to accept or refuse participation in the
research activities. Additionally, participants will be assured that they could withdraw from the study at
any time without facing any consequences.

By adhering to these ethical principles, the research upheld the rights and dignity of participants while
maintaining the trust and integrity of the research process. These ethical considerations are essential for
conducting responsible and credible research that contributes to the advancement of knowledge and un-
derstanding in the academic field

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Annexes

Annex 1
Questionnaires and Interview Guides

Please be informed that I am a post graduate student in Zemen Post Graduate College of Business
Administration under taking a research paper on the Challenges and support demands of Street Vending
in the case of Dessie City. This study is only for academic purpose. The validity and reliability of this
research is highly depending on your genuine responses. So I request you to answer all the questions
below to the best of your information based on the respective commands provided in each part.

Please put (√) on the box for the answers you choose or fill your answer on space provided.

PART 1
A. Questionnaires
I. Personal Information
Kebele
Date

Socio-demographic

1. Sex of respondent (tick) Male Female

2. Age of respondents Less than 18 19-29 30-45 above 45

2. Religious affiliation Muslim Orthodox Protestant Other (specify)

3. Educational level Grade1-4 5-8 9-12 Less than primary Other (specify)
4. Marital Status Married single divorced/separated windowed

5. Places of birth?

6. What is the size of your household?

7. How many years you work as street venders?

II. Challenges and support demands of Activities to Their Livelihoods Related Questions

1. In what business activity you are engaged?

A. Selling cosmetics vending B. selling garments vending

C. Selling „Jebena buna’ D. Selling vegetable and fruit

E. Selling electrically equipment F. Books and news paper venders

G. Other, specify

2. Do you have another work in addition to this?


Yes No
3. If your answer for question number 2 is yes, describe the type of work you are doing?

4. Which types of costs in the household do you cover? (You can choose more than one).

A. Own food expenditure

B. Children's education

C. Family health expenditure

D. House rent expenditure

E. Other, specify

5. Do you interact and participate with local people's social activities?

A. yes B No

6. If yes, what type of activities do you participate?


A. Idir B. Equb C. Attending funeral

D. Niebuhr hood coffee ceremony E. If no, why?

7. What is the difference between your activities before joining street vending and now in terms of
economic situation?
A. Improved B. Not changed C. Decreased

8. Do Street vending activities enables individual street venders to work or pursue some sources of
livelihoods? (You can answer more than one answer)
A. It creates accesses to money

B. It creates accesses to credit/ loan

C. It creates accesses to saving

D. It creates accesses to employment

9. Do you save from your earning?

A. yes B. No

10. If yes, what amounts are you able to save per month after all expenses are made?

A. Less than 1000 B. 1000-2000 C. Above 2000

III. Questions Related to the Existing Benefits of Street Vending

1. What are the benefits that you get from street vending? (You can answer more than one)

A. it creates job opportunity to urban poor

B. it enables street venders to get daily income

C. it enables to cover family's and own expenses

D. If other specify?

2. What are the benefits that street vending gives to the people in the Town? (You can answer more
than one)
A. It provide goods and services based on urban poor interest

B. It provides goods and services in small price


C. It provides job opportunity to urban poor

D. It provides goods and services to people everywhere at any time

IV. Questions Related to the Constraints That Street Vendors Face

1. What were the constraints/ difficulties you faced when you started the job? (You can answer
more than one).
A. Lack of capital

B. Lack of credit

C. Harassment by police and shop owners

D. Lack of working place

E. High price of commodities

F. Unsanitary and hazardous working place

G. Other, specify

2. Do you face any discrimination because of your activity?

A. Yes B. No

3. If your answer for question number 3 is yes, from whom?

A. From government body

B. From customers/ Pedestrians

C. From private shop owners

D. Other, specify

V. General Question Related to the Activity

1. What type of support do you get from governmental and non-governmental organization? (You
can answer more than one answer).
A. No support

B. Training on entrepreneurship

C. Market premise
D. Advice on how to improve the business

E. Credit

F. Other, specify

2. If your answer for question number, 2 is yes, what is most important support you want from
governmental and non-governmental organization? (You can answer more than one answer).
A. Access to working place

B. Access to credit

C. Formulating working rules and regulations

D. Training on entrepreneurship skill

E. Legalization

F. Other specify,

3. If you are given a place where to sell your commodity, are you able to pay the tax?

A. Yes B. No

4. Do you have any comments you would like to add on how the government could solve the
problems that you faced?

Thank you!
B. Interview Guide

This structured interview guide is prepared to be answered by Government Officials, Business


Owners, and Pedestrian /Customers. I hereby request that you answer all interviews below to the best
of your choice to show your response.

I hereby assure you that all information obtained through this interview guide shall be used for academic
purposes only and will be handled and stored with the highest order of confidentiality. Finally I thank
you in advance for the time and willingness you extend to me in giving up this interview.

I. Interview Guidelines for the Government Officials

Name of the interviewee , Position

1. What are the factors that led peoples to street vending?

2. In your own view, what are the socio-economic benefits that street vending has to your
town?
3. What are the challenges and support demands that street vending has to the economy and
the urban poor in the town?
4. What are the constraints that street vendors face while operating their business?

5. To solve the constraints faced by the street vendors what are to be done by the govern-
mental and non-governmental organization?
6. What is the government policy toward steer vending?

7. Do you think the policy is appropriate?

8. Currently what are the measures taken by the government to facilitate or control street
vending?
9. Do you have any general comments you would like to add?
II. Interview Guidelines for City Dwellers/Residence (Business Owners)

Name of the interviewee , Position

1. To what extent has street vending provide a means of livelihoods to urban street venders?

2. What is the significance of street vending to the urban poor in particular?

3. What are the difficulties of street vending?

4. What are the values/advantages of street vending to the economy?

5. Who are the major vendors? A. men b. women

6. Why do you think the situation is like that?

7. Do you have any relation with street vendors?

8. Do you have any general comments you would like to add?

III. Interview Guidelines for Pedestrians/Customers

Name of the interviewee , Position

1. How do you see the activity of street vendors?

2. In your own view, what are the challenges and support demandss that street vending has?

3. Do you usually prefer to buy goods with vendors?

4. If yes, why do you prefer to buy with them?

5. Do you think these street markets are important? If yes, why? If no why?

6. Do you feel any difficulties by the street vendors on the way during your walk?

7. If yes, in what ways do you feel difficulties? and how?

8. At last, do you have to say any more about street vendors and their activities in Dessie
City? .
Annex 2
Filed Research Plan
Work Plan

No Activities Time Frame in Months

Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Ma.

1 Preparation of thesis proposal

2 Sub mission of draft thesis


proposal

3 Submission of final thesis


proposal

4 Approval of proposal and


clearance

5 Data collection

6 Data analysis and report writing

7 Submission of final draft thesis

8 Submission and hand over of final


thesis

9 Evaluation and defense of thesis

54
Annex 3
Budget
Actual Expenditure

No Items Units Quantity Cost Per Unit Total (in birr)


1 Stationary Cost
1.1 Duplicating Paper Packet 10 180.00 1800.00
1.2 Writing Pad No 4 125.00 500.00
1.3 Pen No 25 5.00 125.00
1.4 Proposal Printing No 50 5.00 250.00
1.5 Proposal Copy No 50 2.00 30.00
1.6 Proposal Bind No 3 15.00 45.00
1.7 Thesis Printing No 425 1.00 425.00
1.8 Photo Copy Thesis No 500 2.00 1000.00
1.9 Thesis Binding No 10 15.00 150.00
1.10 Flash Disk 32Gb 2 500.00 1000.00
1.11 CD/RW No. 10 25.00 250.00
1.12 Printing No 16 5.00 80.00
Questionnaires
1.13 Photo Copy No 875 2.0 1750.00
Questionnaires
2 Digital Camera Rent Day 5 300.00 1500.00
3 Transportation (in Trip 20 12.00 240.00
Research Areas )
4 Data Collectors Day 3 600 1800.00
Allowance
5 Printing Page 750 1.00 750.00
Supplementary
Document from
Websites
Total 11695.00

55

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