CONTENT STANDARD

6.1 The role of water in showing acidic and alkaline 6.5 Concentration of aqueous
properties solution
6.2 pH Value 6.6 Standard Solution
6.3 Strength of Acid & Alkalis 6.7 Neutralisation
6.4 Chemical Properties of Acid & Alkalis

MUST REMEMBER THIS DEFINITION!

Acid

Strong acid

Weak acid

Monoprotic/Diprotic/Triprotic
acid

Alkali

Strong alkali

Weak alkali

Base

Standard solution

Neutralisation

MUST REMEMBER THIS FORMULA!

pH Dilution

pOH No of mol
(solution)
Concentration

Molarity

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6.1 THE ROLE OF WATER IN SHOWING ACIDIC AND ALKALINE PROPERTIES
1. An ………………….only shows its properties when dissolve in water

2. In the presence of water, the acid/alkali ionizes to form …………………… ions that are free to
move, hence can show the…………………properties.

3. Without water, an acid/alkali still exists as…………….. and there are no ………………… ions present.

4. Other solvents cannot replace water to enable an acid to show acidic properties.

5. In the absence of water(dry form/anhydrous/glacial) or in organic solvent

- The ………………….molecule does not ionize, dissociate to form hydrogen ions, hence does not
show acidic/alkalis properties

6.2 pH VALUE

Acids Neutral Alkalis

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Acidity ………………………

Alkalinity ………………
The pH value can be measured using indicators such as litmus paper, methyl orange, phenolpthalein, universal
indicator and pH meter
Universal indicator Red/orange/yellow Green Purple
Litmus paper Red Purple Blue
Methyl orange
Red ……………….. Yellow
Phenolpthalein
………………. Colourless Pink
Methyl red
Red Orange ………………….

6.3 STRENGTH OF ACID & ALKALIS

STRONG ACIDS/ALKALIS WEAK
Definition
Degree of dissociation
Concentration of hydrogen
ions
Example
Ionisation equation

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6.4 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACID & ALKALIS
Acid Alkali

1. Reaction of acid with base / alkali 1. Reaction of alkali with acid

Product : Product :

Example : Example :

2. Reaction of alkali with ammonium salt

2. Reaction of acid with reactive metal
Product :
Product :
Example :
Example :

3. Reaction of alkali with metal ion

3. Reaction of acid with carbonate metal
Product :
Product :
Example :
Example :

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OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following will occur when glacial ethanoic acid is dissolved into propanone?
A. Ethanoic acid ionises to produce hydrogen ion
B. The solution produced does not conduct electricity
C. Dry blue litmus paper turns to red when put into the solution
D. Effervescence occurs when calcium carbonate powder is added to the solution

2. Sulphuric acid is a diprotic acid with the concentration of 0.1 mol dm-3. Which of the
following is the pH value of the acid?
A. 0.1
B. 0.2
C. 0.7
D. 0.5

3. Which of the following solutions has the highest pH value

A. 0.01 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid
B. 0.01 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
C. 0.01 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
D. 0.01 mol dm-3 nitric acid

4. Which of the following substances will dissociate to form low concentration of hydroxide
ions in water
A. Sodium hydroxide
B. Potassium hydroxide
C. Ammonia solution
D. Nitric acid

5. The following equation represents a reaction to investigate the chemical property of an acid.

Magnesium carbonate + ethanoic acid →Salt K + water + gas L

Determine the basicity of acid used and the confirmatory test for gas L.
Basicity of acid Confirmatory test for L gas
A. Monoprotic Test with lime water
B. Monoprotic Test with burning wooden splinter
C. Diprotic Test with lime water
D. Diprotic Test with burning wooden splinter

6. Which of the following describe the chemical properties of sodium hydroxide

A. React with reactive metals to produce salt and hydrogen gas
B. React with metal carbonates to produce salt, water and carbon dioxide
C. React with acid to produce salt and water
D. React with metal oxides to produce salt and water

7. 14.9 g of potassium chloride, KCl is dissolved in distilled water to produce 0.4 mol dm-3
potassium chloride solution.
What is the volume of distilled water needed to dissolved potassium chloride?
[Molar mass : KCl = 74.5 gmol-1]
A. 50 cm3
B. 200 cm3
C. 500 cm3
D. 2000 cm3

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8. The molarities of a solution of sulphuric acid is 2.0 mol dm-3
What is the concentration of the acid in g dm-3?
[Relative atomic mass: H=1, O=16, S=32]
A. 97
B. 98
C. 194
D. 196

9. A farmer found that his soil is too acidic for some plants to grow well.
Which substance is suitable to reduce the acidity of the soil?
A. Barium chloride
B. Calcium oxide
C. Potassium iodide
D. Sodium nitrite

10. Farid has done a titration process with the following chemical equation:

2HNO3 (aq) + Ca(OH)2 (aq) →Ca(NO3)2 (aq) + 2H2O (l/)

During the titration, he slowly added 0.2.mol dm-3 nitric acid into 25 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3
calcium hydroxide solution. Initial burette reading was 2.00 cm3. Determine his final burette
reading at the end of titration.
A. 12.50 cm3
B. 14.50 cm3
C. 25.00 cm3
D. 27.00 cm3

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STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
1. The information below shows a list of apparatus and chemical substances that can be used
to prepare sulphuric acid solution through dilution method from a stock solution.

- Stock solution : 2.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid

- Pipette
- Volumetric flask
- Distilled water

(a) (i) Calculate the volume of the stock solution needed to prepare 250 cm3 of
0.2 mol dm-3 of sulphuric acid.

………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
(ii) Describe briefly the steps taken to prepare the solution in 1 (a)(i) by using the
apparatus listed.

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..
[3 marks]
(b) Diagram shows the apparatus set-up to determine the end point of titration for the
neutralisation reaction between 0.2 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid with 25.0 cm3 potassium
hydroxide solution. Phenolphthalein indicator is added into the conical flask
containing potassium hydroxide solution

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The result of the experiment is recorded in Table below

Titration I II III
Final burette reading (cm3) 20.00 32.50 37.60
Initial burette reading (cm3) 7.60 20.00 25.00
Volume of sulphuric acid used (cm3) 12.40 12.50 12.60

(i) What is the colour change of solution in the conical flask at the end point?

………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]
(ii) Reaction between sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide solution is
represented by the following chemical equation.

H2SO4 + 2KOH  K2SO4 + 2H2O

Calculate the average volume of sulphuric acid used for the neutralisation
reaction. Then, calculate the concentration of potassium hydroxide solution
used.

[3 marks]
(iii) If the sulphuric acid is replaced with nitric acid 0.2 mol dm-3, predict the
volume of nitric acid that will be used to neutralise the potassium hydroxide
solution.

Explain your answer.

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..
[3 marks]

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2. Beaker A and Beaker B in Diagram below contain solutions of ethanoic acid prepared by
dissolving glacial ethanoic acid in two different solvents.

(a) (i) State the name of suitable solvent in

Beaker A : ……………………………………………………………………………..

Beaker B : ……………………………………………………………………………...
[2 marks]

(ii) Explain the pH value of the ethanoic acid in Beaker A.

…………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………….
[3 marks]

(iii) Explain why the ethanoic acid in Beaker B does not conduct electricity.

…………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks]

(b) The concentration of each solutions P, Q, R, S and T in the table below is 0.1 moldm-3

Which of the solution has the highest concentration of OH- ions?. Explain your
answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks]

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3. Table below shows the apparatus set-up of experiment I and experiment II that have been
carried out by Irfan in chemistry laboratory.

(a) (i) What does acid mean?

………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]
(ii) State one observation in experiment I.

………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]
(iii) Write the ionic equation for the reaction in experiment I.

………………………………………………………………………………...
[2 marks]
(iv) There is no change in Experiment II.
Explain why?

………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………...
[2 marks]

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(b) (i) Experiment I is repeated by replacing calcium with calcium carbonate.
Briefly describe how to identify the gas produced.

………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………...
[2 marks]

(ii) If 1.0 g of calcium carbonate has reacted completely with 25 cm3 of

hydrochloric acid in experiment I, what is the molarity of the hydrochloric acid?
[Relative atomic mass: Ca = 40, C = 12, 0 = 16]

[3 marks]

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ESSAY QUESTION
4. (a) Diagram shows a conversation between a teacher and her student.

Based on the situation in Diagram above, state the type of particles and explain
the difference in observations before and after water is added to glacial etanoic
acid. [4 marks]
3 ·3
(b) In an experiment, 25 cm of 0.1 mol dm of sulphuric acid is required to
neutralise 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide.
Write the chemical equation and calculate the concentration of sodium hydroxide
used in this experiment. [5 marks]
(c) Table below shows the pH value and information of acid P and acid Q which
have the same concentration.

Acid pH Value Information

P 4 Reacts with magnesium to produce magnesium
ethanoate and gas X.
Q 1 Reacts with magnesium to produce magnesium
chloride and gas X.

(i) State the name of acid P and acid Q. Explain why the pH value of the acids
are different
[5 marks]
(ii) State the name of gas X
Describe a chemical test to identify the gas X.
Write the chemical equation when acid Q is reacted with magnesium
[6 marks]

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