FINAL PROJECT

Danna Soto
Teacher: Yoselin Valn
23/03/2024
 introduction
what is grammar?

Grammar is the set of rules that govern the structure of a language, including its
syntax (sentence structure), morphology (word formation), semantics (meaning),
and phonology (sound system). Essentially, grammar provides the framework for
how words are organized into phrases, clauses, and sentences to convey meaning
in a coherent and understandable way.

There are two main components of grammar:

1. **Syntax**: Syntax deals with the arrangement of words and phrases to create
well-formed sentences. It includes rules for word order, sentence structure, and
punctuation. Syntax determines how words are combined to form meaningful
sentences and how those sentences are structured.

2. **Morphology**: Morphology focuses on the structure of words themselves,

including how they are formed, their internal structure, and how they can be
modified. It involves understanding the different forms of words (e.g., tense,
plurality, comparative and superlative forms) and how they are created through
processes like affixation, compounding, and derivation.

Grammar varies between languages, with different languages having different

rules and structures governing their use. While some aspects of grammar are
universal, others are specific to particular languages. Learning and
understanding the grammar of a language is crucial for effective communication,
as it allows speakers and writers to convey their intended meaning accurately
and clearly.
 index
01. introduction
02. Grammar 1
03.Grammar 2
04.Grammar 3
05.Grammar 5
06. Grammar 6
07. Grammar 8
08. Grammar 9
09.Grammar 11
10.Grammar 12
 Grammar 1
grammar: simple past vs present continuous.

simple present -----> we use the simple present tense to talk about habits and thigs
that are generally true.
example:
I eat salad
she cooks beans with cheese
we have pancakes for brakfast every day
they bake a coke

statement: Add- S or -ES

when the pronoun is third- person singular ( he, she, it).

subject + verb/ base/ form+ s

Negative: use doesn¨t form the third person singular ( he, she, it) and don´t for
others.

question: we use does for the third person singular and do for the others.

Present continuous: use the present continuous to talk about actions and events
thet are happening now.

example:
I am eating salad
she is cooking beans with cheese now
we are having pancakes for brakfast
they are baking a cake

the present continuous is mde from the present tense of the verb be and the -ing
form of a verb.
I am working
You are playing
He is talking
She is living
It is eating
We are staying
They are sleeping
 Grammar 1
grammar: simple past vs present continuous.

The simple past tense is used to describe an action that has been completed at a
specific point in the past. It typically consists of a subject followed by a past tense
verb.

Example:
- She walked to the store yesterday.

The present continuous tense is used to describe an action that is happening at the
moment of speaking or is currently in progress. It consists of a subject followed by a
form of "to be" (am, is, are) and a present participle (-ing form) of the verb.

Example:
- She is walking to the store right now.

To compare the two tenses:

Simple Past:
- Describes actions completed in the past.
- Uses past tense verbs.
- Usually used with time expressions indicating a specific point in the past (e.g.,
yesterday, last week, two days ago).

Present Continuous:
- Describes actions happening at the moment of speaking or currently in progress.
- Uses the present participle (verb + -ing).
- Often used with time expressions indicating the present moment (e.g., right now, at
the moment).

Here's a side-by-side example:

Simple Past:
- Yesterday, she walked to the store.

Present Continuous:
- She is walking to the store right now.
 Grammar 2
grammar: simple past tense.

the simple past tense, in English, is used to represent an action/ event that took
place in the past. with many verbs, the simple past tense is formed by adding and
¨ed¨or a ¨d¨ to the end of the base verb.
example:
we learned how to make sushi yesterday.
too much rain fell last december.
I ate shrimps for the first time in 2010.

some verbs are regular in the simple past tense. they have an -ed ending.

some verbs are irregular in the simple past tense. they have many different forms .

regular:
learn- learned
want- wanted
play- played
arrive- arrived
travel- traveled
need- needed
show- showed
help- helped

irregular:
see- saw
eat- ate
drink- drank
take- took
fall- fell
try- tried
meet- met
be- was
go- went
sent - sent
give- gave
 Grammar 2
grammar: simple past tense.

The simple past tense is used to describe actions that were completed in the past. In
English grammar, regular verbs form the simple past tense by adding "-ed" to the
base form of the verb. Irregular verbs, however, have unique past tense forms.
Here's the basic structure of a sentence in the simple past tense:
affirmative:
subject + verb in past + complement
negative:
subject + did + not + infinitive verb + complement
interrogative:
did + subject + infinitive verb + complement + ?

example:
Danna worked yesterday.

Danna didn´t work yesterday.

did Danna work yesterday?

 Grammar 3
grammar: present perfect tense

the present perfect tense is formed fromed from the present tense of the verb
have and the ast participle of the verb.

subject + have/ has ( not) + past participle.

we use the present perfect tense:

to talk about something that started in the past and continues now.
to talk about something that happened sveral times in the past.
to talk about something in the past that is connected with the present.

example:
they have been marned for nearly 50 years she has seen that movie before.

have:
I have
You have
We have
They have
contraction:
I´ve
You´ ve
We´ve
They´ve
has:
She has
He has
It has
contraction:
She´s
He´s
It´s
 Grammar 3
grammar: present perfect tense

The present perfect tense is used to express actions that happened at an indefinite
time in the past, or actions that started in the past and continue into the present. It
is formed using the present tense of the auxiliary verb "have" (or "has" for third
person singular subjects) followed by the past participle of the main verb.

affirmative:
subject + to have + past participle

negative:
subject + to have + not + past participle

interrogative:
to have + subject + past participle + ?

example:
I have finished my homework

she has not written a letter

have i finished my homework?

has she written my homework?

In these examples, "have finished" and "has written" are in the

present perfect tense, indicating actions that have been completed
at an unspecified time in the past, but their effects are relevant to
the present moment
 Grammar 5
grammar: future simple tense

the future simple is a verb used to express actions that will occur in the future. we
form it with the auxiliary verb will.
it is used to express tings that are expected to happen in the future such as
predictions and intentions.

we normally use will to speak about the future. it u¿is always combined with
another verb.

1. it does not change in the third person ( he, she , it).

2. it is always combined with another verb in the base form.
3. we do not use it with do in questions or negative.

contractions:
it is possibleto use contractions in both positive or negative sentences.
with positive contractions will become ´ll and is joined to the subject.

positive contractions:
I will - I´ll
You will - You´ll
He will - He ´ll
she will - she ´ll
it will - it´ ll
We will - we ´ll
they will - they ´ll

negative contraction will not become won´t:

i will not - i won´t

you will not - you won´t
he will not - he won´t
she will not - she won´t
it will not - it won´t
we will not - we won´t
they will not - they won´t
 Grammar 5
grammar: future simple tense

The future simple tense, also known as the simple future tense, is used to describe
actions or events that will happen at a specific time in the future. In English
grammar, it's typically formed using the modal verb "will" followed by the base
form of the main verb.

affirmative:

subject + will + verb base form

negative:

subject + will + not + verb base form

interrogative:

will + subject + verb base form + complement + ?

example:

I will go to the party tomorrow

she will not study for the exam next week

will i go to the party tomorrow?

will she study for the exam next week?

In these examples, "will go" and "will study" express actions that are
expected to happen in the future. The use of "will" indicates the
future tense, and the base form of the verb follows it without any
additional conjugation.
 Grammar 6
grammar: will + time clauses

i´ll look at the neighborhood carefully before i choose a new apartment.

before i choose a new apartament, i´ll look at the neighborhood carefully.
i´ll meet my neighbors after i move into my new apartament.
after i move into my new apartment, i´ll meet my neighbors.

a time clause tells when something happens, use before or after at the
beginning of a time clause.
in a sentence with will, use the simple present tense in the time cluse.
the time cluse can come first or second in the sentence. if the time cluse is first,
it is followed by a comma.

what is a time clause?

time clauses are preceded by adverbs or adverb phrases which show that they
represented a time.
examples of these adverbs or phrases are:
when, before, after, as soon as, until.

a time clauses shows that on event will happen at a certain time. athough they
have a subject, verb and object, these clauses simply point to a time, similar to
saying “at 7 o´clock”.

we use the present tense to talk about future times:

the future tense is used in the main clause.
the present simple tense is used in the time clause.
when two clauses are joined by adverbs of time or adverb phrases, the future
form should not be repeated.

the clauses with references to the future can also be introduced by other
expressions such as:

once, immediatly, the moment, the minute, the day.

 Grammar 6
grammar: future simple tense

n English grammar, "will" can be used in time clauses to express future actions or
events that are dependent on certain conditions or time frames. These time
clauses typically begin with conjunctions or adverbs that indicate time, such as
"when," "as soon as," "before," "after," "while," "until," etc.
Here's the grammar structure:

When + subject + will + base form of the verb: This structure is used when the
action in the main clause will happen immediately after the action in the
time clause.
Example:

When she arrives, I will start cooking dinner.

As soon as + subject + will + base form of the verb: This structure is used to
express that the action in the main clause will happen immediately after the
action in the time clause.
Example:

As soon as they finish their homework, they will watch TV.

Before/After + subject + will + base form of the verb: These structures are
used to indicate that the action in the main clause will happen before or
after the action in the time clause.
Examples:

Before she leaves, I will give her the book.

After he finishes his work, he will go for a walk.
While + subject + will + base form of the verb: This structure is used to
express that two actions will happen simultaneously.
Example:

While they study, I will be cooking dinner.

Until + subject + will + base form of the verb: This structure is used to
indicate that an action will continue until a specified time or event.
Example:

I will wait here until she arrives.

These structures allow for the coordination of actions or events in time
clauses with those in the main clause, providing clarity about the timing and
sequencing of events in the future.
 Grammar 8
grammar: infinitive of purpose

it is used to show purpose or intention. infinitives are used to explain why someone
is doing something often replaicing the phrase in order to. in this case, they act as
adverbs to describe the main verb.

the infinitive of purpose give a rason you can drink tea with honey
for doing something. to help the sore throat.

form an infinitive with to + the simple i use sun screen to protect

or base form of the verb my skin.

in order to + base form of a verb is also Maty took an aspirin in orden

a way to express the infinitive of purpose to lower her fever.

use a comma after the infinitive of to stop hiccups,

purpose when it begins a sentence i drink a glass of water.

We can only use the infinitive of purpose if the subject of the main verb and the
infinitive of purpose are the same. If they are different, we use 'so that + clause' or
'in order that + clause'. I went to the library to study. (I went to the library and I
studied - the subject are both 'I'.)
 Grammar 8
grammar: infinitive of purpose

The infinitive of purpose is used to express the intention or purpose behind an

action. It is formed using the base form of the verb (the infinitive) preceded by "to"
or "in order to."

Here's the basic structure:

[Subject +] To/In order to + Verb (base form) + [rest of the sentence]

The subject may or may not be explicitly mentioned, depending on the context.
Here are some examples:

1. **To express purpose:**

- He went to the store to buy some groceries.
- She is learning French in order to travel to France next year.
- They work hard to achieve their goals.

2. **Infinitive phrases as adverbial clauses of purpose:**

- She woke up early in order to catch the first train.
- He went to the gym to work out.

In these examples, the infinitive phrases "to buy some groceries," "to travel to
France next year," "to achieve their goals," "to catch the first train," and "to work
out" all indicate the purpose or intention behind the actions described in the
sentences.

example:
to help them fall asleep - give children warm milk
to cure a headche - take a nap
to get enough vitamins in your diet - eat fruit and vegetables
 Grammar 9
grammar: past continuous vs simple past
the past continuous and the simple past help us to show how two past actions or
situations are connected.
past continuous:
the past continuous shows us that the action was already in progress. at a certain
time in the past.

we make the past continuous with was or were and the -ing form of the verb.

examples:
she couldn´t come to the party. she was working.
three years ago, we were living in my hometown.
i tried togive him some advice, but he wasn´t listening.
what were you doing this time last year?

simple past:
the simple past shows us that an action was inthe past, not in the present. regular
past verbs have -ed at the end ( ex. called, played, arrived). irregular verbs have a
different form, usually with a different form, usually with a different vowel sound
(ex. wake - woke, break - broke, feel - felt).
use the simple past with the past continuous to talk about a past event that
interrupted something already in progress ( we were practicing the play when
the light went out).

use a time clause with when for the action in the simple past and while for the
action in the past continuous tense. ( it was raining very hard when they arrived
at the village. Romy got a text message while she was talking with her
professor).

use a comma after a time clause when it begins a sentence. ( while tim was
writing his research paper, the computer stopped working).
 Grammar 9
grammar: past continuous vs simple past
Here's a list of both irregular and regular verbs, along with examples of their usage in both the past
continuous and simple past tenses:

**Irregular Verbs:**

1. **Go**
- Past Continuous: I was going to the store when it started raining.
- Simple Past: I went to the store yesterday.

2. **Eat**
- Past Continuous: She was eating lunch when the phone rang.
- Simple Past: She ate lunch at noon.

3. **Come**
- Past Continuous: They were coming to the party when I saw them.
- Simple Past: They came to the party last night.

4. **See**
- Past Continuous: He was seeing a movie when I called him.
- Simple Past: He saw the movie last week.

5. **Drink**
- Past Continuous: We were drinking coffee when the power went out.
- Simple Past: We drank coffee together yesterday.

**Regular Verbs:**

1. **Work**
- Past Continuous: She was working on her project all night.
- Simple Past: She worked hard yesterday.

2. **Play**
- Past Continuous: They were playing basketball when it started raining.
- Simple Past: They played basketball yesterday.

3. **Walk**
- Past Continuous: He was walking home when he saw the accident.
- Simple Past: He walked to school every day.

4. **Talk**
- Past Continuous: We were talking on the phone when the call got disconnected.
- Simple Past: We talked about our plans yesterday.

5. **Jump**
- Past Continuous: The kids were jumping on the bed before bedtime.
- Simple Past: They jumped with joy when they heard the news.

In these examples, you can see how both irregular and regular verbs are used in both the past continuous
and simple past tenses to describe actions that occurred in the past.
 Grammar 11
grammar: present perfect tense

use the present perfect to talk about actions which:

1. began in the past and continue until the present.
2. happened at an indefinite past time and which have an impact on the ´present.
3. happened repeatedly in the past.

1. he has loved music since he was a baby. ( he still loves music now.)
2. Tim has traveled alone before, so he´s not nervous about his trip to india. Ken
and Takako have moved three times.

use the simple past for completed action or situation at a specific past time.

1. we have bought our house in 2011.

2. we bought our house in 2011.

the signal words ever, never, already, and yet are often used with the present
perfect.

1. has Justin graduated already?

2. no, he hasn´t graduated yet?

use the present perfect with for to talk about how long something has been true.

1. simone has had gray hair for ten years. ( that´s how long)

use the present perfect with since to talk about when a situation began.

1. she has known her best friend since 2004. ( that´s when they met).
 Grammar 11
grammar: present perfect tense

The present perfect tense is a grammatical tense used to describe actions or events
that have a connection to the present moment, either because they occurred at an
unspecified time in the past or because their effects continue into the present. It's
formed by using the auxiliary verb "have" (or "has" for third person singular
subjects) followed by the past participle of the main verb.
Here's the basic structure:

[Subject] + [Have/Has] + [Past Participle]

Example sentences:

I have finished my homework.

"I" is the subject, "have" is the auxiliary verb, and "finished" is the past participle of
"finish."
She has traveled to many countries.

"She" is the subject, "has" is the auxiliary verb, and "traveled" is the past participle
of "travel."
They have lived in this neighborhood for ten years.

"They" is the subject, "have" is the auxiliary verb, and "lived" is the past participle of
"live."
He has forgotten his keys.

"He" is the subject, "has" is the auxiliary verb, and "forgotten" is the past participle
of "forget."
The present perfect tense is often used in the following situations:

To talk about experiences or actions that happened at an unspecified time in the

past.
To talk about actions that started in the past and continue into the present.
To talk about actions that have just been completed, especially when the result is
important in the present.
It's important to note that the time frame of the action is not specified in the
present perfect tense, unlike the simple past tense, which indicates actions that
happened at a specific time in the past.
 Grammar 12
grammar: how + adjective or adverb
adjectives give information about nouns lenora is very mature. how
use how + adjective to ask a question. mature is she?
about a descriptive adjective. she´s mature enough to
babysit my soon.

adverbs give information about verbs. i learn quickly. how quickly

use how + adverb to ask a question about do you learn?
and adverb. i learned to ride to ride a
bicycle in one day!

HOW is an adverb which has many possibilities. First, it can modify the
meaning of several sorts of words. Today, we'll learn the different meanings it
can have when it modifies an adjective, or an adverb. How old

Used with an adjective or an adverb, HOW can introduce an exclamative form

('How tired you are!') or an interrogative form : 'How tired are you?' Of course,
the order of the words (subject + verb or verb subject ) is then what will guide
you
These questions ask for clarification of the degree of the adverb or adjective. A
common example that you have already learned is How old are you? Note that with
adverbs, this type of question is used with adverbs of manner (well, badly, etc.) and
time (late, early) but not with other types of adverbs.

Use "how" to ask questions about descriptions with adverbs and adjectives.
Adverbs act as modifiers. An adverb is a word that is used with a verb to
expand its meaning.

Note: Many adverbs end in “-ly”. If you are not sure of the part of speech
a word would be, and it ends with “-ly”, it is probably an adverb.
She drives fast.
How fast does she drive
Bob walks slowly.
How slowly does Bob walk?
I eat dinner quickly on Tuesday nights.
How quickly do you eat your dinner on Tuesday nights?

The did their math homework cheerfully.

How cheerfully did they do their math homework?
 Grammar 12
grammar: how + adjective or adverb

When "how" is used before an adjective or adverb, it is often used to ask about the
degree or manner of something. The structure is as follows:

How + Adjective/Adverb

Example sentences:

How + Adjective:

How tall is the building?

How difficult was the test?
How beautiful is the painting?
How + Adverb:

How quickly can you finish the project?

How well did she perform in the competition?
How loudly does the music play?
In these examples, "how" is followed directly by the adjective or adverb, and
together they form a question about the extent or manner of something. The
response typically provides information about the degree or manner being asked
about.
 conclusion

I learned about the types of structure that each grammar has, as well as how to
make a sentence according to the structure of each of them.
I know I'm going to forget them but if I review them I'll remember each one of
them.
If I have to make a negative, positive or question sentence, I know I will be able to
do it with the help of the information I learned.
I also learned how to identify a verb as regular or irregular, simply observe how
they change in the simple past and the past participle. If they follow a specific rule
(add "-ed" for the past simple and past participle), they are regular. If they have
unique shapes that do not follow a rule, they are irregular. Practice and constant
exposure to English verbs will help you become familiar with them and recognize
their conjugation.
Each area of ​grammar provides a deeper understanding of how the language works
and helps you communicate accurately and clearly. By mastering these concepts,
you can improve your ability to speak, write, and understand the language fluently.
In conclusion, the study of grammar is essential to understanding and using a
language effectively. By learning grammar, we acquire the tools necessary to
construct sentences correctly, express ideas clearly, and communicate accurately.
Grammar helps us understand how words and structures work within a language,
allowing us to form coherent sentences and understand the meaning of what we
read and hear.
Furthermore, mastery of grammar gives us the confidence necessary to
communicate fluently and naturally in everyday and formal situations. It allows us
to express our ideas and opinions clearly and convincingly, whether in informal
conversations, academic writing or professional communication.
While it may be challenging at first, the study of grammar is a valuable investment
in our linguistic development. As we gain grammatical knowledge, we become more
competent and confident communicators of the language. Therefore, devoting time
and effort to the study of grammar is essential to achieving fluency and proficiency
in any language.