INDEX

PAGE FACULTY
EX.NO DATE NAME OF THE EXERCISE
NO SIGNATURE
CREATING AND EDITING DATA USING
1
SPSS

2 MANAGING DATA IN SPSS

3 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS IN SPSS

4 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS IN SPSS

5 CHI-SQUARE TEST IN SPSS

INDEPENDENT SAMPLE T-TEST USING

6
SPSS

7 CORRELATION ANALYSIS IN SPSS

8 REGRESSION ANALYSIS IN SPSS

9 FACTOR ANALYSIS IN SPSS

10 CLUSTER ANALYSIS IN SPSS

11 FINANCE ANALYTICS

12 HR ANALYTICS

13 MARKETING ANALYTICS

14 OPERATION ANALYTICS

CASE STUDY
 EX.NO: 1 CREATING AND EDITING DATA USING SPSS

DATE:

AIM:

Creating and editing a data using IBM SPSS Statistics 20, to open SPSS and study about the
Menus and Tools in it and to enter data into SPSS Data Editor Window.

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: To start SPSS, choose IBM SPSS Statistics 20 from the Start menu. The Data Editor
window will be shown as below:

Step 2: In order to type any data into SPSS that you already have, you need to select Type in data
Option and then click on OK.

Step 3: If you are going to work on the existing data set in SPSS, click OK and select
C drive → Program Files → IBM → SPSS → Statistics → 20 → Samples → English →
choose the data set you desire.

Step 4: In the data editor window the Menu bar consists of the usual Windows menus, plus some specific
to SPSS, such as Data, Transform, Analyze and Graph. Details of the menus are given below:

Step5: The Menu bar provides easy access to most SPSS features. It consists of ten Drop-down menus:
 Open Cust Speci Ar
, save, omize al rang
and toolba statistic e
print rs, al adds- and
data, turn on and sele
output, grid statistic ct

Mod Defi Run Get W

ify, ne, statistical variable hen
cut, sort, analysis; and file all
copy, and results are informatio else
paste select displayed n, change fails,
and data; in the fonts
Transform Create
data values, charts; charts
compute new are edited in
variables the Chart
Editor

The tool bar icons are explained below:

Open Print Undo Go to Find Insert Weight Value

file Redo case cases cases Labels

Save Dialog Go to Variables Insert Split Select

file Recall Variable variable File cases

Creating a data set:

Step 6: In the variable declaration to declare the variable view, then enter the specified data in Data view
window.
Step 7: In the specified variable have three different measurements in spss.

Nominal or Categorical: A categorical variable is one that has two or more categories, but there is no
intrinsic ordering to the categories

For example:
● Gender (male, female)
● Hair color (black, blonde, brown, red, ...)
● Font type (times new roman, arial, calibri, )
Ordinal: An ordinal variable is similar to a categorical variable
1. The difference between the two is that there is a clear ordering of the variables
2. Education (less than high school, high school, associate’s degree, undergraduate, graduate)
3. SES (Socio Economic Status) (e.g., low, medium, high)
4. Even though we can order these from lowest to highest, the spacing between the values may not be
the same across the levels of the variables
Scale/interval: An interval variable is similar to an ordinal variable, except that the intervals between the
values of the interval variable are equally spaced

For example:

● Annual Income
● Agreement Questions (1-7 point rating scales)
In the variable declaration for the given id, first name, last name, gender, age, Education status and major
subject…
Step 8: Put into the values in the Data view windows given show the window.
 Editing the Data set:

Step 9: In the editing dataset have you add a new data into the existing table or edit there data.

Before Editing:

To add the new field like city:

To view the data view window for the given

Put into the specified value in the Colum for the variable city
INFERENCE:
EX.NO:2 MANAGING DATA IN SPSS

DATE:

AIM:

To import and export the dataset using IBM SPSS Statistics 20, once the data in your Excel file is
formatted properly it can be imported into SPSS and then export the dataset form spss to excel.

PROCEDURE:

Import the dataset form excels to SPSS: If already has a table in Microsoft Excel application can
use in this method.

Step 1: Open the IBM SPSS Statistics 20 then click ok to start the process.

Step 2: Go to file menu open a new in built dataset in IBM SPSS Statistics 20.
File🡪Open🡪Data
Step 3: Display the open data window for the given then select the all files in the Files of Types list.

Step 4: Select the excel file in any location (filename.xls) extension.

Step 5: File should be converted excel to spss then click ok button.

Step 6: In the given window show the dataset format.

Export form SPSS to excel:

Step 7: Create a new file in the desktop area without any table format.

Step 8: Open the file menu then click open🡪data to show the dialog box you can select the path for the
SPSS inbuilt dataset.

C drive → Program Files → IBM → SPSS → Statistics → 20 → Samples → English

Then, select Employee data.sav file

Step 9: Go to file menu click Export to Database, now we are converted SPSS to excel, to select
Excel Files, then click continue options.
Step 10: View the ODBC driver login window, click browse button select the excel file from the
specified location.
Step 11: Then go to next button to create tables in that new excel sheets, type a name in below Text box.
Step 12: Click next to another window.

Step 13: in the window select the necessary variable for the new excel application.
Step 14: Select the variable to move right hand side base on the symbol like id, education, salary.

Step 15: click export the data and finished the process.
Step 16: Go to the desktop window to open a excel file it automatically create a id, education, then salary
field.
INFERENCE:
EX.NO:3 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS IN SPSS

DATE:

AIM:

To analyze the frequency for online purchasing customer per a day how much spent the amount
in the data.

PROCEDURE:

Frequency Analysis is a part of descriptive statistics. In statistics, frequency is the number of

times an event occurs. Frequency Analysis is an important area of statistics that deals with the number of
occurrences (frequency) and analyzes measures of central tendency, dispersion, percentiles, etc.

Time
Customer Day Browser Pages Viewed Amount Spent ($)
(min)
1 Mon Internet Explorer 12 4 54.52
2 Wed Other 19.5 6 94.9
3 Mon Internet Explorer 8.5 4 26.68
4 Tue Firefox 11.4 2 44.73
5 Wed Internet Explorer 11.3 4 66.27
6 Sat Firefox 10.5 6 67.8
7 Sun Internet Explorer 11.4 2 36.04
8 Fri Firefox 4.3 6 55.96
9 Wed Firefox 12.7 3 70.94
10 Tue Internet Explorer 24.7 7 68.73
11 Sat Other 13.3 6 54.04
12 Sun Firefox 14.3 5 48.05
13 Sun Other 11.7 7 64.16
14 Mon Firefox 24.4 10 158.51
15 Fri Internet Explorer 8.4 3 84.12
16 Thu Internet Explorer 9.6 4 59.2
17 Thu Internet Explorer 23.3 7 91.62
18 Mon Internet Explorer 14 7 126.4
19 Fri Other 5.6 4 68.45
20 Wed Internet Explorer 15.1 5 32.69
21 Sat Firefox 16.3 5 78.58
22 Tue Internet Explorer 10.2 6 74.43
23 Sun Internet Explorer 8 3 32.73
24 Tue Firefox 8 2 48.66
25 Fri Firefox 9.6 3 54.66
Step 1: Create a data set in SPSS for the given variable window then put the value in the data view
window.

Step 2: Go to analyze menu then select the descriptive statistics 🡪 Frequencies, view the Frequency
dialog box.
Step 3: In the necessary variable can move the right hand side and then go to the charts options

Step 4: Select the Bar chart options and then click ok button, see the output window for the Frequency
analysis.
OUTPUT:

Bar charts:
Frequencies
Statistics
Amount Spent ($)
Valid 25
N
Missing 1

Amount Spent ($)

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

27 1 3.8 4.0 4.0

33 2 7.7 8.0 12.0

36 1 3.8 4.0 16.0

45 1 3.8 4.0 20.0

48 1 3.8 4.0 24.0

49 1 3.8 4.0 28.0

54 1 3.8 4.0 32.0

55 2 7.7 8.0 40.0

56 1 3.8 4.0 44.0

59 1 3.8 4.0 48.0

64 1 3.8 4.0 52.0
Valid 66 1 3.8 4.0 56.0
68 2 7.7 8.0 64.0

69 1 3.8 4.0 68.0

71 1 3.8 4.0 72.0

74 1 3.8 4.0 76.0

79 1 3.8 4.0 80.0

84 1 3.8 4.0 84.0

92 1 3.8 4.0 88.0
95 1 3.8 4.0 92.0

126 1 3.8 4.0 96.0

159 1 3.8 4.0 100.0

Total 25 96.2 100.0
Missing System 1 3.8
Total 26 100.0
INFERENCE:
EX.NO:4 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS IN SPSS

DATE:

AIM:

To analyze the Descriptive Statistics (Mean, Median, Mode, Standard deviation, variance) for the
given data set.

PROCEDURE:

Restaurant Meal Price ($)

1 11
2 13
3 17
4 18
5 19
6 19
7 22
8 22
9 23
10 25
11 26
12 28
13 28
14 30
15 33
16 33
17 34
18 38
19 42
20 44

Step 1: Go to analyze menu can select the Descriptive Statistics the displaying Descriptives options.
Step 2: View the Descriptives window to show the variable in the window left hand side you can
select the variable Meal price to drag down the right side.
Step 3: In the sub menu select the Bootstrap button you can select the necessary Descriptives Option
given dialog box.

Step 4: Finally click ok to build an output window.

OUTPUT:

Descriptives

Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Sum Mean Std. Deviation Variance
Meal Price ($) 20 11 44 525 26.25 9.141 83.566
Valid N (listwise)
20
INFERENCE:
EX.NO: 5 CHI-SQUARE TEST IN SPSS

DATE:

AIM:

To learn how to perform Chi-Square test in SPSS

INTRODUCTION:

The Chi-Square Test for Independence, also called Pearson's Chi-Square Test or the Chi- Square
Test of Association, is used to discover if there is a relationship between two categorical variables. In
other words, it tests whether or not a statistically significant relationship exists between a dependent and an
independent variable. The Chi-Square Test of Independence works with nominal/ordinal scales for both
the dependent and independent variables.

Typical questions answered with the Chi-Square Test of Independence are as follows:

Medicine - Are children more likely to get infected with virus A than adults?
Sociology - Is there a difference between the marital status of men and woman in their early 30s?
Management - Is customer segment A more likely to make an online purchase than segment B? Economy
- Do white-collar employees have a brighter economical outlook than blue-collar workers?

Dataset: Employee data.sav

Information: A set of employee information with 10 variables and 474 cases

Scenario: Using Chi-Square Test, we are going to test whether there is a relationship between Gender (m-
Male, f-Female) and Job Category (1-Clerical, 2-Custodial and 3-Manager)

PROCEDURE:

Step1: Open Employee Data.sav in SPSS and go to Analyze->Descriptive Statistics->Cross Tabs

Step 2: Drag the Gender variable to Row List Box and Employee Category in Column List Box
Step 3: Click Statistics Button and Enable the Chi-Square Check Box and Click Continue
Step 4: Click OK

OUTPUT
Case Processing Summary

Cases

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

Gender * Employment
Category 474 100.0% 0 0.0% 474 100.0%

Gender * Employment Category Crosstabulation

Count
Employment Category Total
Clerical Custodial Manager
Female 206 0 10 216
Gender
Male
157 27 74 258
Total
363 27 84 474

Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig. (2-
Value df
sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 79.277a 2 .000

Likelihood Ratio 95.463 2 .000
N of Valid Cases 474

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is 12.30.
INFERENCE:
EX. NO: 6 INDEPENDENT SAMPLE T-TEST USING SPSS

DATE:

AIM:

To learn how to do Independent Sample T-test in SPSS

INTRODUCTION:

The independent-samples t-test (or independent t-test, for short) compares the means between two
unrelated groups on the same continuous, dependent variable.

For example, you could use an independent t-test to understand whether first year graduate
salaries differed based on gender (i.e., your dependent variable would be "first year graduate
salaries" and your independent variable would be "gender", which has two groups: "male" and
"female").

Dataset: car_sales.sav

Information: Sales information about cars with 26 variables and 155 cases

Scenario: Finding whether there is any significant difference between the average sales based on
the type of vehicle (Automobile or Truck)

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Open the above dataset in IBM SPSS 20.0 using File-> Open->Data Dialog
Step 2: Go to Analyze->Compare Means-> Independent Samples T-Test

Step 3: In the Test Variable, Select Sales in thousands and then click
Step 4: In the Grouping Variable, Select Vehicle Type and then Click

Step 5: Click the Define Groups Button, Enter 0 in Group1 and 1 in Group2 and then Click
Continue

Step 6: Click OK
 OUTPUT:

Group Statistics
Vehicle type N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Automobile 116 43.23434 50.557875 4.694181
Sales in thousands
Truck 41 80.62229 98.192626 15.335112

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for t-test for Equality of Means

Equality of
Variances

F Sig. t df Sig. (2- Mean Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval of

tailed) Difference Difference the Difference

Lower Upper

Equal
variances 9.662 .002 -3.108 155 .002 -37.387948 12.030872 -61.153577 -13.622319
assumed
Sales in
Equal
thousands
variances
-2.331 47.702 .024 -37.387948 16.037487 -69.638688 -5.137208
not
assumed
INFERENCE:
 EX.NO:7 CORRELATION ANALYSIS IN SPSS

DATE:

AIM:

Find how strongly the variables are related to each other using SPSS.

PROCEDURE:

Meal Wait Time

Restaurant Quality Rating Price ($) (min)
1 Good 18 5
2 Very Good 22 6
3 Good 28 1
4 Excellent 38 74
5 Very Good 33 6
6 Good 28 5
7 Very Good 19 11
8 Very Good 11 9
9 Very Good 23 13
10 Good 13 1
11 Very Good 33 18
12 Very Good 44 7
13 Excellent 42 18
14 Excellent 34 46
15 Good 25 0
16 Good 22 3
17 Good 26 3
18 Excellent 17 36
19 Very Good 30 7
20 Good 19 3

Step 1: Correlation is a statistical technique that can show whether and how strongly pairs of variables
are related. For example, height and weight are related; Correlation can tell you just how much of the
variation in peoples' weights is related to their heights.

The main result of a correlation is called the correlation coefficient (or "r"). It ranges from -1.0 to
+1.0. The closer r is to +1 or -1, the more closely the two variables are related.

If ‘r’ is close to 0, it means there is no relationship between the variables. If ‘r’ is positive, it means that as
one variable gets larger the other gets larger. If ‘r’is negative it means that as one gets larger, the other gets
smaller (often called an "inverse" correlation).
Step 2: Create a data set and Go to analyze →Correlate→Bivariate.

Step 3: To show the bivariate correlation window in the variable can select more than one field to drag
down right side variable view
Step 4: Finally, in that correlation method to related in between Meal Prices and wait time display given
output window.

OUTPUT:

Correlations

Correlations
Meal Price ($) Wait Time (min)

Pearson Correlation 1 .463**

Meal Price ($) Sig. (2-tailed) .000

N 300 300
Pearson Correlation ** 1
.463
Wait Time (min) Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 300 300

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

INFERENCE:
EX.NO:8 REGRESSION ANALYSIS IN SPSS

DATE:

AIM:

To analyze the linear regression model for the given data set base on the IBM SPSS Statistics 20, In
the regression model find out relationship between independent and dependent variable.

PROCEDURE:

Satisfaction Satisfaction with Overall Satisfaction

Brokerage with Trade Speed of with Electronic
Price Execution Trades
Scot trade, Inc. 3.4 3.4 3.5
Charles Schwab 3.2 3.3 3.4
Fidelity Brokerage Services 3.1 3.4 3.9
TD Ameritrade 2.9 3.6 3.7
E*Trade Financial 2.9 3.2 2.9
(Not listed) 2.5 3.2 2.7
Vanguard Brokerage Services 2.6 3.8 2.8
USAA Brokerage Services 2.4 3.8 3.6
Thinkorswim 2.6 2.6 2.6
Wells Fargo Investments 2.3 2.7 2.3
Interactive Brokers 3.7 4.0 4.0
Zecco.com 2.5 2.5 2.5
Firs trade Securities 3.0 3.0 4.0
Banc of America Investment Services 4.0 1.0 2.0

Step 1: Create a dataset in IBM SPSS Statistics 20 and then save the file (filename.sav)
Step 2: Regression, perhaps the most widely used statistical technique, estimates relationships between
independent (predictor or explanatory) variables and a dependent (Response or outcome) variable.

Step 3: Regression models can be used to help understand and explain relationships among variables; they
can also be used to predict actual outcomes.

Independent variables are variables whose variation does not depend on that of another i.e. it is the
variable that you are using to predict.

Dependent variables are variables whose value depends on that of another i.e. it is the variable that you
are trying to predict.

Simple or Linear regression is used to examine the relationship between one dependent and one
independent variable.

After performing an analysis, the regression statistics can be used to predict the dependent variable
when the independent variable is known.

Step 4: Go to analyze menu to select the Regression and right side select the Linear
Step 5: Select the Independent variable and Dependent variable in the linear regression dialog box.

Step 6: Finally click ok to view the output window for the following, in the linear regress model R square
value is > Greater than 0.6 and then Significant value is 0.0 it’s a good relationship otherwise is not.

OUTPUT:

Regression

Variables Entered/Removeda

Model Variables Entered Variables Method

Removed

Satisfaction with
1 . Enter
Trade Priceb

a. Dependent Variable: Overall Satisfaction with Electronic

Trades
b. All requested variables entered.

Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R Std. Error of the
Square Estimate

1 .204a .042 -.038 .6836

a. Predictors: (Constant), Satisfaction with Trade Price

ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Regression .244 1 .244 .523 .484b

1 Residual 5.608 12 .467
Total 5.852 13

a. Dependent Variable: Overall Satisfaction with Electronic Trades

b. Predictors: (Constant), Satisfaction with Trade Price

Coefficientsa

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized t Sig.

Coefficients

B Std. Error Beta

(Constant) 2.341 1.114 2.100 .058
1
Satisfaction with Trade Price .271 .374 .204 .723 .484

a. Dependent Variable: Overall Satisfaction with Electronic Trades

INFERENCE:
EX.NO:9 FACTOR ANALYSIS IN SPSS

DATE:

AIM:

To learn how to perform factor analysis in SPSS

INTRODUCTION:

Factor Analysis is a variable-reduction technique used to reduce a larger set of variables into a smaller
set of 'articifial' variables, called factors or components or constructs, which account for most of the
variance in the original variables.
Factor analysis is a very useful method of reducing data complexity by reducing the number of variables
being studied.
For example, some people may respond similarly to questions about income, education, and occupation,
which are all associated with the latent variable socioeconomic status (factor).

CASE SUMMARY:

Dataset: personality_questionaire.sav

Information: The following dataset comes from a personality questionnaire which contains 33 variables
with 450 observations or cases. All 33 variables are measured in Ordinal (5 point Likert scale).
1-Strongly Disagree, 2-Disagree, 3-Neither Disagree nor Agree, 4- Agree, 5-Strongly Agree
Scenario: To reduce these variables in to smaller number of dimensions or factors (4 or 5)
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Open the dataset personality_questionaire.sav in SPSS and Go to Analyze-> Dimension
Reduction-> Factor
Step 2: Move all the variables to the Variables List Box by clicking next to it

Step 3: Click Descriptives Button and Enable Univariate Descriptives, KMO and Barlett’s test of
sphericity check box and click continue
Step 4: Click Extraction Button and under Extract Option, select Fixed No of Factors and Enter 4 and
click contine

Step 5: Click Rotation Button and under Method Option, select Varimax and click continue

Step 6: Click Options Button and under Coefficient Display Format, select Sorted by Size and Suppress
small coefficients and Enter .30 in the Absolute value below text box and click continue
Step 7: Click Ok

OUTPUT:
Descriptive Statistics
 KMO and Bartlett's Test
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .839
Approx. Chi-Square 4719.041
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity df 528
Sig. .000

Communalities
Initial Extraction

talkative 1.000 .708

does a thorough job 1.000 .550
depressed 1.000 .454
original 1.000 .492
reserved 1.000 .591
careless 1.000 .433
relaxed 1.000 .526
reliable 1.000 .516
tense 1.000 .552
ingenious 1.000 .342
disorganized 1.000 .421
worries 1.000 .492
imaginative 1.000 .388
quiet 1.000 .710
lazy 1.000 .535
emotionally stable 1.000 .466
inventive 1.000 .373
perseveres 1.000 .541
moody 1.000 .301
values artistic experiences 1.000 .428
shy 1.000 .461
efficient 1.000 .352
calm in tense situations 1.000 .427
outgoing 1.000 .562
sticks to plans 1.000 .368
reflective 1.000 .454
ditractable 1.000 .381
sophisticated in art & music 1.000 .361
nervous 1.000 .496
trusting 1.000 .234
curious 1.000 .302
co-operative 1.000 .361
few artistic interests 1.000 .237

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

 Total Variance Explained
Component Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
Loadings

Total % of Cumulative Total % of Cumulative Total % of Cumulative

Variance % Variance % Variance %

1 5.992 18.159 18.159 5.992 18.159 18.159 4.471 13.548 13.548

2 3.632 11.006 29.165 3.632 11.006 29.165 3.670 11.122 24.669
3 2.748 8.327 37.492 2.748 8.327 37.492 3.554 10.770 35.439
4 2.443 7.403 44.895 2.443 7.403 44.895 3.120 9.456 44.895
5 1.430 4.333 49.227
6 1.301 3.941 53.168
7 1.139 3.451 56.619
8 .990 3.001 59.620
9 .892 2.704 62.324
10 .825 2.500 64.824
11 .786 2.381 67.205
12 .765 2.319 69.524
13 .742 2.249 71.773
14 .731 2.215 73.988
15 .634 1.921 75.910
16 .624 1.891 77.800
17 .610 1.848 79.648
18 .595 1.804 81.452
19 .562 1.702 83.154
20 .543 1.647 84.801
21 .492 1.491 86.292
22 .480 1.456 87.747
23 .464 1.406 89.153
24 .442 1.340 90.493
25 .432 1.309 91.802
26 .416 1.261 93.063
27 .396 1.199 94.262
28 .366 1.109 95.371
29 .345 1.045 96.416
30 .337 1.021 97.437
31 .321 .974 98.411
32 .286 .866 99.277
33 .239 .723 100.000

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

 Component Matrixa
Component

1 2 3 4

original .579 .329

perseveres .571 .414
reliable .563 .401
depressed -.557 .314
lazy -.557 -.374
talkative .532 .383 -.481
nervous -.520 .453
does a thorough job .519 .486
sticks to plans .510 .309
careless -.497 .316
outgoing .486 -.388
co-operative .482
emotionally stable .465 -.346 .310
ditractable -.439 .356
relaxed .429 -.333 .383
disorganized -.416 -.390
efficient .392 .334
trusting .385
moody -.353
few artistic interests -.303
worries .549
reserved -.375 .523 .347
quiet -.446 .497 -.326 .397
shy -.388 .442
tense -.431 .431 .323
imaginative .524
curious .307 .398
inventive .301 .396 .351
values artistic experiences .365 .469
sophisticated in art & music .329 .454
reflective .329 .367 .382
ingenious .311 .363
calm in tense situations .319 -.307 -.321 .357

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

a. 4 components extracted.
 Rotated Component Matrixa
Component

1 2 3 4
does a thorough job .731

lazy -.720
perseveres .716
reliable .684
disorganized -.646
careless -.628
efficient .580
sticks to plans .573
ditractable -.555
co-operative .481 -.318
trusting .346 -.328
tense .733
relaxed -.711
worries .670
emotionally stable -.650
calm in tense situations -.647
nervous .599 .357
depressed .571
moody .524
quiet .828
talkative -.808
reserved .738
outgoing -.721
shy .645
reflective .657
values artistic experiences .645
sophisticated in art & music .588
inventive .574
original .572
imaginative .563
ingenious .549
curious .495
few artistic interests -.466
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
a. Rotation converged in 6 iterations.
Component Transformation
Component 1 2 3 4

1 .659 -.463 -.467 .365

2 .615 .577 .481 .238
3 -.354 .476 -.449 .668
4 -.250 -.475 .590 .603

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
INFERENCE:
EX.NO:10 CLUSTER ANALYSIS IN SPSS

DATE:

AIM:

To learn how to perform cluster analysis in SPSS

INTRODUCTION:

The Cluster analysis is a multivariate data mining technique whose goal is to groups objects based on a
set of user selected characteristics. The Cluster Analysis is an explorative analysis that tries to identify
structures within the data. Cluster analysis is also called segmentation analysis or taxonomy analysis. More
specifically, it tries to identify homogenous groups of cases, i.e., observations, participants, respondents.

Cluster Analysis in Marketing Research

Market Segmentation: E.g. clustering of consumers according to their attribute preferences

Understanding Buyers Behavior: Consumers with similar behaviours/characteristics are clustered

Identifying New Product Opportunities: Clusters of similar brands/products can help identifying
competitors / market opportunities

CASE SUMMARY:

Dataset: car_sales.sav

Information: Sales information about cars with 13 variables and 150 cases

Scenario: To perform cluster analysis on car sales dataset (i.e.,) grouping cars based on the similarities
between the seven selected variables (Price in thousands, Engine size, Horsepower, Wheelbase, Curb
weight, Fuel capacity, Fuel capacity)

Prerequisite: The selected variables must be standardized before conducting cluster analysis because
all variables have been measured in different scale levels (in dollars, pounds, etc)
 PROCEDURE FOR STANDARDISING THE VARIABLES:

Mean Std. Deviation Analysis N

talkative 3.62 1.339 424

does a thorough job 4.17 .975 424
depressed 2.55 1.361 424
original 3.52 1.027 424
reserved 2.84 1.295 424
careless 2.63 1.188 424
relaxed 2.96 1.267 424
reliable 4.29 1.052 424
tense 3.55 1.202 424
ingenious 3.57 1.119 424
disorganized 2.54 1.376 424
worries 3.43 1.342 424
imaginative 3.77 1.095 424
quiet 2.96 1.390 424
lazy 2.64 1.339 424
emotionally stable 3.02 1.275 424
inventive 3.33 1.138 424
perseveres 3.79 1.127 424
moody 3.57 1.167 424
values artistic experiences 3.72 1.070 424
shy 3.23 1.327 424
efficient 4.03 .896 424
calm in tense situations 3.36 1.121 424
outgoing 3.72 1.174 424
sticks to plans 3.60 1.076 424
reflective 3.59 .961 424
ditractable 3.07 1.199 424
sophisticated in art & music 3.27 1.226 424
nervous 3.11 1.279 424
trusting 4.03 1.056 424
curious 3.98 .980 424
co-operative 3.87 .995 424
few artistic interests 2.53 1.228 424
Step 1: Open the car_sales.sav dataset in SPSS and Go to Analyze-> Descriptive Statistics->
Descriptives…

Step 2: Move the seven variables (Price in thousands, Engine size, Horsepower, Wheelbase, Curb weight,

Fuel capacity, Fuel capacity) in to the Variables List box by clicking

Step 3: Enable the Save standardized values as variables check box and Click Ok
Step 4: You see the descriptive statistics for the selected variables but what you really want to see is in
the Variable View, seven variables are created with z-scores (with mean=0 and standard deviation=1)

Note:- Use these z-scores variables in cluster analysis

PROCEDURE FOR CONDUCTING CLUSTER ANALYSIS:

Step 1: Go to Analyze->Classify->K-Means Cluster

Step 2: Move the z-score variables that we created before to the “Variables” List Box by Clicking
Step 3: Move the Model variable in to “Label Cases” By List Box by clicking
Step 4: Enter 3 in the “Number of Clusters” text box
Step 5: Click Iterate and Enter the Maximum Iterations as 25 and Click Continue

Step 6: Click Save and Enable both Cluster membership and Distance from cluster center check box and
Click continue

Step 7: Click Options and Enable ANOVA table check box and Click continue

Step 8: Click Ok
OUTPUT
Initial Cluster Centers

Cluster

1 2 3

Zscore: Price in thousands -1.24664 -.61329 3.95524

Zscore: Engine size -1.59180 .90514 2.04957

Zscore: Horsepower -1.77324 -.17184 2.27849
Zscore: Wheelbase -1.50641 2.57313 -1.12601
Zscore: Curb weight -1.82153 1.44940 1.17444
Zscore: Fuel capacity -1.55985 3.57718 .79143
Zscore: Fuel efficiency 1.84950 -1.97846 -.95767

Iteration Historya

Iteration Change in Cluster Centers

1 2 3

1 2.836 3.241 3.239

2 .000 .109 .192
3 .000 .094 .154
4 .025 .042 .123
5 .048 .000 .149
6 .048 .144 .279
7 .024 .213 .215
8 .072 .080 .181
9 .069 .070 .144
10 .000 .064 .041
11 .000 .111 .066
12 .000 .151 .077
13 .000 .218 .107
14 .000 .277 .107
15 .026 .355 .143
16 .026 .235 .092
17 .000 .111 .033
18 .000 .000 .000

a. Convergence achieved due to no or small change in

cluster centers. The maximum absolute coordinate
change for any center is .000. The current iteration is
18. The minimum distance between initial centers is
7.124.
 Final Cluster Centers
Cluster

1 2 3

Zscore: Price in thousands -.59064 .78795 .49040

Zscore: Engine size -.77231 1.30974 .55599

Zscore: Horsepower -.76494 .75212 .71699
Zscore: Wheelbase -.51146 1.60462 .14328
Zscore: Curb weight -.72580 1.66582 .38980
Zscore: Fuel capacity -.64224 2.06220 .16549
Zscore: Fuel efficiency .68224 -1.46807 -.39624

ANOVA

Cluster Error F Sig.

Mean Square df Mean Square df
Zscore: Price in thousands 25.416 2 .668 147 38.058 .000
Zscore: Engine size
46.329 2 .383 147 120.876 .000
Zscore: Horsepower 41.613 2 .447 147 93.004 .000
Zscore: Wheelbase 33.327 2 .560 147 59.493 .000
Zscore: Curb weight 48.684 2 .351 147 138.610 .000
Zscore: Fuel capacity 54.137 2 .277 147 195.405 .000
Zscore: Fuel efficiency 41.017 2 .456 147 90.040 .000

The F tests should be used only for descriptive purposes because the clusters have been chosen to maximize the differences
among cases in different clusters. The observed significance levels are not corrected for this and thus cannot be interpreted as
tests of the hypothesis that the cluster means are equal.

Number of Cases in each Cluster

1 73.000
Cluster 2 18.000

3 59.000
Valid
Missing 150.000
.000
INFERENCE:
EX.NO : 11 FINANCE ANALYTICS

DATE:

AIM:

To analyze the following FINANCE dataset using SPSS and prepare a report.

STATISTICAL TOOLS:

1. Descriptive Statistics
2. Chart Builder Tool
Product Units Sold Manufacturing Price Sale Price Gross Sales Discounts Total Sales COGS

Paseo 3945 $10.00 $7.00 $27,615.00 $276.15 $27,338.85 $19,725.00

Paseo 2296 $10.00 $15.00 $34,440.00 $344.40 $34,095.60 $22,960.00

Paseo 1030 $10.00 $7.00 $7,210.00 $72.10 $7,137.90 $5,150.00

Velo 639 $120.00 $7.00 $4,473.00 $44.73 $4,428.27 $3,195.00

VTT 1326 $250.00 $7.00 $9,282.00 $92.82 $9,189.18 $6,630.00

Carretera 1858 $3.00 $12.00 $22,296.00 $222.96 $22,073.04 $5,574.00

Carretera 1210 $3.00 $350.00 $423,500.00 $4,235.00 $419,265.00 $314,600.00

Carretera 2529 $3.00 $7.00 $17,703.00 $177.03 $17,525.97 $12,645.00

Carretera 1445 $3.00 $12.00 $17,340.00 $173.40 $17,166.60 $4,335.00

Carretera 330 $3.00 $125.00 $41,250.00 $412.50 $40,837.50 $39,600.00

Carretera 2671 $3.00 $12.00 $32,052.00 $320.52 $31,731.48 $8,013.00

Carretera 766 $3.00 $12.00 $9,192.00 $91.92 $9,100.08 $2,298.00

Carretera 494 $3.00 $300.00 $148,200.00 $1,482.00 $146,718.00 $123,500.00

Carretera 1397 $3.00 $350.00 $488,950.00 $4,889.50 $484,060.50 $363,220.00

Carretera 2155 $3.00 $350.00 $754,250.00 $7,542.50 $746,707.50 $560,300.00

Montana 2214 $5.00 $15.00 $33,210.00 $332.10 $32,877.90 $22,140.00

Montana 2301 $5.00 $300.00 $690,300.00 $6,903.00 $683,397.00 $575,250.00

Montana 1375.5 $5.00 $20.00 $27,510.00 $275.10 $27,234.90 $13,755.00

Montana 1830 $5.00 $7.00 $12,810.00 $128.10 $12,681.90 $9,150.00

Montana 2498 $5.00 $300.00 $749,400.00 $7,494.00 $741,906.00 $624,500.00

Montana 663 $5.00 $125.00 $82,875.00 $828.75 $82,046.25 $79,560.00

Paseo 1514 $10.00 $15.00 $22,710.00 $227.10 $22,482.90 $15,140.00

Paseo 4492.5 $10.00 $7.00 $31,447.50 $314.48 $31,133.03 $22,462.50

Paseo 727 $10.00 $125.00 $90,875.00 $908.75 $89,966.25 $87,240.00

Paseo 787 $10.00 $125.00 $98,375.00 $983.75 $97,391.25 $94,440.00

Paseo 1823 $10.00 $125.00 $227,875.00 $2,278.75 $225,596.25 $218,760.00

Paseo 747 $10.00 $15.00 $11,205.00 $112.05 $11,092.95 $7,470.00

Paseo 766 $10.00 $12.00 $9,192.00 $91.92 $9,100.08 $2,298.00

Paseo 2905 $10.00 $300.00 $871,500.00 $8,715.00 $862,785.00 $726,250.00

Paseo 2155 $10.00 $350.00 $754,250.00 $7,542.50 $746,707.50 $560,300.00

COGS-Cost of Goods Sold

SUMMARY:
 EX.NO : 12 HR ANALYTICS

DATE:

AIM:

To analyze the following HR dataset using SPSS and prepare a report.

STATISTICAL TOOLS:

1. Frequency Analysis
2. Correlation Analysis

Age Attrition Business Travel Department Gender Hourly Rate JobRole Monthly Income
41 Yes Travel_Rarely Sales Female 94 Sales Executive 5993
49 No Travel_Frequently Research & Development Male 61 Research Scientist 5130
37 Yes Travel_Rarely Research & Development Male 92 Laboratory Technician 2090
33 No Travel_Frequently Research & Development Female 56 Research Scientist 2909
27 No Travel_Rarely Research & Development Male 40 Laboratory Technician 3468
32 No Travel_Frequently Research & Development Male 79 Laboratory Technician 3068
59 No Travel_Rarely Research & Development Female 81 Laboratory Technician 2670
30 No Travel_Rarely Research & Development Male 67 Laboratory Technician 2693
38 No Travel_Frequently Research & Development Male 44 Manufacturing Director 9526
36 No Travel_Rarely Research & Development Male 94 Healthcare Representative 5237
35 No Travel_Rarely Research & Development Male 84 Laboratory Technician 2426
29 No Travel_Rarely Research & Development Female 49 Laboratory Technician 4193
31 No Travel_Rarely Research & Development Male 31 Research Scientist 2911
34 No Travel_Rarely Research & Development Male 93 Laboratory Technician 2661
28 Yes Travel_Rarely Research & Development Male 50 Laboratory Technician 2028
29 No Travel_Rarely Research & Development Female 51 Manufacturing Director 9980
32 No Travel_Rarely Research & Development Male 80 Research Scientist 3298
22 No Non-Travel Research & Development Male 96 Laboratory Technician 2935
53 No Travel_Rarely Sales Female 78 Manager 15427
38 No Travel_Rarely Research & Development Male 45 Research Scientist 3944
24 No Non-Travel Research & Development Female 96 Manufacturing Director 4011
36 Yes Travel_Rarely Sales Male 82 Sales Representative 3407
34 No Travel_Rarely Research & Development Female 53 Research Director 11994
21 No Travel_Rarely Research & Development Male 96 Research Scientist 1232
34 Yes Travel_Rarely Research & Development Male 83 Research Scientist 2960
53 No Travel_Rarely Research & Development Female 58 Manager 19094
32 Yes Travel_Frequently Research & Development Female 72 Research Scientist 3919
42 No Travel_Rarely Sales Male 48 Sales Executive 6825
44 No Travel_Rarely Research & Development Female 42 Healthcare Representative 10248
46 No Travel_Rarely Sales Female 83 Manager 18947
SUMMARY:
EX.NO : 13 MARKETING ANALYTICS

DATE:

AIM:

To analyze the following MARKETING dataset using SPSS and prepare a report.

STATISTICAL TOOLS:

1. Chi-Square Test
2. Frequency Analysis

Customer
Customer Segment Product Category Order Priority Order Quantity Sales
Name
Muhammed MacIntyre Small Business Office Supplies Low 6 261.54
Barry French Consumer Office Supplies High 49 10123.02
Barry French Consumer Office Supplies High 27 244.57
Clay Rozendal Corporate Technology High 30 4965.7595
Carlos Soltero Consumer Office Supplies Not Specified 19 394.27
Carlos Soltero Consumer Furniture Not Specified 21 146.69
Carl Jackson Corporate Office Supplies High 12 93.54
Carl Jackson Corporate Office Supplies High 22 905.08
Monica Federle Corporate Office Supplies High 21 2781.82
Dorothy Badders Home Office Office Supplies Low 44 228.41
Neola Schneider Home Office Office Supplies Medium 45 196.85
Neola Schneider Home Office Office Supplies Medium 32 124.56
Carlos Daly Home Office Office Supplies Not Specified 32 716.84
Carlos Daly Home Office Technology Not Specified 31 1474.33
Claudia Miner Small Business Office Supplies Not Specified 15 80.61
Neola Schneider Home Office Furniture Medium 46 1815.49
Allen Rosenblatt Small Business Office Supplies Not Specified 16 248.26
Sylvia Foulston Home Office Furniture Critical 44 4462.23
Sylvia Foulston Home Office Furniture Critical 11 663.784
Jim Radford Corporate Technology Low 15 834.904
Jim Radford Corporate Technology Low 18 2480.9205
Carlos Soltero Consumer Office Supplies Not Specified 13 59.03
Carlos Soltero Consumer Office Supplies Not Specified 21 97.48
Carl Ludwig Corporate Office Supplies Low 33 511.83
Carl Ludwig Corporate Technology Low 38 184.99
Don Miller Home Office Office Supplies High 30 80.9
Annie Cyprus Home Office Office Supplies High 23 67.24
Carl Ludwig Corporate Technology High 25 12028.23
Carlos Soltero Consumer Office Supplies Low 28 370.48
Grant Carroll Small Business Office Supplies Not Specified 49 278
SUMMARY:
EX.NO : 13 OPERATIONS ANALYTICS

DATE:

AIM:

To analyze the following OPERATIONS dataset using SPSS and prepare a report.

STATISTICAL TOOLS:

1. Descriptive Statistics
2. Regression Analysis

Area Cultivated Labour_Wage Gross Net Price

(hectares) Land_Status Varieties Total_labour (Per Hr) Output(Kg) Output(Kg) (Kg)
0.355 owner trad 232 50 560 500 60
0.571 owner high 444 155 2400 2000 120
0.571 owner high 222 142.05 2400 2000 120
0.357 owner high 332 47.27 900 800 70
0.714 owner high 377 56 1800 1550 70
1.065 owner high 905 52.86 1500 1260 60
1.071 owner high 302 56 3600 3000 75
0.535 owner high 418 150.78 2160 1860 120
0.535 owner high 450 145.93 2300 2000 120
0.56 owner high 266 40.51 1800 1500 55
0.56 owner high 154 57.14 1600 1400 55
0.357 owner high 456 31.25 750 630 60
1 share high 456 47.5 2000 1600 60
0.714 mixed high 410 133.1 3660 3050 100
0.714 mixed high 242 119.32 2400 2000 120
0.577 owner high 543 36.08 2220 1850 60
0.577 owner mixed 241 37.41 1752 1500 55
0.5 owner high 324 37.59 870 730 55
0.5 owner trad 386 55 975 812 60
0.14 owner trad 170 39.08 350 315 64
0.14 owner trad 170 40 372 335 70
0.15 owner trad 176 37.5 280 250 65
0.15 owner trad 157 45.24 380 350 65
0.429 owner trad 541 142.86 1760 1600 160
0.429 owner trad 581 146.35 1900 1728 190
0.18 owner trad 106 44.16 370 333 55
0.18 owner trad 120 34.34 205 188 70
0.08 owner trad 86 50 276 236 65
0.086 owner trad 91 51.86 135 125 80
0.074 owner high 40 135 82 82 160
SUMMARY:
 CASE STUDY

FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMPTION OF BISCUITS

Biscuits are considered as an important snacking option in the modern society. They are
seen as an important reflection of the snacking habits of the individuals. Taking biscuits with a hot
drink appeals to consumers, demonstrating how ingrained this occasion is in their culture. The rise
of snacking, as a result of longer working hours and shorter lunch breaks, has boosted the appeal
of snack packs and mini variants, partly due to shifts in preferences for foods that accompany
biscuits. The popularity of biscuits as a snack is seen to have a different impact on people of
different age groups and genders.

The cookies (sweet biscuits) market consists of the retail sales of assortment cookies,
butter-based cookies, chocolate cookies, cream-filled cookies, plain cookies, wafer cookies,
artisanal cookies, in-store bakery cookies, egg-based cookies, and various other categories.

A study is conducted to highlight the preference levels of customers on the basis of tastes in the
Indian market. Since most of the brands have come up with biscuits of almost every flavor and
taste, we would attempt to study the importance of taste in studying the preference for biscuits. It
is observed that in the recent times there has been a general shift towards the category of healthier
foods in the market. Hence, in our study we would aim to gauge the impact of this behavior on the
biscuits market as well.

Needless to mention that biscuits industry in India is highly competitive. Therefore, the
study will also focus on the perception of the consumer with respect to the pre-purchase behavior.
Moreover, the study would attempt to provide an insight into the relative importance given to
variety, brand, packaging, and price of biscuits by the consumers.

Biscuits are relatively low priced and are generally used up in a period of day, weeks, or
may be months. Customers do not spend much time in deciding a product. The relevance of biscuits
as a product differs from consumer to consumer based on how the product is perceived by him
which in turn influences his buying decision.

To address these, the following hypotheses have been framed to examine in the present
study, and a questionnaire has been framed to collect data to examine the stated hypotheses.

The hypotheses and the questionnaire formulated are given in the following section:

Hypotheses

H1. There is no significant relationship between health consciousness among people and sales
of biscuits.
H2. There is no significant relationship between price sensitivity and sales of biscuits.
H3. There is no significant relationship between brand preference and sales of biscuits.
H4. There is no significant relationship between snacking habits and sales of biscuits.
H5. There is no significant relationship between packaging and sales of biscuits.
H6. There is no significant difference in taste preference among consumers.
Questionnaire
Dear Sir/Madam,
With the availability of multiple brands of biscuits of various choices, we would like to study
how one chooses a specific biscuit over another.
We are conducting a survey to analyze the consumer preferences for biscuit as a snacking option.
We request your valuable responses to complete our project. It will very nice of you if you could
fill up the questionnaire. The information will be confidential. Thanking you.
1. Name
2. Gender
• Male • Female
3. Age
• 15-25 • 26-35
• 36-45 • >46
4. Do you have kids in your family?
• Yes • No
• Yes How many (please tick) 1, 2, 3
5. What is your occupation?
• Student
• Working professional
• Other (please specify)
6. Household income per month (Z):
• Less than 10,000
• 10,001 to 30,000
• 30,001 to 50,000
• Greater than 50,001
7. How often do you snack?
• Very frequently • Frequently
• Occasionally • Rarely
• Very rarely
8. I rarely eat biscuits.
• Strongly agree • Agree
• Undecided • Disagree
• Strongly disagree
9. I substitute biscuits for breakfast or lunch or dinner?
• Always • Frequently
• Occasionally • Rarely
• Never
10. Do you consider price while buying biscuits?
• Always • Most of the times
• Occasionally • Rarely
• Never
11. Does a brand ambassador influence your choice of biscuit?
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neither agree nor disagree
• Do not agree
• Strongly disagree
12. Do you buy more biscuits if there are special offers on it?
• Always • Frequently
• Occasionally • Rarely
• Never
13. Does look and feel of wrapper influence your purchase of the biscuit?
• Always • Frequently
• Occasionally •Rarely
• Never
14. It matters to me if the biscuit is safely packed (e.g. with tray).
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neither agree nor disagree
• Disagree
• Strongly Disagree
15. Do you look for quality certifications while buying a biscuit packet?
• Always • Frequently
• Occasionally •Rarely
• Never
16. I prefer large-sized biscuit packets rather than smaller ones.
● Strongly agree
● Agree
● Neither agree nor disagree
● Disagree
● Strongly disagree
17. I eat biscuits as a healthier snacking option compared to fried snacks?
• Almost always • Often
• Sometimes • Seldom
• Never
18. Fat or sugar content in biscuits affects my purchase of biscuits?
● Strongly agree
● Agree
● Neither agree nor disagree
● Disagree
● Strongly disagree
19. I prefer digestive/multigrain biscuits (as they are healthier) over normal biscuits
● Strongly agree
● Agree
● Neither agree nor disagree
● Disagree
● Strongly disagree
20. Please choose your preferences:
Totally like Very much Moderately Some-what Not like
like like like
Chocolate
o o o o o
biscuits

Salty biscuits o o o o o

Cream/wafer o o o o o
biscuits

Glucose o o o o o
biscuits

Masala o o o o o
biscuits

21. I always look for my preferred taste biscuit in the shop

• Strongly agree • Agree
• Undecided • Disagree
• Strongly disagree
22. I try all new varieties of biscuits of my preferred brand when they are launched
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neither agree nor disagree
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
23. I will buy any other biscuits if my preferred brand is not available.
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neither agree nor disagree
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
24. I avoid buying things that are not on my shopping list
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neither agree nor disagree
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
25. I am a person who makes unplanned purchases
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neither agree nor disagree
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
26. When I see something that really interests me, I buy it without considering the
consequences
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neither agree nor disagree
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
27. I always check ingredients before buying
• Strongly agree • Agree
• Neither agree nor disagree • Disagree
• Strongly disagree
28. Do you try to incorporate biscuits in your house hold cooking?
• Very frequently • Frequently
• Sometimes • Occasionally
• Rarely
29. Number of biscuit packets I buy every month

30. Please provide name of two brands that you prefer

1.
2.

Discussion questions

Test the hypotheses with relevant tools and write report