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Topic 7. Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology 1

The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. It describes the main parts of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It then explains the basic functions and divisions of the nervous system as well as the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system.

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Janine Jerica Jontilano
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39 views29 pages

Topic 7. Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology 1

The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. It describes the main parts of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It then explains the basic functions and divisions of the nervous system as well as the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system.

Uploaded by

Janine Jerica Jontilano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NERVOUS SYSTEM

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY


ZOOTECHNICS 2 LECTURE
PARTS

• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Peripheral nerves- connects the various parts of the body
to either the brain or spinal cord
• The primary functional cell is the neuron
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Initiate and/or regulate movement of body parts by controlling the
skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles
• Regulate secretion of glands
• Gather information about the external environment and about the
status of the internal environment of the body using senses, and
mechanisms to detect pain, temperature, pressure and certain
chemicals such as CO2, H2, and O2
• Maintain an appropriate state of consciousness
• Stimulate thirst, hunger, fear, rage, and sexual behaviors appropriate for
survival
DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• Central nervous system (CNS)- brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS)-cranial nerves and spinal
nerves going to somatic (body) structures
• Autonomic nervous system (ANS)-integrates activity of
visceral structures- has elements of both the CNS and PNS
and features sensory and motor components
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• Sensory (afferent) nerves gather information about the
external and internal environment and relay this to the
CNS using sensory receptors
• The CNS interprets the information arriving via the PNS,
integrates that information and initiates appropriate
movements of the body parts, glandular secretion or
behavior in response
• Communication of the CNS and muscles and glands is
accomplished via motor (efferent) nerves
PARTS OF A
NEURON dendrites

•Dendites are nerve processes that transmit soma

electrical signal towards the cell bodies


•Axons are nerve processes that conduct Axon hillock
electrical signals away from the cell bodies
•Telodendrions make contact with other
axon
neurons or other effector organs such as
muscles and glands.
•Soma or cell body
•Axon hillock- a conical mound of cytoplasm
telodendrions
CELLS IN NERVOUS TISSUE

• Neurons
• Supportive cells
• Supportive cells are called neuroglia
• There are 6 types of glial cells/support cells
• In the CNS:
ASTROCYTES-these are the most abundant. They are nurture or support
cells and buffer ions. They have lots of branches to grab vessels to bring in
nutrients.
MICROGLIAL CELLS-These are phagocytes. They are the defense cells of
the CNS.
EPENDYMAL CELLS-They line cavities of the CNS. They have cilia to help
move cerebral spinal fluid around.
OLIGODENDROCYTES-These form the myelin sheath of the CNS
• The groups of cell bodies in the CNS are referred to as nuclei
• In the PNS:
SCHWANN CELLS-These form the myelin sheath of the PNS. One
Schwann cell wraps one neuron.
SATELLITE CELLS-are in the ganglia and are like astrocytes in that they
are positioned around the cell body.
• The groups of cell bodies in the PNS are referred to as ganglia
CENTRAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
BRAIN

• Gross divisions are: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem


• Cerebrum develops from the embryonic telencephalon
• Brainstem includes diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and
medulla oblongata
CEREBRUM/TELENCEPHALON

• Or telencephalon comprises the 2 cerebral hemispheres,


cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, and rhinencephalon
• Telencephalon encloses the cavities of the lateral ventricles
and rostral portion of the 3rd ventricle
• Surface of cerebrum is increased by numerous foldings to form
convex ridges called gyri (sing. Gyrus) which are separated by
furrows called fissures or sulci
• The longitudinal fissure lies in the median plane and
separates the cerebrum into the right and left hemispheres.
• Cerebral cortex is the site at which voluntary movements are initiated,
sensations are brought to consciousness, and higher functions such as
reasoning and planning take place
• Basal nuclei are important in initiation and maintenance of normal motor
activity
• rhinencephalon- sometimes called the olfactory brain, associated with the
sense of smell or olfaction
DIENCEPHALON

• Composed of the Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, and


the third ventricle
• Thalamus is an important relay center for nerve fibers
connecting the cerebral hemispheres to the brainstem and the
spinal cord
• Epithalamus contains the endocrine gland, pineal gland
(secretes melatonin which regulates sleep and circadian
rhythm)
• Hypothalamus- associated with the pituitary gland
METENCEPHALON

• Includes the cerebellum and pons


• Cerebellum is critical to the accurate timing and execution
of movements, it acts to coordinate muscle activity
MYENCEPHALON

• Becomes the medulla oblongata in the adult


• It is the cranial continuation of the spinal cord
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

• CSF is a modified transudate formed through active


secretion by the ependymal cells in the choroid plexus
• Abnormal circulation of the CSF will cause enlargement of
the head due to accumulation (hydrocephalus)
MENINGES

• Coverings of the brain and spinal cord


• Pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater
SPINAL CORD

• Caudal continuation of the medulla oblongata


• A spinal cord segment is defined by the presence of a pair
of spinal nerves
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SPINAL NERVES, BRACHIAL PLEXUS, AND CRANIAL NERVES
PNS

• Includes the nerves and ganglia outside the CNS


• It conveys sensory information to the brain and spinal cord
and to produce movement of muscle and glandular
secretion via the motor nerves
SPINAL NERVES

• With the exception of the cervical and caudal nerves, a pair


of spinal nerve emerges caudal to the vertebra of the same
serial name and number
CRANIAL NERVES

• Composed of 12 pairs
• Designated by Roman numerals from the most rostral to
the most caudal
• Either sensory or motor
AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

• The part of the nervous system that regulates activity in the


viscera and other structures not normally under voluntary
control
• These are the nerves that influence activity in the in the
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
• ANS is concerned with the dynamic process of regulating the
internal environment to meet the needs of the organism.
• Is anatomically and functionally divided into the sympathetic
and parasympathetic nervous system
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

• This division of the ANS prepares the animal to meet a


stress by producing a combination of physiologic changes
often called fight- or –flight response
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• This division of the ANS is the opposite of the SNS
• PNS acts to bring the organism to rest. Activities include
digestion and storage of fuel molecules
• Also called rest-and-digest response

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