BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

PRACTICAL FILE

(Session: 2022 -25)

Submitted By
NAME – MUSKAN GOYAL
ROLL NO. 1938001722
BBA E3B Semester-3

Gitarattan International Business School

Madhuban Chowk, Outer Ring Rd, Block D, Sector 14, Rohini, Delhi,
PROGRAM-1: INTRODUCTION TO SPSS AND VARIOUS MENUS

INTRODUCTION

SPSS is a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs.

The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) is a software package used
in statistical analysis of data. It was developed by SPSS Inc. and acquired by IBM
in 2009. In 2014, the software was officially renamed IBM SPSS Statistics. The
software was originally meant for the social sciences, but has become popular
in other fields such as health sciences and especially in marketing, market
research and data mining.

Statistical methods usable in the software include:

• Descriptive statistics — Frequencies, cross tabulation, descriptive ratio

statistics

• Bivariate statistics — Analysis of variance (ANOVA), means, correlation,

nonparametric tests

• Numeral outcome prediction — Linear regression

• Prediction for identifying groups — Cluster analysis (K-means, two-step,

hierarchical), factor analysis

SPSS Statistics versions

When reading documents, books and web pages describing SPSS Statistics/SPSS
(including these learning modules), you should be aware that the software is
continuously developed and enhanced; new versions are published frequently.
Although most functions are the same, users might get confused by changes in
the visual appearance of the software (modified menus, different options,
icons, colours etc).

Changes in the software, appearance (look and feel)

As SPSS has been around since 1964, many documents (books, websites etc)
you will find, do not refer to the most recent version, and show screen-shots
that are not identical to what you might see on your screen. Usually the
differences are minor.

• Some menu items may be missing in a particular SPSS version, named

somewhat differently, or placed elsewhere. For instance, with version 15,
the Graphs menu has been completely reorganized, most of the older
menu items are now found in the Graphs > Legacy Dialogs sub-menu. Icons
and tools may also change over time.

• Occasionally new options are added to procedures, or options and

menu items may only be present if a particular add-on module is
installed.

• The general "look and feel" of dialog boxes, windows, etc. may
appear differently depending on the SPSS version, but also for other
reasons, namely:
• Different operating systems or different versions of operating systems and
with higher or lower screen resolutions, as well as with preferences set
on the computer you are using.

• User defined settings: SPSS has its own "Look and Feel" that can be
modified; what you see on the screen may be different, because SPSS has
been set up differently; in addition, several user definable SPSS options
affect dialog boxes and output style.

• Menus and toolbars (buttons can be small or large) can be customized

and many menu items may be added by so-called programmability
extensions (these extensions usually show an icon.

• This website and many documents will use the English language version
of SPSS; other languages are available and in recent versions of SPSS
the
 language can be changed on the fly by the user (only if the various
language options have been installed on your computer).

Recent developments

The current traditional version of SPSS is 25, and the next version is already in
the works (it is called the anniversary version, 50 years of SPSS and will add a
major overhaul of the user interface). As many software companies change to a
subscription model for software distribution and licensing, there is now also a
subscription version that bears no version number; this version is regularly
updated through the Internet, as long as you are a subscriber.

Opening of SPSS

Step 1: Click on start

Step 2: Click on all programs then IBM SPSS

Step 3: Data view

When you view data in SPSS, each row in the Data View represents a case, and
each column represents a variable.

Cases represent independent observations, experimental units, or subjects. For

example, if the data are based on a survey of college students, then each row in
the data would represent a specific college student who participated in the
study.

Variables are attributes, characteristics, or measurements that describe cases.

For example, your data might include information such as each college
student’s date of birth, grade point average (GPA), date of enrollment, and
date of graduation. Each of these pieces of information is a variable that
describes each

case (college student)

Step 4: Variable view

Defining a variable includes giving it a name, specifying its type, the values the
variable can take (e.g., 1, 2, 3), etc. Without this information, your data will be
much harder to understand and use. Whenever you are working with data, it is
important to make sure the variables in the data are defined so that you (and
anyone else who works with the data) can tell exactly what was measured, and
how.
PROGRAM 2: TO EXAMINE BASIC STATISTICS To calculate frequency and
percentage Input

Step 1: First put input like name marks, gender, height. Then in this firstly show
the word variable, for this go to the variable data and then write name, marks etc.
Step 2: After that if we want to write gender then 1, 2 code is given for male and
female. Then go to variable data in gender row click on none , a dialogue box will
appear where 1 put then in label box write male and click add then put 2 ,enter
female in label box then click OK.

Step 3: Click on Analyze tab, where the descriptive option is given and then click
on frequency, a dialogue box will appear and transfer marks option to another
box.

Step 4: Click on statistics option which is given in the frequency dialogue box.

Step 5: In the frequency statistics dialogue box , check mean, mode, median then
click on continue. The output we will get.

Step 6: After that, if we want to calculate variance then check on variance in

frequency statistics dialogue box then get output.

Step 7: After that, if we want to calculate variance then check on standard

deviation in frequency statistics dialogue box then get output.

Step 8: After that, if we want to calculate variance then check the percentile in
frequency statistics dialogue box then gets output.
 PROGRAMME 3 : TABLE AND GRAPH

Step 1: Click on the analyze tab , select table option then click on custom table.

Step 2: Then in the table option choose the options which is put on the x –axis
and y-axis like name and height

Step 3: Then click on OK. The custom table will show in output form.

Step 4: If we want to create graphs. Then click on the Graphs tab, click on chart
builder.

Step 5: A dialogue box will appear then click ok

Step 6: Then selects the variables like height and name and chooses the graph
type like bar graph. Click OK

Step 7: After clicking OK the output will generate.

 PROGRAM 4: TO CALCULATE THE CORRELATION.

Correlation

It is a statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two or more variables
fluctuate together. A positive correlation indicates the extent to which those
variables increase or decrease in parallel; a negative correlation indicates the
extent to which one variable increases as the other decreases.

In this we study –

• Bivariate

• Partial correlation

Bivariate

Bivariate analysis is one of the simplest forms of quantitative (statistical)

analysis. It involves the analysis of two variables (often denoted as X, Y), for the
purpose of determining the empirical relationship between them.

Bivariate analysis can be helpful in testing simple hypotheses of association.

Bivariate analysis can help determine to what extent it becomes easier to know
and predict a value for one variable (possibly a dependent variable) if we know
the value of the other variable (possibly the independent variable)

Step 1: Firstly give input like serial no., height, weight etc.

Step 2: Click on analyze tab, where correlate option is given in this

select Bivariate

Step 3: Then a dialogue box will appear where we can select the variables then
click OK.
Step 4: After that the output will be generated.

Partial correlation

Partial correlation is a measure of the strength and direction of a linear

relationship between two continuous variables whilst controlling for the effect
of one or more other continuous variables (also known as 'covariates' or
'control' variables). Although partial correlation does not make the distinction
between independent and dependent variables, the two variables are often
considered in such a manner.
 Step 1: Click on Analyze tab then click correlate and click on partial on menu
system.

Step 2: Transfer the variables weight and VO2max into the variable box, and age
into the

controlling box, by dragging-and-dropping or by clicking the relevant buttons.

Step 3: Click the options button. Then the option screen presents a dialogue box.

Step 4: Tick the means and standard deviation and zero – order correlation in
statistics area as shown below-

Step 5: Click the continue and then ok button .this will generate the results.
 PROGRAMM 5: TO CALCULATE REGRESSION.

Linear regression is the next step up after correlation. It is used when we want
to predict the value of a variable based on the value of another variable. The
variable we want to predict is called the dependent variable (or sometimes, the
outcome variable). The variable we are using to predict the other variable's value
is called the independent variable (or sometimes, the predictor variable).

Step 1: Click Analyze > Regression > Linear... on the top menu, as shown
below:

Step 2: Transfer the independent variable group, into the independent box and
the dependent variable weight into the dependent box. We can do this by either
drag- and-dropping the variables or by using the appropriate button.

Step 3: In the above dialogue box statistics and plot options are also given where
appropriate options are selected.

Step 4: Then click the OK button. Output will be generated.

 PROGRAMM 6: To calculate, compare means and one sample t-test.

Compare means

The Compare Means procedure is useful when you want to summarize

and compare differences in descriptive statistics across one or more
factors, or categorical variables.

Step 1: Click on Analyze tab from the menu bar, then click on compare means
and select the Means.

Step 2: Transfer the weight in the Dependent list and Group into Independent list.

Step 3: We can click the Option button, then transfer the statistics into Cell
statistics and click continue, then OK.

Step 4: After clicking OK the output will be generated.

 One sample T-test

The one-sample t-test is used to determine whether a sample comes from a

population with a specific mean. This population mean is not always known, but is
sometimes hypothesized.

Step 1: Click on Analyze tab from the menu bar, then click on compare means
and select the One sample T –test .

Step 2: Transfer the dependent variable, weight and group into the Test variables
box by selecting it (by clicking on it) and then clicking on the arrow button. Enter
the population mean you are comparing the sample against in the Test value box,
by changing the current value of "0" to "4".

Step 3: Click on the option button. You will be presented with the One-Sample T
Test:

Step 4: Click the continue button. And then click the Ok button. The output will be
generated.
 PROGRAM 7: To calculate independent sample t- test & paired sample t-test.

Independent Sample T Test

The independent-samples t-test (or independent t-test, for short) compares the
means between two unrelated groups on the same continuous, dependent
variable.

Step1: Click on Analyze tab from the menu bar, then click on compare means
and select the Independent sample T – Test.

Step 2: Transfer the dependent variable, Weight and Height into the Test
variable
(s) box, and transfer the independent variable, Group into the Grouping variable
box, by highlighting the relevant variables and pressing the buttons.

Step 3: We can define the groups . Click on the Define groups button. Define
Groups dialogue box will appear.

Step 4: Enter "1" into the Group 1: box and enter "2" into the Group 2: box.

Step 5: Click the continue button If you need to change the confidence level
limits or change how to exclude cases, click the option button. A dialogue box
will appear and set percentage like 95%.

Step 6: Click the Continue button..Click the OK button. The output will
generated
 Paired Samples T-TEST

The Paired Samples t Test compares two means that are from the same
individual, object, or related units. The two means typically represent two different
times (e.g., pre-test and post-test with an intervention between the two time
points) or two different but related conditions or units (e.g., left and right ears,
twins).

Step 1: Click on Analyze tab from the menu bar, then click on compare means
and select the Paired sample T – Test.

Step 2: Transfer weight into Variable 1 and Height into Variable 2.

Step 3: We can also click the option button where we can set the confidence level
like 95%.

Step 4: Click Continue and then click the OK button. The output will be generated.
PROGRAM 8: TO CALCULATE ONE WAY ANOVA.

The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine whether there

are any statistically significant differences between the means of two or more
independent (unrelated) groups (although you tend to only see it used when
there are a minimum of three, rather than two groups).

Step 1: Click on Analyze tab from the menu bar, then click on compare means
and select the One Way ANOVA.
Step 2: A dialogue box of One –Way ANOVA appear .Transfer the dependent
variable, Height , into the Dependent list box and the independent variable,
Group , into the Factor box

using the appropriate buttons (or drag-and-drop the variables into the boxes).
 Step 3: Click the Option button. Tick the Descriptive checkbox in the Statistics
area

Step 4: Click the Continue button Click the OK button. The output will generated