SUMMARY

LECTURE
❑ Subject - Physical Chemistry

❑ Chapter – SOLUTIONS

One Shot By- SUDHANSHU SIR

 Formula sheet of solutions
By Sudhanshu sir

Concentration Terms v/w mass fraction

① wi vlu wir
,
- ,
,
, ,

strength
-
,

L
volume traction more fraction
already
,
,
>
-

discussed in molarity molality and

mole Concept
⑦ ppm (parts per million)
1 million = 106 = massy A x106
(ppm)
-

total ro
6
A (mass by volume)
(ppm) A of A X10
Mass
=

(WIV)
mass total mass
by (wiw

(ppm) A =
-10
vof . A

By volume
(Vlvl total vol
⑬ (pasts per billion) I billion = 109

(PPb) A =
MA x , 09
massfA 109 X

(PPb) A
=

by mass
-

total mass total

cmass by volume)
(PPB)A volume
= vol of A X109 (iv)
By -
total not

② Morality o equivalents of solute

X vol
of solution (in 11
-

Des
unit =
equivalents/litre ilution/ concentration

Neg =
Umolxn-factor N ,
V, =
N2Vz

Normality =
Molarityxn-factor
Equivalent Molar mass Mixing
E
mass =
-

n-factor
 factor

L
L
① Atom
Valency
>
N

② Ions >
I chargel

③ salts I charge
>
- on
cation/anio/ W

④ Acids
of tion released
>
-
Basicity or no

⑤ Base >
-
Acidity or no ·

of option .
released

⑥ Oxidation >
- no ·

of ef lost

⑦ Reduction -
> no ·

of et gained
⑧ Redox ux-linc . in 0 . N = dec in O .
N
=
Equivalent
mass of an element is defined as mans of element
combines with Br
that 1
gofH/8g f0/35 gf C/Sogf .
5

or
108 g of Ag
of Equivalence
↳ w -
(no of equivalents)
=
(no ofequivalent)
·

Reactant products .

solubility
>
-
max . amount of solute that can be dissolved in

given solvent at given temperature and pressure

↳
a a .

#te present in less

quantity (less mass or moles)
↳ ①
Solvent present in more
quantity (more mass or moles)
solute
of solutions ① unsaturated solution - more can

Ibes -
given
↓
solvent at a

!
be added in a
given
temp be added
solute can
②wated
solution - no more

to a
given solvent
at a given temp

immesolute be
can
Supersaturated
-

>
in
addeda solution
#
solubility of
oide in
liquids-"like -
dissolves like
-

solute solvent

polar solute
Factors
Q nature of solute - covalent solute >
-

# dissolveinevent
- -

↓ I

-
Ionic Solute non-polar solute
- dissolves in non-polar solvent
Esolubility take place
/ Lattice energy/
14Mhydration"
when
>

② Nature of solvent-polar and non-polar

-

③ Irebure - No effect of pressur

& Temp
solubility of
it is endothermic
⑭ perature -
proces >
- solid in
liquid
↳ it proces is exotheric solubility of <
-
Tempo
solid in
liquid
#
solubility of Gas in
liquid
Gas solute +
liquid solvent- solution Galways
exothermic

Factors
-

↑
TC4 liquefaction of solubility ↑
① Nature
of gas
-

-
gas
↳ like dissolves like
&I
O Temperature
2 -

solubility of gas
in
Liquid -

Temp
in cold
-
Applications -
aquatic species
are more comfortable Water :

↳ low temp.
soft drinks are preferred at

③ Pressure Pressure
- solubility of goe in
liquid&
Henry's lawt
o
Contactthe of gas in
liquid P

Sp
solubility in terms fraction P & C = p = Kni
>
-
of mole ,

where
O Henry's
Ki = constant

in tems unit mit ge

>
-
solubility of Strength (8/9) S& P
[
,
= SP =
a

L
-
t
ge"atont
&

L
unit

-
=

Kil P

⑭solubility
R
N

in
solubility of gas Liquid <P XTC L ↓ & ↓
Temp kn
Limitations
of Henry's law
>
-
p-
>
-
not too
high

43
4 T too low
= not

gas donot react with liquid

with liquid
.

should not
dissociate/associate
gar
of Henry's law
Applications a low O2 at
high altitudes (anoxia
-
-

↳②

↳
bubbles of in
When
coming towards face
a
,
Ne
Blood Capillaries of Scuba divers => Bends
Scubakit
> 11 .
7 % He
-
,
32 1 .
%
Or, 56 2 %
. Me .

solubility of Liquid-liquid solutions

for pressure of liquid exeded by liquidaa

a

prese
-
~

↳ unit
↳ depends on
same
DIMF
as Pressure

voPCTemp x
③ Temp .
-

② B pt . .
B
pt/IMF
 V P does not depend volume , mass and surface
>
- -
on area .

log = trap
(t
-

F2)
2 303R
.

solution leads to
>
- addition of solute in a solvent to from a

decreas in solvent
vop of pure
-

solution Raoult's law

liquid-volatile liquid
-
volatile

savent Q
E ↓

solute Partial vapour presse

component in
of each

↓
sol
in solution
liquid-liquid
- P = up of is directly proportional
Pe = vo pof pure solute to its mole fraction

↑ of ① in solution in the
= v . P liquid phan
Pi = vo Pot pure solvent & at
Constant temp
 P, <R , P2XVz Ptotal = P, + P2

P
, = Pic ,
P2 = Pecz =
pic ,
+
pidz

if x,
=
Pi + uz (P2 pi)
-

= 0 it &2 = 0

u 1
P+ (Pi P2)
= =
nz = 1 ,
"
x, -

then Protal = P P total

then =
P, ·

-
p
pt of liquid
& => temp .
at which V P =
of
d to Protal
liquid equal
⑫Pest/Pole
becomes
-

external
pressure/atmospheric P2
pressure

ndard B pt
& . -
when V P . = I bar
Pl
W
Pc
Normal
&pt- when Vop =
1 atm
x, = 0 N= 1
Rz = 1 N2= 0
 Normal B pt . > Standard B .
pt
In Vapo phane more traction of Q
, =
Y ,
=
=

Ptotal + pi
more traction of Q =
92 = P2 = Puz
↓
-

Daltoris law of Partial Pressure Fin

Ptotal
,+ Pin

I
z

#
-

=>
+
B(g) > Non-reactive gases
PA
>
-
=
MARI =
MAXPtotal
↓ ↳ Raoult's law

Mi
law
Pi =
Pote Henry's
=
UX
Ptotal Paa da Pa X A
=
Pa + PB
Pa =
pa NA
Pa 11 CA
(A Mis) &T
= =
+
v

of Henry's
C
law
-gain Pig Xai
when
liquid
Pa Xca is so volatile that it behave
as
gas
Pi H =
 ②
↓Smix >0
*Gmix
&
Solutions (donot obey Raoult's law)
<O
Non-ideal solution &
Ideal solution
- --
↓
deviation Deviation
Raoult's law over Positive Negative
obey's -

entire range of composition

--
---------

N,
-
........
"F "
= 0
--------
--

...
R
,
= 1
--
-----------
---

x, = 0 R= 1
nz = 1 N2 = 0

n, = 1 R2 = 1 U2= P
n = 0

nz = 1 M2 = 0 P > Pich PT PUz P < Pir , Perr

,

P = Pin , P2 = Pznz Ptotal > Pin ,

+
PiRz Ptotal <Pic ,
+
PU
Protal = Pin , + Pic2
 Ideal positive deviation
solution-- Negative Deviation
>
-
0
T DHmx To (endo) >
- Xlmic <0 lex o
*H =
mix
xUmix > 0 * Umix < o
*
Vmix = o

>
- A A + B BI2A 1 A A A B BI2A 1
>
-
A B BI2A 1 >
-
-
- -
-
+ - -
-
+ - -

IMF IMF IMF

- -

A = B BXA B -
B B <A-B
A B-B) A-B A A or
-
-

A A
- -

or
-

examples
-
- Benzene + Tolvene examples
-
examples
-

22 Hg C Br 10 + alcohol aud
+ CzHz
-
-
H20 +
-
-

↑
-
Bu I -
[S2 +
CH,coctylacetore) >
- Acid + Base
T
-
+
L
O ⑧ >
-
alcohol +
non-polar solute -
C
CHU + CcoCty
Heptane Lot Urs
>
-
+ hexane <Clu + >
- aniline
chycocky +

(Clu +
sidy >
-
polar + non-polar
molecules
I molecules
& Hz -Br +
C2H5
 B pt mixtures
Azeotropes constant -

>
-
solutions composition in liquid phase is
in which

14
equal to composition in gaseous phase
.

Cannot be separated
by distillation
.

solutions having negative

types - maximum bopt azeotropes
-

-wo
- -
deviation from Raoult's
3 law
Minimum
- pt azeotropes solutions
-
having positive
deviation from Raouet's
Femax
HNOz + H20
↓-
.
B .

pt azeotropes law

d B .
pt =
125 .
°

5 C
32 %
68 %
reactivity nature

-
size , INF
Constitutional Properties
-
depends on , , e

>
-
independent of solute
↳ point Vapor preser
. Boiling print , freezing
eg ,
Colligative Properties -
depends only on number of solute particle
>
-
Four
-
colligative properties
(RLVB

[
Relative
1) Relative
lowering of Vapor Pressur
properties
>
-

2) elevation in boiling point (xTb)

3) Depression in
Freezing point (WTt)
absolut
property
>
-
u) Osmotic Pressure (a)

D Relative of P(RLVP)
lowering
=
r -
=

, 42
n +

For dilute solutions

-
↑

===
Valid
① nzn
only >
-
RLVP N2
,
M2
n+ n , n ,

②U =
very
less

IOW
③ XP =
very
O
2 elevation in
boiling point (XTb) Depression in freezing point
(xT+)

presolvent
- ahm

-
- solvent i " S
S
Pressure
Pressure
solution
we 7
"
DTb
I

&
S
solid
solvent i
I
solution

in
L
>

To "s "T /

Temp . I Temp
# Tb x
molality- XTb = KyXm
*
if &
molality A+ =
K XM

⑭ cryoscopic -

e
DTb
KAXWxo
=
Constant
KYxo
kb + molal b .

pt =

or
constant or

Limolal
↳ depends only
↳rateg
ebulliscopic constant - pt depression constant

solvent on solvent
depends only on

ko -

Strate
value
of ke
= s
 3
=> order of molality
same
but
topt of solution has
order of XTb/DT7 opposite order

orde
of Tb

⑨ smotic pressure (1) -

press we applied to stop Osmosis
A = CRT

=
↑ =
RT R

V2)
membrane
Osmosis
-- flow of
solvent particles only through seri permeable
d O pure solvent to solution
from

②
movement
no or
concentrationof
concentration of solvent
to low
solute ② high
of solvent
particles
or

③ low concentration of solute to

high concentration of
ur
solute

④ lowe Osmotic pressure to higher osmotic pressure

.
 Osmotic pressure of mixture (Amix) =
MV + AzVz
or Vi + V
# mix = Cmix RT
where mix = eva
v + Vz
-,
1 A2 eisotonic solution

-
=
Reverse Osmosis
-
>
-
flow of solvent

bused
⑰ 7
hypotonic solution
Fau place
Y
opposite to Osmosis
↓ when applied Pressure

Hypertonic is
greate
than Osmotic Pressure
.

solution
widely in desalination of water
-
method is sea

- Osmotic pressure used in

determining man
of Biomolewh
-
↳
,
polymer protein
,

it's magnitude is large

-
smosis examples ① Raw mango pickles ④ preservation of meat
-

② wilted flowers
⑤
- Edema pottiness of cells
③ limp carrot & we to Osmos is
# hoff factor (i)
I
don't -
+
for non-electrolytes
↳
appie
for
wear electrolytes
Strong electrolytes

I
-
-

less than 100 y association

100
%
dissociation/association
- .

dissociation
Degree - ⑮
E
-

L
+ 1
dissociation/association

isation
dissociation
. where of
#
-
-
no

particles
dissociated Fraction
of particles
sociation
no

E
parich-1
+
i
↳
=
whe
undergoing
dissociatio

activ
i = no
-
of particles after dissociation/anociation
no
of particles before dissociation/association
i = Normal Molar mas
-

Abnormal Molar mass

value
i =
observed/experimental
-
colligative property
calculated colligative
property value

Dissociation - is I
-

. *
An-nAsstrung electrolyte O
i ,
then = m

electrolyte then -
! ↳ week
(n 1) i = 1 + -

X
Mnormal >
Mabnormal
#2 i
= - 1
-

(n -
1)
sociation
- ic

An -stugeletwrite Ef
.

↳
electrolytes
#
weak
i= 1
(t 1)x
+
-

*
dissociation
Koty cool in
H20 >
-

polar) (i) 1)
(polar)
in Benzene association
GH5 Cook
-

(non-polar) (i < 1)
(polar)
For
ectrolytes For
non-electrolytes

* i
=
=
=

i Kym
ikbWX XTy M
BYxo
=
*Tb =
= = -

* ikym ikfYx T KfM

KYXo
= =
= =

i
iCRT
UX
= =
A = CRT =

(mil