Nervous System coordinating movement and

The Nervous system is a complex network balance.

of nerves and cells that carry messages to - play a role in cognitive
and from the brain and spinal cord to functions - language and
various parts of the body. attention.
Classified into 2:
a. Structural Classification C. Diencephalon
b. Functional Classification - acts as a primary relay and
processing center for
Structural Classification sensory information and
● Central Nervous System autonomic control
● Peripheral Nervous System - also called Interbrain

Under Peripheral:
● Sensory or Afferent division D. Midbrain
● Motor or Efferent Division - part of the Brainstem
- associated with vision,
The Central Nervous System hearing, motor control, sleep
- It is made up of the brain and spinal and wakefulness, arousal
cord. (alertness), and temperature
➔ Brain - an organ that serves as the regulation
center of the nervous system. • It is - contains visual and auditory
the most complex organ in a reflex centers
vertebrate's body
➔ 6 Important parts: E. Pons
➔ A. Cerebrum - bridge between various parts
➔ B. Cerebellum of the nervous system.
➔ C. Diencephalon - relays information from the
➔ D. Midbrain cerebrum to the cerebellum.
➔ E. Pons
➔ F. Medulla Oblongata F. Medulla Oblongata
- containing control centers for
A. Cerebrum: the heart and lungs
- The largest part of your brain - manages heart, circulation,
- Handles conscious thoughts and breathing
and actions.
- The most superior part of the CEREBRUM 4 DIVISION:
brain. 1. Frontal lobe
B. Cerebellum 2. Parietal Lobe
- responsible for coordinating 3. Occipital Lobe
voluntary movements. 4. Temporal Lobe
- which means “little brain,” is
a part of the brain involved in
 Frontal Lobe: Controls emotional
expression, problem-solving, Meninges
memory, language, judgment, and
personality. - refers to the membranous
Occipital Lobe: Manages visual coverings of the brain and
processing, depth perception, color spinal cord
determination, and object/face - Dura Mater – outermost
recognition. layer
Temporal Lobe: Involved in auditory - Arachnoid Mater-middle,
perception and processing sounds meningeal layer
into meaningful units like speech. - Pia Mater-innermost layer
Parietal Lobe: Handles sensation clings tightly to the surface of
and perception, and integrates the brain.
sensory input, particularly visual
Spinal Cord:
information.
● Long, tubular structure of nervous
tissue extending from the brainstem
PROTECTION OF THE CENTRAL to the lumbar region.
NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) ● Transmits nerve signals between the
Nervous Tissues are soft and motor cortex and body, and sensory
delicate, even slight pressure can neurons and sensory cortex.
injure the irreplaceable neurons. ● Coordinates reflexes and contains
reflex arcs for independent reflex
Nature tries to protect the brain and control.
spinal cord by enclosing them within
the bone (the skull and the vertebral
column). NERVE TISSUE
There are also 3 additional - composed of the:
protections for the CNS: 1. Neurons or nerve cells
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 2. Supporting Cells

● Clear, colorless fluid in the brain and THE NERVE

spinal cord. - is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of
● Cushions the brain and spinal cord fibers in the peripheral nervous
from mechanical force. system.
- provides a structured pathway that
Blood-Brain Barrier:
supports the electrochemical nerve
● Protects the CNS from toxins and impulses transmitted along each of
pathogens. the axons.
● Allows essential nutrients to reach - - its nerve cell is called the Neuron
the brain.
 3. Ependymal
4. Oligodendrocytes

NEURON Astrocytes:
- basic working unit of the nervous
system. ● Also known as astroglia; discovered
- designed to transmit information to by Karl Bergmann.
other nerve cells, muscle, or gland ● Provide nutrients to neurons and
cells maintain ion balance (sodium,
- cells within the nervous system that potassium, phosphate).
transmit information to other nerve
cells, muscle, or gland cells Microglia:
- Most neurons have a cell body, an
● Resident immune cells in the brain.
axon, and dendrites.
● Remove poorly communicating
neurons to ensure effective
PARTS OF A NEURON
information transfer.
1. Soma or Cell Body -
Soma or Cell Body - support the chemical Ependymal Cells:
processing of the neuron; the most
important of which is the production of ● Thin membrane lining the brain's
neurotransmitters ventricles and spinal cord.
2. Dendrite - - are appendages that are ● Secrete, circulate, and maintain
designed to receives communications from cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis.
other cells.
3. Axon - a long slender projection of a Oligodendrocytes:
nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts
electrical impulses away from the neuron's ● Wrap around CNS nerve fibers.
cell body or soma. ● Produce myelin sheath, which
4. Myelin Sheath - an insulating layer, or insulates nerve fibers.
sheath that forms around nerves, including
those in the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
5. Schwann Cell - play an essential role in
● Comprises parts of the nervous
the survival and functions of neurons
system outside the brain and spinal
cord.
● Includes cranial nerves, spinal
Supporting Cells
nerves, peripheral nerves, and
• Are lumped together as neuroglia or nerve
neuromuscular junctions.
glue
● Composed of 2 divisions:
• Also called glial cells
• Include many types of cells that support, 1. Cranial nerves
insulate and protect2 the delicate neurons.
• They are the following: I. Olfactory - smell
1. Astrocytes
2. Microglia II. Optic - vision
 III. Oculomotor – muscle function, gland activity, and relaxes sphincter
pupil response muscles in the gastrointestinal tract

IV. Trochlear – superior oblique Somatic Nervous System

muscle • is the part of the peripheral nervous
system associated with the voluntary control
V. Trigeminal – facial muscles of body movements via skeletal muscles.
• consists of afferent nerves or sensory
VI. Abducens – eye movement
nerves, and efferent nerves or motor nerve.
VII. Facial – facial expressions
Afferent or Sensory Nerves
VIII. Vestibulocochlear – hearing and • sensory neurons carrying nerve impulses
balance from sensory stimuli toward the central
nervous system and brain.
IX. Glossopharyngeal - taste • carry signals to the brain and spinal cord
as sensory data. Transmits sensory data
X. Vagus – throat muscles gathered from the skin, muscles, and joints
to the CNS.
XI. Spinal Accessory – neck muscles
Efferent or Motor Nerves
XII. Hypoglossal – tongue muscles
• Nerve fibers carry impulses away from the
2. Spinal nerves central nervous system.
• Carries information from the CNS to the
Autonomic Nervous System muscles and glands
• is the motor subdivision of the PNS
• a control system that acts largely
unconsciously and regulates bodily
functions, such as the heart rate, digestion,
respiratory rate, pupillary response,
urination, and sexual arousal.
Divided into 2:
1. Sympathetic Nervous System
- directs the body's rapid involuntary
response to dangerous or stressful
situations.
- A flash flood of hormones boosts
the body's alertness and heart rate,
sending extra blood to the muscles.
- The fight or flight response
mechanism
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System
- called the “rest and digest” system
- conserves energy as it slows the
heart rate, increases intestinal and