Experiment — 1 Objective: To Create Cross-Over and straight through cable. Apparatus required (Software): Cisco packet Tracer Flow Chart: Connect the end devices via appropriate wire (Cross over or straight forward) Assign IP address to both PCs Check on the reply if it appears then ok. Pcto Pe connection established Browse command prompt and enter ping the other side PCs Ip address Figure 1: PC to PC Connection flow chartProcedure: Step1: Select two end devices (PC, laptop, etc) Move the cursor to the left comer of environment window and select the option after click on end device PCO and PC1 Step2: Connect the end devices via appropriate wire (Cross over or straight forward) Take straight forward wire and connect switch with PCs through switch. Take cross over wire to directly connect with other PC. Figure 2 Straight Forward connection for 2 PCs. caw Address 392-46R20.1 rt rca address s9aaeea02 Figure 3 Cross over connection for 2 PCs ssign IP address to both PCs Give Ip address to both PCs after going on desktop on each. Step’ Step4: Browse command prompt and enter ping the other side PCs Ip address Go to command prompt of any one of PCs and then enter command Ping IP address of other PCS. StepS: Check on the reply if it appears then ok. After entering ping if reply shows then connection successfully established. Result- Both PCs are connected successfully.Obje: Experiment No - 2 .etive: Study & Implementation of Network IP and Sub netting Apparatus (Software): NA Procedure: Following is required to be study under this practical, Classification of IP address ‘As show in figure we teach how the ip addresses are classified and when they are used. Class Address Range Supports Class A 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254 Supports 16 million hosts on each of 127 networks. Class B Class 128,1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254 Supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks Class D ClassE —192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254 Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks. SUB Subn to 239,255,255.255 Reserved for multicast groups. 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254 Reserved. NETTING etting is a process of dividing large network into the smaller networks based on layer 3 IP address. Every computer on network has an IP address that represent its location on network, Two version of IP addresses are available IPv4 and IPv6. In this article we will perform subnetting on IPv4. Ipv4 IP addresses are displayed in dotted decimal notation, and appear as four numbers separated by dots. Each number of an IP address is made from eight individual bits known as octet. Each octet can create number value from 0 to 255. An IP address would be 32 bits long in binary divided into the two components, network component and host component. Network component is used to identify the network that the packet is intend for, and host component is used to identify the individual host on network. IP addresses are broken into the two components: ‘Network component: - Defines network segment of device Host component: - Defines the specific device on a particular network segment IP Classes in decimal notation Class A addresses range from 1-126 Class B addresses range from 128-191 Class C addresses range from 192-223 Class D addresses range from 224- 239 Class E addresses range from 240-254 0 [Zero] is reserved and represents all IP addresses. 127 is a reserved address and is used for testing, like a loop back on an interface. 255 is a reserved address and is used for broadcasting purposes. “This tutorial is the second part of our article “Network Addressing Explained with Subnetting and LSM”. You can read other parts of this article here. Basic of Network AddressingThis tutorial is the first part of this ar each other in network with basic te le, In this introductory part f explained how computers find ninology of network addressing, VLSM Tutorial with Examples ‘This tutorial is the last part of this article, In this part | will explain VLSM in detail with examples. Later I will provide a unique six steps method of VLSM that will help you in learning VLSM rapidly. Subnet mask Subnet mask is a 32 bits long address used to distinguish between network address and host address in IP address, Subnet mask is always used with IP address. Subnet mask has only one purpose, to identify which part of an IP address is network address and which part is host address. For example how will we figure out network partition and host partition from IP address 192.168.1.10 2 Here we need subnet mask to get details about network address and host address. In decimal notation subnet mask value 1 to 255 represent network address and value 0 (Zero] represent host address. In binary notation subnet maskON bit [ 1] represent network address while OFF bit{0} represent host address. In decimal notation IPaddress — 192.168.1.10 Subnet mask — 255.255.255.0 ‘Network address is 192.168.1 and host address is 10, In binary notation IP address 11000000.10101000.00000001.00001010 Subnet mask 11111111.11111111.11111111,00000000 Network address is 11000000.10101000.00000001 and host address is 00001010 IP Class | Default Subnet | Network bits | Host bits Total hosts Valid hosts | | | A | 255.0.0.0 | First 8 bits Last 24 bits | 16,777,216 | 16,777,214 | B 255.255.0.0 | First 16 bits Last 16 bits | 65,536 65,534 | | | c 255.255.255.0 First 24bits Last bits | 256 | 254 | | | | Network ID First address of subnet is called network ID. This address is used to identify one segment or broadcast domain from all the other segments in the network.Block Size Block size is the size of subnet including network address, hosts addresses and broadcast address, Broadcast 1D There are two types of broadcast, direct broadcast and full broadeast. Direct broadcast or local broadcast is the last address of subnet and can be hear by all hosts in subnet. Full broadcast is the last address of IP classes and can be hear by all IP hosts in network. Full broadcast address is 255.255.255.255 The main difference between direct broadcast and full broadcast is that routers will not propagate local broadcasts between segments, but they will propagate directed broadcasts. Host Addresses All address between the network address and the directed broade: address for the subnet. You can assign host addresses to any IP devi routers, and switches. it address is called host such as PCs, servers, Program: void main) { inta,b,c,d; clrscr(); printf("enter the first octet"); scanf("%ed",&a); printf("\n"); printf("enter the second octet"); scanf("%d" eb); printf("\n"); printf("enter the third octet"); scanf("%d",&c); printf("\n"); printf("enter the fourth octet"); scanf{"%d" ed); printf("\n"); if((a<=127)) { printf("enterdip address belong to class A\n"); printf("network address of given ip address is %d.0.0.0",a); } else if{(a>127)&&(a<=191)) { print{("entered ip address belong to class B\n"); printf(network address of given ip address is %d.%d.0.0",a,b); } else if{(a>191)&&(a<=223)) { printf("entered ipadress belong to class C\n"); printf("network address of given ip address is %d.%d.%d.0",a,b,¢); } else iff(a>223)&&(a<=241)) { printi("entered ip address belong to class Din"); printf("network address of given ip address is useed for reserved"); 3else iff(a>241)&8e(a<=255)) { printf("entered ipadress belong to E\n"); printf(""network address of given ip address is used for multicasting"); }else { printf("please enter the valid ip addressin"); } getchQ; } Output enter the first octet 123 enter the second octet 233 enter the third octet 12 enter the fourth octet 34 entered ip address belong to class A network address of given ip address is 123.0.0.0Experimen’ Objective: Connection of Computer in LAN & Configuration of router, hub, switch etc using simulators. Apparatus: Cisco Packet Tracer Procedure: Configuration of Hub using Star Topology Step L:- Open Cisco packet Tracer Software and choose Generic Hub on workspace. Generic Hub Step 2:- Now choose end device as Generic. Connect end devices with Hub (Choose automatic connection type). End devices connected with HubStep 3 :- Now click on each end device and enter IP address such as 10.0.0.1 and label the device with corresponding IP address using text tool available in cisco packet tracer. IP configuration of devices Step 4:- Now select Simple Message(PDU) from right side of window and click over sender node and on receiver node. Selection of PDU Step 5: Now click on simulation and click on AutoPlay to see effect.‘Simulation results Configuration of Switch using Star Topology Step 1:- Open Cisco packet Tracer Software and choose Generic Swit Generic SwitchExperiment-4 Objective: Running and using services/eommands like ping, trace route, telnet, fip ete. Apparatus (Software): Command Prompt and Cisco Packet Tracer Procedu tracert ete, n this experiment students must understand basic networking commands e.g. ping, All commands related to Network configuration which includes how to switch to privilege mode and normal mode and how to configure router interface and how to save this configuration to flash memory or permanent memory. This commands ineludes + Configuring the Router commands + General Commands to configure network + Privileged Mode commands of a router + Router Processes & Statistics + IP Commands + Other IP Command e.g. show ip route ete, Verifies IP-level connectivity to another TCP/IP computer by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request messages. The receipt of corresponding Echo Reply messages is displayed, along with round-trip times. Ping is the primary TCP/IP command used to troubleshoot connectivity, reachability, and name resolution. ‘You can use ping to test both the computer name and the IP address of the computer. If pinging the IP address is successful, but pinging the computer name is not, you might have a name resolution problem. In this case, ensure that the computer name you are specifying can be resolved through the local Hosts file, by using Domain Name System (DNS) queries, or through NetBIOS name resolution techniques. ra “Physical | Config | Desktop Pacrerenr ner yr Presrprmtre cre Peres et Pe ea Oe ere crete ener e rrp eertcra tts Foe rmen ear ine erremi aiy Wenee ue} Po Traceroute: Determines the path taken to a destination by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request messages to the destination with incrementally increasing Time to Live (TTL) field values, The path displayed is the list of near-side fouter interfaces of the routers in the path between a source host and a destination. The near-side interface is the interface of therouter that is closest to the sending host in the path, Used without parameters, tracert displays help. To trace the path to the host named www.google.co.in use following command tracert www.google.co.in ae pea Physical | Cantig Oeskton 1 prea YY Se a =a ees | Arp Displays and modifies entries in the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache, which contains one or more tables that are used to store IP addresses and their resolved Ethernet or Token Ring physical addresses. There is a separate table for each Ethernet or Token Ring network adapter installed on your computer. ‘To display the ARP cache tables for all interfaces use following command arp[EaiCommend Prompt Nee interface? 192.168.42.171 —— Oxd Peeters faery a rina Perel Wee et) Tetesr eet Rt Es 3 Rie) See Baar Leia mietety Ree Beaty area 5 leat eH ae Nslookup (stands for “Name Server Lookup”) is a useful command for getting information from DNS server. It is a network administration tool for querying the Domain Name System. (DNS) to obtain domain name or IP address mapping or any other specific DNS record. It is also used to troubleshoot DNS related problems. nasaservsnictnecenl zt Biv ere teea:EXPERIMENT 5 OBJECTIVE : Configure a network topology using Packet Tracer Software. BRIEF DESCRIPTION : In this experiment, the objective is to design and configure a network topology using Packet Tracer software. The network will consist of multiple devices such as routers, switches, and PCs, connected in a specific arrangement, The experiment will focus on implementing static routing within the network. Static routing involves manually configuring the routing tables on the routers, specifying the next hop for each destination network. This allows for explicit control over the network traffic flow. STEPS FOR HANDLING NETWORK : 1, Design the Network Topology + Identify the devices required for your network, such as routers, switches, and PCs, + Determine the logical layout of your network, including the IP addressing scheme for each subnet. Use Packet Tracer's de © palette to drag and drop the necessary devices onto the workspace. + Connect the devices using appropriate cables and configure their interfaces with IP addresses, 2. Configure IP Addresses: + Access the CLI (Command Line Interface) of each device (e.g., router or PC) in Packet Tracer. + Configure the IP addresses for the interfaces of each device according to the logical layout you designed. + Use the "ip address" command followed by the d -d IP address and subnet mask to assign IP addresses to the interfaces. 3. Enable Routing: + Determine the routing protocol or method you want to use (in this case, static routing). + Access the CLI of each router in Packet Tracer. + Configure static routes on each router to direct traffic to the appropriate destination networks. + Use the " ip route" command followed by the destination network address, subnet mask, and next-hop router's IP address to configure static routes. 4. Verify Connectivity: + Use Packet Tracer's simulation mode to test network connectivity.+ _ Ping from one device to another to verify that the static routes are correctly configured. + Ensure that the ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) traffic is allowed through any firewalls or security features on the devices. 5. Monitor and Troubleshoot: + Monitor the network for any issues or errors, + If any connectivity or routing problems arise, use Packet Tracer's logging and debugging features to troubleshoot. + Check the routing tables on cach router to ensure that the correct static routes are present. 6. Document the Configuration: Document the network topology, including the IP addresses assigned to each device and the configured static routes. + Take screenshots or export the configura n files from Packet Tracer for reference purposes. EXPRIMENT SETUP : Design network topology iat sion Beeade" In this lab, each network has two routes to reach. We will configure one route as the main route and another route as the backup route. If the link bandwidth of all routes is the same, we use the route that has the least number of routers as the main route. If the link bandwidth and the number of routers are the same, we can use any route as the main route and another route as the backup route. If we specify two routes for the same destination, the router automatically selects the best route for the destination and adds the route to the routing table. If you manually want to select a route that the router should add to the routing table, you have to set the AD value of the route lower than otherroutes. For example, if you use the following commands to create two static routes for network 30.0.0/8, the route will place the first route to the routing table, #ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.2 10 fip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 40.0.0.2 20 Creating, adding, verifying static routes : Routers automatically learn their connected networks. We only need to add routes for the networks that are not available on the router's interfaces. For example, network 10.0.0.0/8, 20.0.0.0/8 and 40.0.0.0/8 are directly connected to Router0. Thus, we don’t need to configure routes for these 0/8 and network 50, and add routes only for these networ networks. Network 30, .0/8 are not available on Router0. We have to create The following table lists the connected networks of each router. Router Available networks on local interfaces Networks available on other routers? interfaces Router0 10.0.0.0/8, 20.0.0.0/8, 40.0.0.0/8 30.0.0.0/8, 50.0.0.0/8 Router! 20.0.0.0/8, 30.0.0.0/8, 50.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0/8, 40.0.0.0/8 Router2 40.0.0.0/8, 50.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0/8, 20.0.0.0/8, 30.0.0.0/8 Router! configuration Router>enable Router#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z Router (config) #ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.1 10 Router (config) #ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 50.0.0.1 20 Router (config) #ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.1 10 Router (config) #ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 50.0.0.1 20 Router (config) #exit Routerfshow ip route static S$ 10.0.0.0/8 [10/0] via 20.0.0.1 S$ 40.0.0.0/8 [10/0] via 20.0.0.1 Router# Router2 configuration Router>enable Router#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router (config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 40.0.0.1 Router (config)#ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 50.0.0.2 Router (config) #exitExperiment Objective : Configure a Network using Distance Vector and Link State Routing protocol. Apparatus required (Software): Cisco packet Tracer Flow Chart: ‘Take inputs and start with a topology Configure the interfaces on different routers as in static configuration > Enable Dynamic Routing (RIP) Enter classful network address Check the connection using other side network IP address Is reply coming from other Side? Configuration Successful Figure. 1 Flow Chart for RIP configurationProcedure: RIPv1 sends updates as broadcasts to address 255.255.255.255. Stepl: Configure the Router as per the network topology shown in figure sa2.160.2.07%4 Cae rao a sonny ER so assures toatceann a lL ameg aug ~*492.168.1.0728 192.168.5.0/24 = Figure. ~ 2 Topology for RIP Step 2: Configure the interfaces on R1, R2, and R3 in static configuration. Configure the interfaces on the R1, R2, and R3 routers with the IP addresses from the table under the Topology Diagram. Step 3: Configure Ethernet interfaces of PCI, PC2, and PC3 Configure the Ethernet interfaces of PCI, PC2, and PC3 with the IP addresses and default gateways from under the Topology Diagram. Step4: Enable dynamic routing To enable a dynamic routing protocol, enter global configuration mode and use the Router command. Enter router? at the global configuration prompt to a see a list of available routing protocols on your router. To enable RIP, enter the command router rip in global con Ri (config)#router rip Step 5: Enter classful network addresses Once We are in routing configuration mode, enter the classful network address for each directly connected network, using the network command with the following command: Ri (config-router)#network 192. 168.4.0 Ri(config-router)#network _192.168.5.0 Repeat the same step 4 & 5 for R2 & R3 Step 6: Check the connection using other side network IP address Once the network configured then go to any one PCs desktop and enters the other network address. See the output on command prompt. ping 192.168.5.0 Step 7: If the reply comes connection will be considered as successful otherwise repeat the same and troubleshoot from step 3 onward. jguration mode. : Ip addressing, right connection and configuration commands as per procedures.