HT Series™

MTX Series™
PRO Series™
Professional Series
Two-Way Portable Radios

Detailed Service Manual

Foreword
The information contained in this manual relates to all models of the Professional Series two-way portable radios, unless
otherwise specified. This manual provides sufficient information to enable qualified service shop technicians to
troubleshoot and repair portable radios to the component level.
For details on the level 1 or 2 maintenance procedures, refer to the applicable manuals, which are available separately. A
list of publications is provided in this manual in the section, "1.3 Related Documents" on page 1-2.

Product Safety and RF Exposure Compliance

Before using this product, read the operating instructions

! for safe usage contained in the Product Safety and RF
Caution Exposure booklet enclosed with your radio.

ATTENTION!
This radio is restricted to occupational use only to satisfy FCC RF energy exposure requirements.
Before using this product, read the RF energy awareness information and operating instructions in
the Product Safety and RF Exposure booklet enclosed with your radio (Motorola Publication part
number 6881095C98) to ensure compliance with RF energy exposure limits.
For a list of Motorola-approved antennas, batteries, and other accessories, visit the following web site
which lists approved accessories: http://www.motorola.com/cgiss/index.shtml

Manual Revisions
Changes which occur after this manual is printed are described in FMRs (Florida Manual Revisions). These FMRs provide
complete replacement pages for all added, changed, and deleted items, including pertinent parts list data, schematics,
and component layout diagrams.

Computer Software Copyrights

The Motorola products described in this manual may include copyrighted Motorola computer programs stored in
semiconductor memories or other media. Laws in the United States and other countries preserve for Motorola certain
exclusive rights for copyrighted computer programs, including, but not limited to, the exclusive right to copy or reproduce
in any form the copyrighted computer program. Accordingly, any copyrighted Motorola computer programs contained in
the Motorola products described in this manual may not be copied, reproduced, modified, reverse-engineered, or
distributed in any manner without the express written permission of Motorola. Furthermore, the purchase of Motorola
products shall not be deemed to grant either directly or by implication, estoppel, or otherwise, any license under the
copyrights, patents or patent applications of Motorola, except for the normal non-exclusive license to use that arises by
operation of law in the sale of a product.

Document Copyrights
No duplication or distribution of this document or any portion thereof shall take place without the express written
permission of Motorola. No part of this manual may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose without the express written permission of Motorola.

Disclaimer
The information in this document is carefully examined, and is believed to be entirely reliable. However, no responsibility is
assumed for inaccuracies. Furthermore, Motorola reserves the right to make changes to any products herein to improve
readability, function, or design. Motorola does not assume any liability arising out of the applications or use of any product
or circuit described herein; nor does it cover any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others.

Trademarks
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other products or service
names are the property of their respective owners.
© Motorola, Inc. 2002.
Table of Contents iii

Table of Contents

Foreword .................................................................................................. ii
Product Safety and RF Exposure Compliance...........................................................................ii
Manual Revisions .......................................................................................................................ii
Computer Software Copyrights ..................................................................................................ii
Document Copyrights.................................................................................................................ii
Disclaimer...................................................................................................................................ii
Trademarks ................................................................................................................................ii

List of Figures ............................................................................................ vii

Intrinsically Safe Radio Information .......................................................... xi

FMRC Approved Equipment .....................................................................................................xi
Repair of FMRC Approved Products........................................................................................ xii
Repair .............................................................................................................................xii
Relabeling ....................................................................................................................... xii
Do Not Substitute Options or Accessories .............................................................................. xiii

Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................1-1

1.1 Scope of Manual ........................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Warranty and Service Support...................................................................................... 1-1
1.2.1 Warranty Period ............................................................................................... 1-1
1.2.2 Return Instructions........................................................................................... 1-1
1.2.3 After Warranty Period ...................................................................................... 1-1
1.3 Related Documents ...................................................................................................... 1-2
1.4 Technical Support ......................................................................................................... 1-2
1.4.1 Piece Parts Availability..................................................................................... 1-2
1.5 Radio Model Chart and Specifications.......................................................................... 1-3
1.6 Radio Model Information............................................................................................... 1-3

Chapter 2 Theory of Operation...........................................................2-1

2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 Radio Power Distribution .............................................................................................. 2-1
2.3 Keypad.......................................................................................................................... 2-2
2.4 Controller Board............................................................................................................ 2-3
2.4.1 MCU Digital...................................................................................................... 2-3
2.4.2 Real Time Clock............................................................................................... 2-4
2.4.3 Circuit Description ............................................................................................ 2-4
2.4.4 MODB/VSTBY Supply ..................................................................................... 2-4
2.4.5 Audio/Signaling ................................................................................................ 2-5
2.5 UHF Transmitter ........................................................................................................... 2-5
2.5.1 Power Amplifier (PA)........................................................................................ 2-5
iv Table of Contents

2.5.2 Antenna Switch................................................................................................ 2-6

2.5.3 Harmonic Filter ................................................................................................ 2-6
2.5.4 Antenna Matching Network.............................................................................. 2-6
2.5.5 Power Control Integrated Circuit (PCIC).......................................................... 2-6
2.5.6 Temperature Cut Back Circuit ......................................................................... 2-6
2.6 UHF Receiver ............................................................................................................... 2-6
2.6.1 Receiver Front-End.......................................................................................... 2-7
2.6.2 Receiver Back-End .......................................................................................... 2-8
2.6.3 Automatic Gain Control (AGC) ........................................................................ 2-8
2.6.4 Frequency Generation Circuit.......................................................................... 2-9
2.7 Synthesizer ................................................................................................................... 2-9
2.8 Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO)................................................................................ 2-10
2.9 VHF Transmitter ......................................................................................................... 2-12
2.9.1 Power Amplifier.............................................................................................. 2-12
2.9.2 Antenna Switch.............................................................................................. 2-12
2.9.3 Harmonic Filter .............................................................................................. 2-13
2.9.4 Antenna Matching Network............................................................................ 2-13
2.9.5 Power Control Integrated Circuit (PCIC)........................................................ 2-13
2.10 VHF Receiver ............................................................................................................. 2-13
2.10.1 Receiver Front-End........................................................................................ 2-14
2.10.2 Receiver Back-End ........................................................................................ 2-14
2.10.3 Automatic Gain Control (AGC) ...................................................................... 2-15
2.10.4 Frequency Generation Circuit........................................................................ 2-15
2.11 Synthesizer ................................................................................................................. 2-16
2.12 Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO)................................................................................ 2-17
2.13 Low Band Transmitter................................................................................................. 2-19
2.13.1 Power Amplifier (PA) ..................................................................................... 2-19
2.13.2 Antenna Switch.............................................................................................. 2-20
2.13.3 Harmonic Filter .............................................................................................. 2-20
2.13.4 Antenna Matching Transformer ..................................................................... 2-20
2.13.5 Power Control Integrated Circuit (PCIC)........................................................ 2-20
2.13.6 Temperature Cut Back Circuit ....................................................................... 2-20
2.13.7 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Protection Circuit........................................... 2-20
2.14 Low Band Receiver..................................................................................................... 2-20
2.14.1 Receiver Front-End........................................................................................ 2-21
2.14.2 Receiver Back-End ........................................................................................ 2-22
2.14.3 Automatic Gain Control (AGC) ...................................................................... 2-22
2.14.4 Frequency Generation Circuit........................................................................ 2-22
2.15 Synthesizer ................................................................................................................. 2-23
2.16 Voltage Control Oscillators (VCO) .............................................................................. 2-24
2.16.1 Receive VCO ................................................................................................. 2-24
2.16.2 Transmit VCO ................................................................................................ 2-24
2.16.3 Buffer ............................................................................................................. 2-24
2.16.4 Diplexer/Output Filters ................................................................................... 2-25
2.16.5 Prescalar Feedback....................................................................................... 2-25
2.17 800 MHz Transmitter .................................................................................................. 2-25
Table of Contents v

2.17.1 Power Amplifier.............................................................................................. 2-25

2.17.2 Antenna Switch .............................................................................................. 2-26
2.17.3 Harmonic Filter............................................................................................... 2-26
2.17.4 Power Control Integrated Circuit (PCIC)........................................................ 2-26
2.18 800 MHz Receiver ...................................................................................................... 2-27
2.18.1 Receiver Front-End........................................................................................ 2-27
2.18.2 Receiver Back-End ........................................................................................ 2-28
2.18.3 Automatic Gain Control Circuit....................................................................... 2-28
2.18.4 Frequency Generation Circuit ........................................................................ 2-29
2.19 Synthesizer ................................................................................................................. 2-30
2.19.1 Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO) ................................................................... 2-32
2.20 Trunked Radio Systems.............................................................................................. 2-33
2.20.1 Privacy Plus Trunked Systems ...................................................................... 2-33
2.20.2 LTR™ Trunked Systems................................................................................ 2-33
2.20.3 MPT Trunked Systems .................................................................................. 2-33
2.20.4 PassPort™ Trunked Systems ........................................................................ 2-34
2.20.4.1 Power Supplies..................................................................................... 2-34
2.20.4.2 Microcontroller (MCU) .......................................................................... 2-34
2.20.4.3 Low Speed Data Filter .......................................................................... 2-34
2.20.4.4 Keyboard Circuit ................................................................................... 2-34
2.20.4.5 BackLight Driver and LED's.................................................................. 2-35
2.20.4.6 Voice Storage ....................................................................................... 2-35
2.21 900 MHz Transmitter .................................................................................................. 2-35
2.21.1 Power Amplifier.............................................................................................. 2-36
2.21.2 Antenna Switch .............................................................................................. 2-36
2.21.3 Harmonic Filter............................................................................................... 2-36
2.21.4 Power Control Integrated Circuit (PCIC)........................................................ 2-36
2.22 900 MHz Receiver ...................................................................................................... 2-37
2.22.1 Receiver Front-End........................................................................................ 2-37
2.22.2 Receiver Back-End ........................................................................................ 2-38
2.22.3 Hear Clear IC ................................................................................................. 2-38
2.22.3.1 Receive Path for Radios with Hear Clear ............................................. 2-39
2.22.3.2 Hear Clear Routing of Data/Signaling .................................................. 2-39
2.22.4 Automatic Gain Control Circuit....................................................................... 2-39
2.23 Frequency Generation Circuitry .................................................................................. 2-40
2.24 900 MHz Synthesizer.................................................................................................. 2-41
2.25 900 MHz Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO)................................................................. 2-43

Chapter 3 Maintenance .......................................................................3-1

3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 Preventive Maintenance ............................................................................................... 3-1
3.3 Inspection...................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.3.1 Cleaning........................................................................................................... 3-1
3.4 Safe Handling of CMOS and LDMOS........................................................................... 3-2
3.5 General Repair Procedures and Techniques................................................................ 3-2
3.6 Recommended Test Tools............................................................................................ 3-4
vi Table of Contents

3.7 Replacing the Circuit Board Fuse ................................................................................. 3-5

3.8 Removing and Reinstalling the Circuit Board ............................................................... 3-7
3.9 Power Up Self-Test Error Codes .................................................................................. 3-7
3.10 UHF Troubleshooting Charts ........................................................................................ 3-9
3.11 VHF Troubleshooting Charts ...................................................................................... 3-15
3.12 Low Band Troubleshooting Charts ............................................................................. 3-21
3.13 800 MHz Troubleshooting Charts ............................................................................... 3-27
3.14 PassPort Trunking Troubleshooting Chart.................................................................. 3-33
3.15 Keypad Troubleshooting Chart ................................................................................... 3-34
3.16 900 MHz Troubleshooting Charts ............................................................................... 3-35

Chapter 4 Schematic Diagrams, Overlays, and Parts Lists.............4-1

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 Notes For All Schematics and Circuit Boards.................................................. 4-1
4.2 Flex Layout ................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.1 Keypad-Controller Interconnect Flex Schematic ............................................. 4-3
4.2.2 Keypad-Controller Interconnect Flex Parts List ............................................... 4-3
4.2.3 Universal Flex Connector ............................................................................... 4-4
4.2.4 Universal Connector Flex Schematic............................................................... 4-5
4.2.5 Universal Flex Connector Parts List ................................................................ 4-5
4.3 Keypad Top and Bottom Overlays................................................................................ 4-6
4.4 Keypad Board Section .................................................................................................. 4-7
4.5 Controller Section ....................................................................................................... 4-13
4.6 UHF Section ............................................................................................................... 4-21
4.7 VHF Section................................................................................................................ 4-77
4.8 Low Band Section..................................................................................................... 4-117
4.9 800 MHz Section ...................................................................................................... 4-133
4.10 PassPort Section ...................................................................................................... 4-153
4.11 900 MHz Section ...................................................................................................... 4-155

Appendix A Replacement Parts Ordering............................................ A-1

A.1 Basic Ordering Information ........................................................................................... A-1
A.2 Transceiver Board and VOCON Board Ordering Information....................................... A-1
A.3 Motorola Online ............................................................................................................A-1
A.4 Mail Orders ................................................................................................................... A-1
A.5 Telephone Orders......................................................................................................... A-2
A.6 Fax Orders.................................................................................................................... A-2
A.7 Parts Identification ........................................................................................................ A-2
A.8 Product Customer Service............................................................................................ A-2
List of Figures vii

List of Figures

Figure 2-1. DC Power Distribution Block Diagram ...................................................................... 2-1

Figure 2-2. Keypad Block Diagram ............................................................................................. 2-2
Figure 2-3. Controller Block Diagram .......................................................................................... 2-3
Figure 2-4. RTC Circuit ............................................................................................................... 2-4
Figure 2-5. UHF Transmitter Block Diagram ............................................................................... 2-5
Figure 2-6. UHF Receiver Block Diagram ................................................................................... 2-7
Figure 2-7. UHF Frequency Generation Unit Block Diagram ...................................................... 2-9
Figure 2-8. UHF Synthesizer Block Diagram ............................................................................ 2-10
Figure 2-9. UHF VCO Block Diagram ....................................................................................... 2-11
Figure 2-10. VHF Transmitter Block Diagram ........................................................................... 2-12
Figure 2-11. VHF Receiver Block Diagram ............................................................................... 2-13
Figure 2-12. VHF Frequency Generation Unit Block Diagram .................................................. 2-16
Figure 2-13. VHF Synthesizer Block Diagram........................................................................... 2-17
Figure 2-14. VHF VCO Block Diagram...................................................................................... 2-18
Figure 2-15. Low Band Transmitter Block Diagram .................................................................. 2-19
Figure 2-16. Low Band Receiver Block Diagram ...................................................................... 2-21
Figure 2-17. Low Band Frequency Generation Unit Block Diagram ......................................... 2-23
Figure 2-18. Low Band Synthesizer Block Diagram.................................................................. 2-24
Figure 2-19. 800 MHz Transmitter Block Diagram .................................................................... 2-25
Figure 2-20. 800 MHz Receiver Block Diagram........................................................................ 2-27
Figure 2-21. 800 MHz Frequency Generation Unit Block Diagram ........................................... 2-29
Figure 2-22. 800 MHz Synthesizer Block Diagram ................................................................... 2-31
Figure 2-23. 800 MHz VCO Block Diagram .............................................................................. 2-32
Figure 2-24. Transmitter Block Diagram ................................................................................... 2-35
Figure 2-25. 900 MHz Receiver Block Diagram ........................................................................ 2-37
Figure 2-26. Frequency Generation Unit Block Diagram .......................................................... 2-40
Figure 2-27. Synthesizer Block Diagram................................................................................... 2-42
Figure 2-28. VCO Block Diagram.............................................................................................. 2-43
Figure 3-1. UHF/VHF/Low Band/800 MHz/900 MHz Circuit Board Fuse Locations ................... 3-6
Figure 3-2. Circuit Board Removal and Reinstallation ................................................................ 3-7
Figure 4-1. Keypad-Controller Interconnect Flex ........................................................................ 4-2
Figure 4-2. Keypad-Controller Interconnect Flex Schematic Diagram ........................................ 4-3
Figure 4-3. Universal Flex Connector.......................................................................................... 4-4
Figure 4-4. Universal Flex Connector Schematic Diagram ......................................................... 4-5
Figure 4-5. Keypad Top and Bottom Board Overlays ................................................................. 4-6
Figure 4-6: Keypad Board (5000 and 7000 Series) Schematic Diagram ..................................... 4-7
Figure 4-7: 9000 Series Keypad Top and Bottom Board Overlays .............................................. 4-9
Figure 4-8: 9000 Series Keypad Board Schematic Diagram...................................................... 4-10
Figure 4-9: VHF/UHF Complete Controller Schematic Diagram ................................................ 4-13
Figure 4-10: VHF/UHF Controller ASFIC/ON_OFF Schematic Diagram ................................... 4-14
Figure 4-11: VHF/UHF Controller ASFIC/ON_OFF Schematic Diagram ................................... 4-15
Figure 4-12: VHF/UHF Controller Micro Processor Schematic Diagram ................................... 4-16
Figure 4-13: VHF/UHF Controller Micro Processor Schematic Diagram ................................... 4-17
Figure 4-14: Controller Memory Schematic Diagram ................................................................. 4-18
Figure 4-15: Controller Audio Power Amplifier Schematic Diagram........................................... 4-19
Figure 4-16: Controller Interface Schematic Diagram ................................................................ 4-20
Figure 4-17: UHF (403-470 MHz) 5000/7000 Series Main Board Top Side PCB
8480450Z03 ................................................................................................................................ 4-21
viii List of Figures

Figure 4-18: UHF (403-470 MHz) 5000/7000 Series Main Board Bottom Side PCB
8480450Z03 ................................................................................................................................ 4-22
Figure 4-19: UHF (403-470 MHz) 5000/7000 Series Main Board Top Side PCB
8480450Z13 ................................................................................................................................ 4-23
Figure 4-20: UHF (403-470 MHz) 5000/7000 Series Main Board Bottom Side PCB
8480450Z13 ................................................................................................................................ 4-24
Figure 4-21: UHF (403-470 MHz) Controls and Switches Schematic Diagram ......................... 4-25
Figure 4-22: UHF (403-470 MHz) Receiver Front End Schematic Diagram .............................. 4-26
Figure 4-23: UHF (403-470 MHz) Receiver Back End Schematic Diagram .............................. 4-27
Figure 4-24: UHF (403-470 MHz) Synthesizer Schematic Diagram .......................................... 4-28
Figure 4-25: UHF (403-470 MHz) Voltage Controlled Oscillator Schematic Diagram ............... 4-29
Figure 4-26: UHF (403-470 MHz) Transmitter Schematic Diagram........................................... 4-30
Figure 4-27: UHF (403-470 MHz) 9000 Series Main Board Top Side PCB ............................... 4-37
Figure 4-28: UHF (403-470 MHz) 9000 Series Main Board Bottom Side PCB.......................... 4-38
Figure 4-29: UHF (403-470 MHz) Controls and Switches Schematic Diagram ......................... 4-39
Figure 4-30: UHF (403-470 MHz) Receiver Front End Schematic Diagram .............................. 4-40
Figure 4-31: UHF (403-470 MHz) Receiver Back End Schematic Diagram .............................. 4-41
Figure 4-32: UHF (403-470 MHz) Synthesizer Schematic Diagram .......................................... 4-42
Figure 4-33: UHF (403-470 MHz) Voltage Controlled Oscillator Schematic Diagram ............... 4-43
Figure 4-34: UHF (403-470 MHz) Transmitter Schematic Diagram........................................... 4-44
Figure 4-35: UHF (450-527 MHz) 5000/7000 Series Main Board Top Side PCB
8485641Z02 ................................................................................................................................ 4-49
Figure 4-36: UHF (450-527 MHz) 5000/7000 Series Main Board Bottom Side PCB
8485641Z02 ................................................................................................................................ 4-50
Figure 4-37: UHF (450-527 MHz) 5000/7000 Series Main Board Top Side PCB
8485641Z06 ................................................................................................................................ 4-51
Figure 4-38: UHF (450-527 MHz) 5000/7000 Series Main Board Bottom Side
PCB 8485641Z06........................................................................................................................ 4-52
Figure 4-39: UHF (450-527 MHz) Controls and Switches Schematic Diagram ......................... 4-53
Figure 4-40: UHF (450-527 MHz) Receiver Front End Schematic Diagram .............................. 4-54
Figure 4-41: UHF (450-527 MHz) Receiver Back End Schematic Diagram .............................. 4-55
Figure 4-42: UHF (450-527 MHz) Synthesizer Schematic Diagram .......................................... 4-56
Figure 4-43: UHF (450-527 MHz) Voltage Controlled Oscillator Schematic Diagram ............... 4-57
Figure 4-44: UHF (450-527 MHz) Transmitter Schematic Diagram........................................... 4-58
Figure 4-45: UHF (450-527 MHz) 9000 Series Main Board Top Side PCB ............................... 4-65
Figure 4-46: UHF (450-527 MHz) 9000 Series Main Board Bottom Side PCB.......................... 4-66
Figure 4-47: UHF (450-527 MHz) Controls and Switches Schematic Diagram ......................... 4-67
Figure 4-48: UHF (450-527 MHz) Receiver Front End Schematic Diagram .............................. 4-68
Figure 4-49: UHF (450-527 MHz) Receiver Back End Schematic Diagram .............................. 4-69
Figure 4-50: UHF (450-527 MHz) Synthesizer Schematic Diagram .......................................... 4-70
Figure 4-51: UHF (450-527 MHz) Voltage Controlled Oscillator Schematic Diagram ............... 4-71
Figure 4-52: UHF (450-527 MHz) Transmitter Schematic Diagram........................................... 4-72
Figure 4-53: UHF (450-527 MHz) Voice Storage Schematic Diagram ...................................... 4-73
Figure 4-54: VHF (136-174 MHz) Main Board Top Side PCB 8486062B09 .............................. 4-77
Figure 4-55: VHF (136-174 MHz) Main Board Bottom Side PCB 8486062B09......................... 4-78
Figure 4-56: VHF (136-174 MHz) Controls and Switches Schematic Diagram ......................... 4-79
Figure 4-57: VHF (136-174 MHz) Receiver Front End Schematic Diagram .............................. 4-80
Figure 4-58: VHF (136-174 MHz) Receiver Back End Schematic Diagram............................... 4-81
Figure 4-59: VHF (136-174 MHz) Synthesizer Schematic Diagram .......................................... 4-82
Figure 4-60: VHF (136-174 MHz) Voltage Controlled Oscillator Schematic Diagram................ 4-83
Figure 4-61: VHF (136-174 MHz) Transmitter Schematic Diagram ........................................... 4-84
List of Figures ix

Figure 4-62: VHF (136-174 MHz) 5000/7000 Series Main Board Top Side PCB
8486062B12 ................................................................................................................................ 4-89
Figure 4-63: VHF (136-174 MHz) 5000/7000 Series Main Board Bottom Side PCB
8486062B12 ................................................................................................................................ 4-90
Figure 4-64: VHF (136-174 MHz) 5000/7000 Series Main Board Top Side PCB
8486062B16 ................................................................................................................................ 4-91
Figure 4-65: VHF (136-174 MHz) 5000/7000 Series Main Board Bottom Side PCB
8486062B16 ................................................................................................................................ 4-92
Figure 4-66: VHF (136-174 MHz) Controls and Switches Schematic Diagram.......................... 4-93
Figure 4-67: VHF (136-174 MHz) Receiver Front End Schematic Diagram .............................. 4-94
Figure 4-68: VHF (136-174 MHz) Receiver Back End Schematic Diagram............................... 4-95
Figure 4-69: VHF (136-174 MHz) Synthesizer Schematic Diagram........................................... 4-96
Figure 4-70: VHF (136-174 MHz) Voltage Controlled Oscillator Schematic Diagram................ 4-97
Figure 4-71: VHF (136-174 MHz) Transmitter Schematic Diagram ........................................... 4-98
Figure 4-72: VHF (136-174 MHz) 9000 Series Main Board Top Side PCB ............................. 4-105
Figure 4-73: VHF (136-174 MHz) 9000 Series Main Board Bottom Side PCB ........................ 4-106
Figure 4-74: VHF (136-174 MHz) Controls and Switches Schematic Diagram........................ 4-107
Figure 4-75: VHF (136-174 MHz) Receiver Front End Schematic Diagram ............................ 4-108
Figure 4-76: VHF (136-174 MHz) Receiver Back End Schematic Diagram............................. 4-109
Figure 4-77: VHF (136-174 MHz) Synthesizer Schematic Diagram......................................... 4-110
Figure 4-78: VHF (136-174 MHz) Voltage Controlled Oscillator Schematic Diagram.............. 4-111
Figure 4-79: VHF (136-174 MHz) Transmitter Schematic Diagram ......................................... 4-112
Figure 4-80: Low Band (29.7-42/35-50 MHz) Main Board Top Side PCB................................ 4-117
Figure 4-81: Low Band (29.7-42/35-50 MHz) Main Board Bottom Side PCB .......................... 4-118
Figure 4-82: Low Band (30-50 MHz) Controls and Switches Diagram..................................... 4-119
Figure 4-83: Low Band (29.7-42/35-50 MHz) Controller Overall Schematic Diagram ............. 4-120
Figure 4-84: Low Band (29.7-42/35-50 MHz) Controller Memory Schematic Diagram............ 4-121
Figure 4-85: Low Band (29.7-42/35-50 MHz) Controller AFSIC Schematic Diagram .............. 4-122
Figure 4-86: Low Band (29.7-42/35-50 MHz) Controller Microprocessor Schematic
Diagram..................................................................................................................................... 4-123
Figure 4-87: Low Band (29.7-42/35-50 MHz) Controller Audio PA Schematic Diagram.......... 4-124
Figure 4-88: Low Band (29.7-42/35-50 MHz) Receiver Front End Schematic Diagram .......... 4-125
Figure 4-89: Low Band (29.7-42/35-50 MHz) Receiver Back End Schematic Diagram........... 4-126
Figure 4-90: Low Band (29.7-42/35-50 MHz) Frequency Generation Unit Synthesizer........... 4-127
Figure 4-91: Low Band (29.7-42/35-50 MHz) Frequency Generation Unit VCO Diagram ....... 4-128
Figure 4-92: Low Band (29.7-42/35-50 MHz) Transmitter Schematic Diagram ....................... 4-129
Figure 4-93: 800 MHz (806-870 MHz) Main Board Top Side PCB 84860641Z02 ................... 4-133
Figure 4-94: 800 MHz (806-870 MHz) Main Board Bottom Side PCB 84860641Z02 .............. 4-134
Figure 4-95: 800 MHz Popular/Preferred (806-870 MHz) Main Board Top Side PCB
8480641Z03 (Rev B) ................................................................................................................. 4-135
Figure 4-96: 800 MHz Popular/Preferred (806-870 MHz) Main Board Bottom Side PCB
8480641Z03 (Rev B) ................................................................................................................. 4-136
Figure 4-97: 800 MHz Complete Controller.............................................................................. 4-137
Figure 4-98: 800 MHz Controller ASFIC/ON_OFF.................................................................. 4-138
Figure 4-99: 800 MHz Controller Micro Processor ................................................................... 4-139
Figure 4-100: 800 MHz Controller Memory .............................................................................. 4-140
Figure 4-101: 800 MHz Controller Audio Power Amplifier........................................................ 4-141
Figure 4-102: 800 MHz Controller Interface ............................................................................. 4-142
Figure 4-103: 800 MHz Controls and Switches Schematic Diagram ....................................... 4-143
Figure 4-104: 800 MHz Receiver Front End Schematic Diagram ............................................ 4-144
Figure 4-105: 800 MHz Receiver Back End Schematic Diagram............................................. 4-145
Figure 4-106: 800 MHz Synthesizer Schematic Diagram ........................................................ 4-146
x List of Figures

Figure 4-107: 800 MHz Voltage Controlled Oscillator Schematic Diagram ............................. 4-147
Figure 4-108: 800 MHz Transmitter Schematic Diagram (Rev A) ........................................... 4-148
Figure 4-109: 800MHz Transmitter Schematic Diagram (Rev B) ............................................ 4-149
Figure 4-110: PassPort Trunking Controller PCB Board Side 1 & 2 ........................................ 4-153
Figure 4-111: PassPort Controller Schematic Diagram ........................................................... 4-154
Figure 4-112: 900 MHz (896-941 MHz) Main Board Top Side PCB 8485910Z01 ................... 4-155
Figure 4-113: 900 MHz (896-941 MHz) Main Board Bottom Side PCB 8485910Z01.............. 4-156
Figure 4-114: 900 MHz Complete Controller ........................................................................... 4-157
Figure 4-115: 900 MHz Controller ASFIC/ON_OFF................................................................. 4-158
Figure 4-116: 900 MHz Controller Microprocessor .................................................................. 4-159
Figure 4-117: 900 MHz Controller Memory.............................................................................. 4-160
Figure 4-118: 900 MHz Controller Audio Power Amplifier ....................................................... 4-161
Figure 4-119: 900 MHz Controller Interface............................................................................. 4-162
Figure 4-120: 900 MHz Controls and Switches Schematic Diagram ....................................... 4-163
Figure 4-121: 900 MHz Receiver Front End Schematic Diagram ............................................ 4-164
Figure 4-122: 900 MHz Receiver Back End Schematic Diagram ............................................ 4-165
Figure 4-123: 900 MHz Synthesizer Schematic Diagram ........................................................ 4-166
Figure 4-124: 900 MHz Hear/Clear Schematic Diagram.......................................................... 4-167
Figure 4-125: 900 MHz Voltage Controlled Oscillator Schematic Diagram ............................. 4-168
Figure 4-126: 900 MHz Transmitter Schematic Diagram......................................................... 4-169
FMRC Approved Equipment xi

Intrinsically Safe Radio Information

FMRC Approved Equipment

Anyone intending to use a radio in a location where hazardous concentrations of flammable
materials exist (hazardous atmosphere) is advised to become familiar with the subject of intrinsic
safety and with the National Electric Code NFPA 70 (National Fire Protection Association) Article 500
(hazardous [classified] locations).
An Approval Guide, issued by Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC), lists manufacturers
and the products approved by FMRC for use in such locations. FMRC has also issued a voluntary
approval standard for repair service (“Class Number 3605”).
FMRC Approval labels are attached to the radio to identify the unit as being FM Approved for
specified hazardous atmospheres. This label specifies the hazardous Class/Division/Group along
with the part number of the battery that must be used. Depending on the design of the portable unit,
this FM label can be found on the back or the bottom of the radio housing. The FM Approval mark is
shown below.

FM

APPROVED

• Do not operate radio communications equipment in a hazardous

! atmosphere unless it is a type especially qualified (for example,
FMRC Approved) for such use. An explosion or fire may result.
WARNING
• Do not operate an FMRC Approved Product in a hazardous
atmosphere if it has been physically damaged (for example,
cracked housing). An explosion or fire may result.
• Do not replace or charge batteries in a hazardous atmosphere.
Contact sparking may occur while installing or removing batteries
and cause an explosion or fire.
• Do not replace or change accessories in a hazardous atmosphere.
Contact sparking may occur while installing or removing
accessories and cause an explosion or fire.
• Turn a radio off before removing or installing a battery or
accessory.
• Do not disassemble an FMRC Approved Product unit in any way
that exposes the internal electrical circuits of the unit.

Radios must ship from the Motorola manufacturing facility with the Intrinsically Safe, hazardous
atmosphere capability and FM Approval labeling. Radios will not be “upgraded” or converted to
Intrinsically safe, and or labeled in the field, after it has been shipped from the manufacturing
location.
Modifications can only be made by the original product manufacturer (Motorola) at one of its FM
audited manufacturing facilities.
xii Repair of FMRC Approved Products

• Failure to use an FMRC Approved portable radio unit with an

! FMRC Approved battery or FMRC Approved accessories
specifically Agency approved for that product may result in the
WARNING dangerously unsafe condition of an unapproved radio
combination being used in a hazardous location.
• Unauthorized or incorrect modification of an FMRC Approved
Product unit will negate the Approval rating of the product.

Repair of FMRC Approved Products

REPAIRS FOR MOTOROLA PRODUCTS WITH FMRC APPROVAL ARE THE RESPONSIBILITY
OF THE USER.
You should not repair or relabel any Motorola- manufactured communication equipment bearing the
FMRC Approval label (“FMRC Approved Product”) unless you are familiar with the current FMRC
Approval standard for repairs and service (“Class Number 3605”). Repairs and service to be done
FM audited locations.

• Incorrect repair or relabeling of any FMRC Approved Product unit

! •
could adversely affect the Approval rating of the unit.
Use of a radio that is not intrinsically safe in a hazardous
WARNING
atmosphere could result in serious injury or death.

The following are key definitions, from the FMRC’s Approval Standard Class Number 3605, 1994.

Repair
A repair constitutes something done internally to the unit that would bring it back to its original
condition-Approved by FMRC. A repair should be done in an FMRC audited facility. Items not
considered as repairs are those in which an action is performed on a unit which does not require the
outer casing of the unit to be opened in a manner which exposes the internal electrical. You do not
have to be an FMRC audited Repair Facility to perform these actions.

Relabeling
The repair facility shall have a method by which the replacement of FMRC Approval labels are
controlled to ensure that any relabeling is limited to units that were originally shipped from the
Manufacturer with an FM Approval label in place. FMRC Approval labels shall not be stocked by the
repair facility. An FMRC Approval label shall be ordered from the original manufacturer, as needed,
to repair a specific unit. Replacement labels may be obtained and applied by the repair facility,
provided there is satisfactory evidence that the unit being relabeled was originally an FMRC
Approved unit. Verification may include, but is not limited to: a unit with a damaged Approval label, a
unit with a defective housing displaying an Approval label, or a customer invoice indicating the serial
number of the unit and purchase of an FMRC Approved model.
Repair of FMRC Approved Products xiii

Do Not Substitute Options or Accessories

The Motorola communications equipment certified by Factory Mutual is tested as a system and
consists of the FM Approved portable, FM Approved battery, and FM Approved accessories or
options, or both. This FM Approved portable and battery combination must be strictly observed.
There must be no substitution of items, even if the substitute has been previously Approved with a
different Motorola communications equipment unit. Approved configurations are listed in the FM
Approval Guide published by FMRC, or in the product FM product listing. This FM product listing is
shipped from the manufacturer with the FM Approved radio and battery combination.
xiv Repair of FMRC Approved Products

Notes
 1-1

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Scope of Manual

This manual is intended for use by service technicians familiar with similar types of equipment. It
contains service information required for the equipment described and is current as of the printing
date. Changes that occur after the printing date are incorporated by a complete manual revision or
alternatively, as additions.
NOTE: Before operating or testing these units, please read the sections, "Product Safety and RF
Exposure Compliance" on page ii and "Intrinsically Safe Radio Information" on page xi.

1.2 Warranty and Service Support

Motorola offers long term support for its products. This support includes full exchange and/or repair
of the product during the warranty period, and service/repair or spare parts support out of warranty.
Any “return for exchange” or “return for repair” by an authorized Motorola dealer must be
accompanied by a warranty claim form. Warranty claim forms are obtained by contacting customer
service.

1.2.1 Warranty Period

The terms and conditions of warranty are defined fully in the Motorola dealer or distributor or reseller
contract. These conditions may change from time to time and the following notes are for guidance
purposes only.

1.2.2 Return Instructions

In instances where the product is covered under a “return for replacement” or “return for repair”
warranty, a check of the product should be performed prior to shipping the unit back to Motorola.
This is to ensure that the product has been correctly programmed or has not been subjected to
damage outside the terms of the warranty.
Prior to shipping any radio back to a Motorola warranty depot, please contact the appropriate
customer service for instructions. All returns must be accompanied by a warranty claim form,
available from your customer services representative. Products should be shipped back in the
original packaging, or correctly packaged to ensure no damage occurs in transit.

1.2.3 After Warranty Period

After the Warranty period, Motorola continues to support its products in two ways:
First, Motorola's Customer Care and Services Division offers a repair service to both end users and
dealers at competitive prices.
Second, Motorola’s service department supplies individual parts and modules that can be purchased
by dealers who are technically capable of performing fault analysis and repair.
1-2 Introduction: Related Documents

1.3 Related Documents

The following documents are directly related to the use and maintainability of this product.

Table 1-1. Related Documents

Title Part Number

Professional Radio Portable Level 1&2 Basic Service 68P80906Z54

Manual- English (North America)
Professional Radio Portable Level 1&2 Basic Service 68P81088C45
Manual- English (Latin America)
Professional Radio Portable Level 1&2 Basic Service 68P81088C47
Manual- Spanish
Professional Radio Portable Level 1&2 Basic Service 68P81088C49
Manual- Portuguese
Professional Radio Portable Service Manual Level 3 - 68P81088C46
English
Professional Radio Portable Service Manual Level 3 - 68P81088C48
Spanish
Professional Radio Portable Service Manual Level 3 - 68P81088C50
Portuguese
Supplement to Professional Radio Portable Level 1&2 68P81093C57
Basic Service Manual

1.4 Technical Support

Technical support is available to assist the dealer/distributor and self-maintained customers in
resolving any malfunction which may be encountered. Initial contact should be by telephone to
customer resources wherever possible. When contacting Motorola technical support, be prepared to
provide the product model number and the unit’s serial number. The contact locations and telephone
numbers are located in the applicable basic service manual listed in Table 1-1 above.

1.4.1 Piece Parts Availability

Some replacement parts, spare parts, and/or product information can be ordered directly. If a
complete Motorola part number is assigned to the part, and it is not identified as “Depot ONLY”, the
part is available from Motorola Customer Care and Services Division. If no part number is assigned,
the part is not normally available from Motorola. If the part number is appended with an asterisk, the
part is serviceable by a Motorola depot only. If a parts list is not included, this generally means that
no user-serviceable parts are available for that kit or assembly.
Introduction: Radio Model Chart and Specifications 1-3

Parts Order Entry To Order Parts in Latin America and the

7:00 A.M. to 7:00 P.M. (Central Standard Time) Caribbean:
Monday through Friday (Chicago, U.S.A.) 1-847-538-8023

To Order Parts in the United States of Motorola Parts

America: (United States and Canada)
1-800-422-4210, or 847-538-8023 Customer Care and Services Division
1-800-826-1913, or 410-712-6200 (U.S. Federal Attention: Order Processing
Government) 1307 E. Algonquian Road
TELEX: 280127 Schaumburg, IL 60196
FAX: 1-847-538-8198
FAX: 1-410-712-4991 (U.S. Federal Government) Customer Care and Services Division
(U.S.A.) after hours or weekends: Attention: Latin America and Caribbean
1-800-925-4357
Order Processing
1307 E. Algonquian Road
Schaumburg, IL 60196

Parts Identification
1-800-422-4210, menu 3

1.5 Radio Model Chart and Specifications

The radio model charts and specifications are located in the Basic Service Manual listed under the
Related Documents paragraph of this chapter.

1.6 Radio Model Information

The model number and serial number are located on a label attached to the back of your radio. You
can determine the RF output power, frequency band, protocols, and physical packages from these
numbers. The example in Table 1-2 on page 1-4 shows one portable radio model number and its
specific characteristics.
1-4 Introduction: Radio Model Information

.
Table 1-2. Radio Model Number
Example: AAH25KC9AA2 and LAH25KDC9AA3

Type Model Freq. Power Physical Channel Feature Model Model

Protocol
of Unit Series Band Level Packages Spacing Level Revision Package

AA H 25 K C C 9 AA 2 A N
or VHF 2.5W No Display Program- Conven- 2F for AA
LA (136-174 mable tional 4F for LA
MHz)
H = Portable
AA or LA = Motorola Internal Use

R D D 6 DU 3
UHF1 4-5W Keypad 25 kHz LTR 16F
(403-470
MHz)

S E H CK 5
UHF2 6W 1-Line MPT 256F
(450-527 Display LTR for
MHz) AA only

B GB 6
Low Band, Privacy 128F
R1 (29.7- Plus 256F
42.0 MHz) LTR

C GE 8
Low Band, Privacy 160F
R2 (35.0- Plus
50.0 MHz) Roaming

U DP 7
800 MHz PassPort 256F
(806-824) LTR
(851-869
MHz)

FC 9
Smart 256F
Zone LTR
 2-1

Chapter 2 Theory of Operation

2.1 Introduction
This chapter provides a detailed theory of operation for the radio components. Schematic diagrams
for the circuits described in the following paragraphs are located in Figures 4-1 through 4-126.

2.2 Radio Power Distribution

A block diagram of the DC power distribution throughout the radio board is shown in Figure 2-1. A
7.5V battery supplies the basic radio power (UNSWB) directly to the electronic on/off control, audio
power amplifier, 3.5V regulator, power amplifier automatic level control (ALC), and low battery detect
circuit. When the radio on/off/volume control is turned on, the switched SWB+ is applied to the
various radio power regulators, antenna switch, accessories 20-pin connector, keypad/option board,
and transmit LED. The Vdda signal from the 3.3V Vdda regulator supplies the microprocessor with
operating power. The Vdd regulator scheme is listed by band in Table 2-1 on page 2-2. Data is then
sent to the controller ASFIC to turn on a DAC which takes over the momentary-on path within 12ms.
The SWB+ signal supplies power until the radio is turned off. Jumpers for configuring the Vdda and
Vddd regulators are shown in Figure 2-1 and described in Table 2-2 on page 2-2.
The radio turns off when either of the two following conditions occur:
• Radio on/off/volume control is turned off.
• Low battery condition is detected.
If a low battery level is detected by the microprocessor through either of the above conditions, the
radio personality data is stored to EEPROM prior to turning off.

Accessories
20 pin Connector

Keypad/Option Board

Prime Expansion Board

Audio Switching
Power Regulator
Int/Ext Vdd
Amplifier 4.0V/3.3V

Vdda Vdda
Regulator
UNSWB+
7.5V SWB+ Vddd Vdda
Battery Fuse Regulator

Tx MCU, ROM LCD FRACTN

Control ASFIC_CMP LVZIF
MECH. Led and EEPROM Driver VCOBIC
SWB+
3.5V On/Off
Reg. Switch
5V
Low Battery Regulator
LI Ion Detect
5V
RF, AMP, IF AMP
PA, Driver Antenna Ext. RX.
PCIC(ALC) Switch Buffer (NU)

Figure 2-1. DC Power Distribution Block Diagram

2-2 Theory of Operation: Keypad

Table 2-1. VDD Regulator Scheme by Band

Vdd
Band Regulator
Scheme

Low Band Dual

VHF Dual

UHF Dual

800 MHz Dual

900 MHz Dual

Table 2-2. Radio Jumpers

Dual Vdd Single Vdd

Jumpers Regulator Regulator
Scheme Scheme

R401 Y Y

R402 N N

R403 N Y

R404 N N

R405 Y N

R = Regulator Jumper

2.3 Keypad
The keypad block diagram is shown in Figure 2-2. The comparator compares the voltage when any
one of the keypad row or keypad column keys is pressed. Pressing a key sends a message to the
microprocessor through the output (KEY_INT) line signifying that a key has been pressed. The
microprocessor then samples the analog to digital voltages at the keypad row and keypad column,
then makes a comparison with a map table to identify the key pressed. Once the key is identified, a
corresponding message is displayed.
The LED_EN is set by the codeplug. When the value is set to low, the LED lights up during power up.
A high codeplug setting disables this feature.
Data Keypad Column
Display 18 Pin 40 Pin Connector
Connector
Keypad
Row
Key_Int
Keypad
LED Comparator
Button

Figure 2-2. Keypad Block Diagram

Theory of Operation: Controller Board 2-3

2.4 Controller Board

The controller board is the central interface between the various radio functions. It is separated into
MCU digital and audio/signalling functions as shown in Figure 2-3.

External
Mod Out Microphone
To Synthesizer
Internal
Microphone
16.8 / 17.0 MHz
Reference Clock Audio/Signalling
from Synthesizer External
Speaker
Recovered Audio Audio Power
ASFIC
Squelch Amplifier/Filter
Internal
3.3V Speaker
Regulator
(Vdda)

SPI CLK
To RF Board SCI to Side
Connector
MCU Digital
Microcontroller
3.3V
Regulator EEPROM
(Vddd)
ROM RAM

Figure 2-3. Controller Block Diagram

2.4.1 MCU Digital

The digital portion of the controller consists of a microcontroller and associated EEPROM, RAM, and
ROM memories. Combinations of different size RAM and ROM are available to support various
application software. RAM supports 8KB and 32KB sizes. ROM supports 128KB, 256KB, and 512KB
sizes. Table 2-3 lists the ROM, RAM and EEPROM requirements for different radios.

Table 2-3. Radio Memory Requirements

EXT RAM EEPROM

PROTOCOL FEATURE LEVEL ROM (KB)
(KB) (KB)

AA,DU 2 or 3 128 - 8

AA,DU 6 128 - 16

CK, GB, GE, FC - 512 32 16

2-4 Theory of Operation: Controller Board

2.4.2 Real Time Clock

Radios with displays support a real time clock (RTC) module for purposes of message time stamping
and time keeping. The RTC module resides in the microcontroller. The clock uses a back-up lithium-
ion battery for operating power when the primary battery is removed.

2.4.3 Circuit Description

The RTC module circuit, shown in Figure 2-4, is powered by the MODB/VSTBY pin and PI6/PI7 from
the crystal oscillator circuit. A clock frequency of 38.4 kHz from a crystal oscillator provides the
reference signal which is divided down to 1 Hz in the processor.
As the RTC module is powered separately from the processor Vdd, the RTC is kept active through
the MODB/VSTBY pin which provides the lithium-ion battery back-up power when the radio is
switched off.
A MOSFET transistor (Q416) switches in the battery supply when Vdd is removed. Q416 also
provides isolation from BOOT_CTRL function. The 3.3V regulator charges the lithium-ion battery.

UNSWB+

Vddd
U410
3.3V
2 3
VIN VOUT
1 VSS

C434

R461 C435 R460

HC11FL0

MODA CR411
1 5
MODB
Q416 4
R419
3 2 2 3
PI6
FL401 C436
OUT 1 LI_ION
R420 38.4kHz
GND R462

IN
R426
R463
PI7
BOOT_CTRL
C437
TP405
TEST_POINT

Figure 2-4. RTC Circuit

2.4.4 MODB/VSTBY Supply

The supply to the MODB/VSTBY pin varies depending on the conditions listed in Table 2-4.
Table 2-4. MODB/VSTBY Supply Modes

Condition Circuit Operation

Radio On Vddd supply voltage via CR411

Radio Off • Vddd turned off

• Q416 gate pulled low by R462
• Q416 switched on
• U410 supplies 3.2V to MODB_VSTBY

Primary battery removed • Vddd turned off

• Q416 gate pulled low by R462
• Q416 switched on
• Lithium-ion battery provides 3.2V to MODB_VSTBY
Theory of Operation: UHF Transmitter 2-5

2.4.5 Audio/Signaling
The audio/signalling/filter/companding IC (ASFIC) and the audio power amplifier (Figure 2-3 on
page 2-3) form the main components of the audio/signalling section of the controller board. Inputs
include a 16.8 MHz clock from the synthesizer, recovered audio and squelch, MCU control signals,
and external or internal microphones. Outputs include a microprocessor clock (CLK), modulator
output to the synthesizer, and amplified audio signals to an internal or external speaker.

2.5 UHF Transmitter

The UHF transmitter consists of the following basic circuits as shown in Figure 2-5.
• Power amplifier (PA).
• Antenna switch/harmonic filter.
• Antenna matching network.
• Power control integrated circuit (PCIC).

PCIC
Antenna
Vcontrol Vcontrol Matching
Network

Power Amplifier (PA)

PA PA Final Antenna Switch/

From VCO Harmonic Filter
Driver Stage

Figure 2-5. UHF Transmitter Block Diagram

2.5.1 Power Amplifier (PA)

The PA consists of two LDMOS devices:
• 9Z67 LDMOS driver IC (U101)
• PRF1507 LDMOS PA (Q110)
The 9Z67 LDMOS driver (U101) provides 2-stage amplification using a supply voltage of 7.3V. The
amplifier is capable of supplying an output power of 0.3W (U101pins 6 & 7) with an input signal of
2mW(3dBm) at U101 (pin 16). The current drain is typically 160mA while operating in the frequency
range of 403-470 MHz.
The LDMOS PA is capable of supplying an output power of 7W with an input signal of 0.3W. The
current drain is typically 1300mA while operating in the frequency range of 403-470 MHz. The power
output can be varied by changing the bias voltage.
2-6 Theory of Operation: UHF Receiver

2.5.2 Antenna Switch

The antenna switch circuit consists of two pin diodes (CR101 and CR102), a pi network (C107, L104
and C106), and two current limiting resistors (R101 and R170). In the transmit mode, B+ at PCIC
(U102 pin 23) goes low turning on Q111, which applies a B+ bias to the antenna switch circuit to bias
the diodes “on”. The shunt diode (CR102) shorts out the receiver port and the pi network. This
operates as a quarter wave transmission line to transform the low impedance of the shunt diode to a
high impedance at the input of the harmonic filter. In the receive mode, the diodes are both off,
creating a low attenuation path between the antenna and receiver ports.

2.5.3 Harmonic Filter

The harmonic filter consists of components C104, L102, C103, L101 and C102. The harmonic filter
for UHF is a modified Zolotarev design optimized for efficiency of the power module. This type of
filter has the advantage that it can give a greater attenuation in the stop-band for a given ripple level.
The harmonic filter insertion loss is typically less than 1.2dB.

2.5.4 Antenna Matching Network

The antenna matching network, which is made up of L116, matches the antenna's impedance with
the harmonic filter to optimize the performance of the transmitter and receiver.

2.5.5 Power Control Integrated Circuit (PCIC)

The transmitter uses the PCIC (U102) to regulate the power output of the radio. To accomplish this,
the current to the final stage of the power module, supplied through R101, provides a voltage
proportional to the current drain. This voltage is then fed back to the automatic level control (ALC)
within the PCIC to regulate the output power of the transmitter.
The PCIC contains internal digital to analog converters (DACs) that provide a programmable control
loop reference voltage.
The PCIC internal resistors, integrators, and external capacitors (C133, C134 and C135) control the
transmitter rise and fall times to reduce the power splatter into adjacent channels.

2.5.6 Temperature Cut Back Circuit

Diode CR105 and associated components are part of a temperature cutback circuit. This circuit
senses the printed circuit board temperature around the transmitter circuits and outputs a DC voltage
to the PCIC. If the DC voltage produced exceeds the set threshold of the PCIC, the transmitter
output power decreases to reduce the transmitter temperature.

2.6 UHF Receiver

The UHF receiver consists of a front end, back end, and automatic gain control circuits. A block
diagram of the receiver is shown in Figure 2-6 on page 2-7. Detailed descriptions of these stages are
contained in the paragraphs that follow.
Theory of Operation: UHF Receiver 2-7

Antenna
Pin Diode
Antenna Varactor RF Varactor Crystal IF
RFJack Switch Tuned Filter Amp Tuned Filter Mixer Filter Amp

AGC

AGC
Processing
Control Voltage First LO
from ASFIC from FGU

Recovered Audio
Demodulator
Squelch

RSSI Synthesizer
IF IC

16.8 MHz
Reference Clock
SPI Bus Second
LO VCO
Figure 2-6. UHF Receiver Block Diagram

2.6.1 Receiver Front-End

The RF signal received by the antenna is applied to a low-pass filter. For UHF, the filter consists of
components L101, L102, C102, C103, and C104. The filtered RF signal is passed through the
antenna switch circuit consisting of two pin diodes (CR101 and CR102) and a pi network (C106,
L104, and C107). The signal is then applied to a varactor tuned filter bandpass.
The UHF bandpass filter consists of components L301, L302, C302, C303, C304, CR301, and
CR302. The filter is electronically tuned by DACRx from the ASFIC (U404) which supplies a control
voltage to the varactor diodes (CR301 and CR302) in the filter as determined by the microprocessor
depending on the carrier frequency. Wideband operation of the filter is achieved by shifting the
bandpass filter across the band.
The output of the bandpass filter is coupled to the RF amplifier transistor Q301 via C307. After being
amplified by the RF amplifier, the RF signal is further filtered by a second varactor tuned bandpass
filter, consisting of L306, L307, C313, C317, CR304, and CR305.
Both the pre and post-RF amplifier varactor tuned filters have similar responses. The 3 dB bandwidth
of the filter is approximately 50 MHz. This enables the filters to be electronically controlled by using a
single control voltage from DACRx.
The output of the post-RF amplifier filter is connected to the passive double balanced mixer
consisting of components T301, T302, and CR306. Matching of the filter to the mixer is provided by
C381. After mixing with the first local oscillator (LO) signal from the voltage controlled oscillator
(VCO) using low side injection, the RF signal is down-converted to a 45.1 MHz IF signal.
2-8 Theory of Operation: UHF Receiver

The IF signal coming out of the mixer is transferred to the crystal filter (FL301) through a resistor pad
and a diplexer (C322 and L310). Matching to the input of the crystal filter is provided by C324 and
L311. The crystal filter provides the necessary selectivity and intermodulation protection.

2.6.2 Receiver Back-End

The output of crystal filter FL301 is coupled via R351 and C325 to the input of IF amplifier transistor
Q302. Voltage supply to the IF amplifier is taken from the receiver 5 volts (R5). The IF amplifier
provides a gain of about 7dB. The amplified IF signal is then coupled into U301(pin 3) via C330,
C338 and L330 which provides a high-pass T-match for the IF amplifier and U301.
The IF signal applied to U301 (pin 3) is amplified, down-converted, filtered, and demodulated, to
produce recovered audio at U301(pin 27). This IF IC (U301) is electronically programmable, and the
amount of filtering, which is dependent on the radio channel spacing, is controlled by the
microprocessor. Additional filtering, once externally provided by the conventional ceramic filters, is
replaced by internal filters in IF IC (U301).
The IF IC uses a type of direct conversion process, whereby the externally generated second LO
frequency is divided by two in U301 so that it is very close to the first IF frequency. The IF IC
synthesizes the second LO and phase-locks the VCO to track the first IF frequency. The second LO
is designed to oscillate at twice the first IF frequency because of the divide-by-two function in the IF
IC.
In the absence of an IF signal, the VCO searches for a frequency, or its frequency will vary close to
twice the IF frequency. When an IF signal is received, the VCO locks onto the IF signal. The second
LO/VCO is a Colpitts oscillator built around transistor Q320. The VCO has a varactor diode, CR310,
to adjust the VCO frequency. The control signal for the varactor is derived from a loop filter consisting
of components C362, C363, C364, R320, and R321.
The IF IC also performs several other functions. It provides a received signal-strength indicator
(RSSI) and a squelch output. The RSSI is a dc voltage monitored by the microprocessor, and used
as a peak indicator during the bench tuning of the receiver front-end varactor filter. The RSSI voltage
is also used to control the automatic gain control (AGC) circuit at the front-end.
The demodulated signal on U301(pin 27) is also used for squelch control. The signal is routed to
U404 (ASFIC) where squelch signal shaping and detection takes place. The demodulated audio
signal is also routed to U404 for processing before being supplied to the audio amplifier.

2.6.3 Automatic Gain Control (AGC)

The front end automatic gain control circuit provides automatic reduction of gain for the front end RF
amplifier via feedback. This prevents overloading of backend circuits by drawing some of the output
power from the RF amplifier output. At high radio frequencies, capacitor C331 provides a low
impedance path to ground for this purpose. CR308 is a pin diode used for switching the path on or
off. A certain amount of forward biasing current is needed to turn the pin diode on. Transistor Q315
provides this current where, upon saturation, current will flow via R347, PIN Diode, collector and
emitter of Q315 and R319 before going to ground. Q315 is an NPN transistor used for switching
here. Maximum current flowing through the PIN is mainly limited by the resistor R319.
The Radio Signal Strength Indicator, RSSI, a voltage signal, is used to drive Q315 into saturation,
hence turning it on. RSSI is produced by U301 and is proportional to the gain of the amplifier and the
input RF signal power to the radio.
Theory of Operation: Synthesizer 2-9

The resistor network at the input to the base of the Q315 is scaled to turn on Q315, hence activating
the AGC at certain RSSI levels. In order to turn on Q315, the voltage across the transistors base to
ground must be greater or equal to the voltage across R319, plus the base-emitter voltage (Vbe)
present at Q315. The resistor network with thermistor RT300 is capable of providing temperature
compensation to the AGC circuit, as RSSI generated by U301 is lower at cold temperatures
compared to normal operation at room temperature. Resistor R300 and Capacitor C397 form an R-C
network used to dampen any transient instability while the AGC is turning on.

2.6.4 Frequency Generation Circuit

The frequency generation circuit, shown in Figure 2-7, is composed of Low Voltage Fractional-N
(LV FracN) synthesizer U201 and VCO/Buffer IC U241. Designed in conjunction to maximize
compatibility, the two ICs provide many of the functions that normally require additional circuitry. The
synthesizer block diagram illustrates the interconnect and support circuitry used in the region. Refer
to the schematic to locate reference designators.
The synthesizer is powered by regulated 5V and 3.3V, which are provided by ICs U247 and U248
respectively. The 5V signal goes to U201(pins 13 and 30) while the 3.3V signal goes to U201(pins 5,
20, 34 and 36). The synthesizer in turn generates a superfiltered (4.5V) signal to power U241.
In addition to the VCO, the synthesizer also interfaces with the logic and ASFIC circuits.
Programming for the synthesizer is accomplished through the microprocessor data, clock, and chip
select lines U409 (pins 7, 8 and 9) respectively. A 3.3V dc signal from U201(pin 4) indicates to the
microprocessor that the synthesizer is locked.
Transmit modulation from the ASFIC is supplied to U201 (pin 10). Internally the audio is digitized by
the LV Frac-N IC and applied to the loop divider to provide the low-port modulation. The audio runs
through an internal attenuator for modulation balancing purposes before going to the VCO (U241 pin
41).

Voltage
Multiplier Rx
VCP
Dual TRB Out Matching Low Pass
Transistor To Mixer
Network Filter
Vmult1
Aux3 Rx VCO
Aux4 Circuit VCOBIC
Vmult2 Synthesizer U241
U201 Loop Tx
Filter Out
16.8 MHz Attenuator To PA Driver
MOD Out
Ref. Osc. Tx VCO
Modulating Circuit
Signal

Figure 2-7. UHF Frequency Generation Unit Block Diagram

2.7 Synthesizer
The Low Voltage Fractional-N (LV FracN) synthesizer (U201), shown in Figure 2-8 on page 2-10,
uses a 16.8 MHz crystal (FL201) to provide a reference for the system. The LV FracN IC further
divides this to 2.1 MHz, 2.225 MHz, and 2.4 MHz for use as reference frequencies. Together with
C206, C207, C208, R204 and CR203, they build up the reference oscillator which is capable of
2.5ppm stability over temperatures of -30 to 85°C. It also provides 16.8 MHz at U201 (pin 19) for use
by the ASFIC and LVZIF.
2-10 Theory of Operation: Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO)

The loop filter consists of components C231, C232, C233, R231, R232, and R233. This filter
provides the necessary dc steering voltage for the VCO and determines the amount of noise and
spurs passing through.
To achieve fast locking for the synthesizer, an internal adapt charge pump provides higher current at
U201 (pin 45) to put the synthesizer within lock range. The required frequency is then locked by
normal mode charge pump at U201 (pin 47).
Both the normal and adapt charge pumps get their supply from the capacitive voltage multiplier
made up of C258, C259, C228, triple diode CR201, and level shifters U210 and U211. Two 3.3V
square waves, 180 degrees out of phase, are first shifted to 5V, then along with regulated 5V, put
through arrays of diodes and capacitors to build up 13.3V at U201 (pin 47).

7 4
DATA (U409 Pin 100) DATA LOCK LOCK (U409 Pin 56)
8 19
CLOCK (U409 Pin 1) CLK FREFOUT FREF (U201 Pin 21 & U404 Pin 34)
9 6,22,23,24
CSX (U409 Pin 2) CEX GND
10 43
MOD IN (U404 Pin 40) MODIN IOUT 2-Pole Steering
13,30 45 Loop Filter Line
+5V (U247 Pin 4) VCC , DC5V IADAPT
U201 LO RF
5,20,34,36 41 Injection
(U248 Pin 5) VDD , 3.3V Low Voltage MODOUT
23 Fractional-N 3
Reference XTAL1 AUX4 Dual
Synthesizer
Oscillator 24 2 Transistors Voltage
XTAL2 AUX3
Controlled
25 28 Filtered 5V Oscillator
WARP SFOUT
32 40
PREIN BIAS1
47 39 TX RF
VCP BIAS2
Injection
VMULT2 VMULT1 AUX1 (First Stage of PA)
14 15 48
Voltage Dual
Multiplier R405
5V Transistors
Prescaler In

Figure 2-8. UHF Synthesizer Block Diagram

2.8 Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO)

The VCOB IC (U241), shown in Figure 2-9 on page 2-11, in conjunction with the LV FracN
synthesizer (U201) generates RF in both the receive and the transmit modes of operation. The TRB
line (U241 pin 19) determines which oscillator and buffer are enabled. A sample of the RF signal
from the enabled oscillator is routed from U241 (pin 12), through a low pass filter, to the prescaler
input (U201 pin 32). After frequency comparison in the synthesizer, a resultant DC control voltage is
received at the VCO. When the PLL is locked on frequency, this voltage can vary between 3.5V and
9.5V.
The VCOB IC is operated at 4.54V (VSF) and LV FracN synthesizer (U201) at 3.3V. This difference
in operating voltage requires a level shifter consisting of Q260 and Q261 on the TRB line. The level
shifter logic is shown in Table 2-5.
In the receive mode, U241 (pin 19) is low or grounded. This activates the receive VCO by enabling
the receive oscillator and the receive buffer of U241. The RF signal at U241 (pin 8) is run through a
matching network. The resulting LO RF INJECTION signal is applied to the mixer at T302.
Theory of Operation: Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO) 2-11

When PTT is pressed during the transmit condition, five volts is applied to U241 (pin 19). This
activates the transmit VCO by enabling the U241 transmit oscillator and buffer. The TX RF
INJECTION signal at U241 (pin 10) is injected into the input of the PA module (U101 pin 16). Also in
transmit mode, the audio signal to be frequency modulated onto the carrier is received through U201
(pin 41).
When a high impedance is applied to U241 (pin 19), the VCO operates in BATTERY SAVER mode.
In this mode, both the receive and transmit oscillators as well as the receive transmit and prescaler
buffer are turned off.
5V

Level Shifter AUX3 (U201 Pin 2)

Network AUX4 (U201 Pin 3)
TRB_IN
Pin 20 Pin 19
Pin 7
Rx-SW
TX/RX/BS
Pin 13 Switching Network
Tx-SW

Pin 12 Prescaler Out

Presc U201 Pin 32
(U201 Pin 28) Pin 3 Vcc-Superfilter
U241
Steer Line
VCOBIC
Voltage LO RF INJECTION
Pin 4 Collector/RF in
(VCTRL) Pin 8 Matching Low Pass
RX
Pin 5 RX Network Filter
Rx Active
RX RX VCO Bias Pin 14
Tank Circuit Pin 6 (U201 Pin 28)
VCC Buffers
Pin 16 TX Tx Active Pin 10
Bias TX TX RF Injection
TX TX VCO
Tank Circuit Pin 15
Attenuator
Vsens
Circuit
Pin 18 Pin 2 Pin 1 Pins 9,11,17
Vcc-Logic Rx-I adjust Tx-I adjust

(U201 Pin 28)

Figure 2-9. UHF VCO Block Diagram

Table 2-5. Level Shifter Logic

Desired Mode AUX 4 AUX 3 TRB

Tx Low High (@3.2V) High (@4.8V)

Rx High Low Low

Battery Saver Low Low Hi-Z/Float (@2.5V)

2-12 Theory of Operation: VHF Transmitter

2.9 VHF Transmitter

The VHF transmitter consists of the following basic circuits as shown in Figure 2-10.
• Power amplifier
• Antenna switch/harmonic filter
• Antenna matching network
• Power control integrated circuit (PCIC)

PCIC
Antenna
Vcontrol Vcontrol Matching
Network

Power Amplifier (PA)

PA PA Final Antenna Switch/

From VCO Harmonic Filter
Driver Stage

Figure 2-10. VHF Transmitter Block Diagram

2.9.1 Power Amplifier

The power amplifier consists of two devices:
• 9Z67 LDMOS driver IC (U3501)
• PRF1507 LDMOS PA (Q3501)
The 9Z67 LDMOS driver IC contains a 2-stage amplifier using a supply voltage of 7.3V.
This RF power amplifier is capable of supplying an output power of 0.3W (pin 6 and 7) with an input
signal of 2mW (3dBm) (pin16). The current drain is typically around 130mA while operating in the
frequency range of 136-174 MHz.
The PRF1507 LDMOS PA is capable of supplying an output power of 7W with an input signal of
0.3W. The current drain is typically around 1800mA while operating in the frequency range of 136-
174 MHz. The power output is varied by changing the bias voltage.

2.9.2 Antenna Switch

The antenna switch circuit consists of two pin diodes (D3521 and D3551), a pi network (C3531,
L3551, and C3550), and two current limiting resistors (R3572 and R3573). In the transmit mode, B+
at PCIC (U3502), pin 23 goes low to turn on Q3561 applying a B+ bias to the antenna switch circuit
to bias the diodes “on”. The shunt diode (D3551) shorts out the receiver port, and the pi network,
which operates as a quarter wave transmission line, transforms the low impedance of the shunt
diode to a high impedance at the input of the harmonic filter. In the receive mode, the diodes are both
off, creating a low attenuation path between the antenna and receiver ports.
Theory of Operation: VHF Receiver 2-13

2.9.3 Harmonic Filter

The harmonic filter consists of components C3532 to C3536, L3531, and L3532. This network forms
a low-pass filter to attenuate harmonic energy of the transmitter to specifications level. The harmonic
filter insertion loss is typically less than 1.2dB.

2.9.4 Antenna Matching Network

A matching network, made up of L3538 and C3537, is used to match the antenna impedance to the
harmonic filter. This optimizes the performance of the transmitter and receiver into an antenna.

2.9.5 Power Control Integrated Circuit (PCIC)

The transmitter uses PCIC, U3502 to control the power output of the radio by maintaining the radio
current drain. The current to the final stage of the power module is supplied through R3519 (0.1
ohms), which provides a voltage proportional to the current drain. The voltage is then fed back to the
automatic level control (ALC) within the PCIC to provide loop stability.
The PCIC also contains internal digital-to-analog converters (DACs) that provide the reference
voltage for the control loop. The voltage level is controlled by the microprocessor through the data
line of the PCIC.
The resistors and integrators within the PCIC, and external capacitors (C3562, C3563, and C3565)
control the transmitter rise and fall times. These are necessary to reduce the power splatter into
adjacent channels.
U3503 and its associated components act as a temperature cut back circuit. This provides the
necessary voltage to the PCIC to cut the transmitter power if the radio temperature gets too high.

2.10 VHF Receiver

The VHF receiver consists of a front end, back end, and automatic gain control circuits. A block
diagram of the VHF receiver is shown in Figure 2-11. Detailed descriptions of these features are
contained in the paragraphs that follow.

Antenna
Pin Diode
Antenna Varactor RF Varactor Crystal
RFJack Switch Tuned Filter Amp Tuned Filter Mixer Filter

AGC

Control Voltage First LO

from ASFIC from FGU

Recovered Audio
Demodulator
Squelch

RSSI Synthesizer
IF IC

16.8 MHz
Reference Clock
SPI Bus Second
LO VCO

Figure 2-11. VHF Receiver Block Diagram

2-14 Theory of Operation: VHF Receiver

2.10.1 Receiver Front-End

The RF signal is received by the antenna and applied to a low-pass filter consisting of L3531, L3532,
C3532 to C3563. The filtered RF signal is passed through the antenna switch. The antenna switch
circuit consists of two pin diodes (D3521 and D3551) and a pi network (C3531, L3551, and C3550).
The RF signal is then applied to a varactor tuned bandpass filter which consists of L3301, L3303,
C3301 to C3304, and D3301. The filter is tuned by applying a control voltage to the varactor diode
(D3301) in the filter.
The bandpass filter is electronically tuned by the DACRx from IC 404 which is controlled by the
microprocessor. Depending on the carrier frequency, the DACRx supplies the tuning voltage to the
varactor diodes in the filter. Wideband operation of the filter is achieved by shifting the bandpass filter
across the band.
The output of the bandpass filter is coupled to the RF amplifier transistor Q3302 via C3306. After
being amplified by the RF amplifier, the RF signal is further filtered by a second varactor tuned
bandpass filter, consisting of L3305, L3306, C3311 to C3314, and D3302.
Both the pre and post-RF amplifier varactor tuned filters have similar responses. The 3dB bandwidth
of the filter is about 12 MHz. This enables the filters to be electronically controlled by using a single
control voltage which is DACRx.
The output of the post-RF amplifier filter is connected to the passive double balanced mixer which
consists of T3301, T3302, and CR3301. Matching of the filter to the mixer is provided by C3317,
C3318, and L3308. After mixing with the first LO signal from the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)
using high side injection, the RF signal is down-converted to the 45.1 MHz IF signal.
The IF signal coming out of the mixer is transferred to the crystal filter (Y3200) through a resistor pad
(R3321 - R3323) and a diplexer (C3320 and L3309). Matching to the input of the crystal filter is
provided by C3200 and L3200. The crystal filter provides the necessary selectivity and
intermodulation protection.

2.10.2 Receiver Back-End

The output of crystal filter Y3200 is coupled to the input of IF amplifier transistor Q3200 by capacitor
C3203. Voltage supply to the IF amplifier is taken from the receiver 5 volts (R5). The controlled gain
IF amplifier provides a maximum gain of about 10dB. The amplified IF signal is then coupled into
U3220, pin 3 via L3202, C3207, and C3230 which provides impedance matching for the IF amplifier
and U3220.
The IF signal applied to U3220, pin 3 is amplified, down-converted, filtered, then demodulated to
produce the recovered audio at U3220, pin 27. This IF IC is electronically programmable, and the
amount of filtering, which is dependent on the radio channel spacing, is controlled by the
microprocessor. Additional filtering, once externally provided by the conventional ceramic filters, is
replaced by internal filters in the IF IC (U3220).
The IF IC uses a type of direct conversion process, whereby the externally generated second LO
frequency is divided by two in U3220 so that it is very close to the first IF frequency. The IF IC
(U3220) synthesizes the second LO and phase-locks the VCO to track the first IF frequency. The
second LO is designed to oscillate at twice the first IF frequency because of the divide-by-two
function in the IF IC.
In the absence of an IF signal, the VCO searches for a frequency, or its frequency will vary close to
twice the IF frequency. When an IF signal is received, the VCO locks onto the IF signal. The second
LO/VCO is a Colpitts oscillator built around transistor Q3270. The VCO has a varactor diode (D3270)
to adjust the VCO frequency. The control signal for the varactor is derived from a loop filter consisting
of C3278 to C3280, R3274, and R3275.
Theory of Operation: VHF Receiver 2-15

The IF IC (U3220) also provides a received signal-strength indicator (RSSI) and a squelch output.
The RSSI is a dc voltage monitored by the microprocessor and is used as a peak indicator during the
bench tuning of the receiver front-end varactor filter. The RSSI voltage is also used to control the
automatic gain control (AGC) circuit in the front-end.
The demodulated signal on U3220, pin 27 is also used for squelch control. The signal is routed to
U404 (ASFIC) where squelch signal shaping and detection takes place. The demodulated audio
signal is also routed to U404 for processing before going to the audio amplifier for amplification.

2.10.3 Automatic Gain Control (AGC)

The front end automatic gain control circuit provides automatic reduction of gain of the front end RF
amplifier via feedback. This prevents overloading of backend circuits and is achieved by drawing
some of the output power from the RF amplifier output. At high radio frequencies, capacitor C3327
provides the low impedance path to ground for this purpose. Pin diode CR3302 switches the path on
or off. A certain amount of forward biasing current is needed to turn the pin diode on. Transistor
Q3301 provides this current.
Radio signal strength indicator, RSSI, a voltage signal, drives Q3301 to saturation i.e. turned on.
RSSI is produced by U3220 and is proportional to the gain of the RF amplifier and the input power to
the radio.
Resistors R3304 and R3305 make up a voltage divider designed to turn on Q3301 at certain RSSI
levels. To turn on Q3301, the voltage across R3305 must be greater or equal to the voltage across
R3324 plus the emitter-base voltage (Vbe) present at Q3301. Capacitor C3209 dampens any
instability while the AGC is turning on. The current flowing into the collector of Q3301, a high current
gain NPN transistor, is drawn through the pin diode to turn it on. Maximum current flowing through
the pin is limited by resistors R3316, R3313, R3306, and R3324. Feedback capacitor C3326
provides some stability to this high gain stage.
An additional gain control circuit is formed by Q3201 and associated components. Resistors R3206
and R3207 are voltage dividers designed to turn on Q3201 at a significantly higher RSSI level than
the level required to turn on pin diode control transistor Q3301. In order to turn on Q3201, the voltage
across R3207 must be greater or equal to the voltage across R3208 plus the emitter-base voltage
(Vbe) present at Q3201. As current starts flowing into the collector of Q3201, it reduces the bias
voltage at the base of IF amplifier transistor Q3200 and in turn, the gain of the IF amplifier. The gain
is then controlled in a range of -30dB to +10dB.

2.10.4 Frequency Generation Circuit

The frequency generation circuit, shown in Figure 2-12 on page 2-16, is composed of two main ICs,
the LV FracN synthesizer (U3701), and the VCO/Buffer IC (U3801). Designed in conjunction to
maximize compatibility, the two ICs provide many of the functions that normally would require
additional circuits. The synthesizer block diagram illustrates the interconnect and support circuit
used in the region. Refer to the schematic for the reference designator.
2-16 Theory of Operation: Synthesizer

Voltage
Multiplier Dual TRB
VCP Rx Out
Transistor To Mixer
Vmult1
Aux3 Rx VCO
Circuit VCOBIC
Vmult2 Synthesizer U3801
U3701 Loop
Filter Tx Out
16.8 MHz To PA Driver
Ref. Osc. Tx VCO
MOD Out
Modulating Circuit
Signal

Figure 2-12. VHF Frequency Generation Unit Block Diagram

The synthesizer is powered by regulated 5V and 3.3V which is provided from ICs U3711 and U3201
respectively. The 5V signal is supplied to pins 13 and 30 and the 3.3V signal is applied to pins 5, 20,
34 and 36 of U3701. The synthesizer in turn generates a superfiltered (4.5V) which powers U3801.
In addition to the VCO, the synthesizer must interface with the logic and ASFIC circuitry.
Programming for the synthesizer is accomplished through the data, clock and chip select lines (pins
7, 8 and 9) from the microprocessor, U409. A 3.3V dc signal from the synthesizer lock detect line (pin
4) indicates to the microprocessor that the synthesizer is locked.
Transmit modulation from the ASFIC is supplied to U3701, pin 10. Internally the audio is digitized by
the LV FracN IC and applied to the loop divider to provide low-port modulation. The audio runs
through an internal attenuator for modulation balancing purposes before going out at pin 41 to the
VCO.

2.11 Synthesizer
The Low Voltage Fractional-N (LV FracN) synthesizer, shown in Figure 2-13 on page 2-17, uses a
16.8 MHz crystal (Y3761) to provide a reference for the system. The LV FracN IC (U3701) further
divides this to 2.1 MHz, 2.225 MHz, and 2.4 MHz as reference frequencies. Together with C3761,
C3762, C3763, R3761, and D3761, they build up the reference oscillator that is capable of 2.5 ppm
stability over a temperature range of -30 to 85°C. A 16.8 MHz signal at U3701, pin 19 is also
provided for use by ASFIC and LVZIF.
The loop filter, which consist of C3721, C3722, R3721, R3722, and R3723, provides the necessary
dc steering voltage for the VCO and determines the amount of noise and spur passing through.
In achieving fast locking for the synthesizer, an internal adapt charge pump provides higher current
at U3701, pin 45 to put the synthesizer within lock range. The required frequency is then locked by
normal mode charge pump at pin 43.
Both the normal and adapt charge pumps get their supply from the capacitive voltage multiplier
made up of C3701 to C3704 and triple diodes D3701 and D3702. Two 3.3V square waves (180
degrees out of phase) are first multiplied by four and then shifted, along with regulated 5V, to build up
13.5V at U3701, pin 47.
Theory of Operation: Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO) 2-17

7 4
DATA (U409 Pin 100) DATA LOCK LOCK (U409 Pin 56)
8 19
CLOCK (U409 Pin 1) CLK FREFOUT FREF (U3220 Pin 21 & U404 Pin 34)
9 6,22,23,24
CSX (U409 Pin 2) CEX GND
10 43
MOD IN (U404 Pin 40) MODIN IOUT 2-Pole Steering
13,30 45 Loop Filter Line
+5V (U3711 Pin 4) VCC , DC5V IADAPT
5,20,34,36 U3701 41 LO RF
(U3201 Pin 5) VDD , 3.3V Low Voltage MODOUT Injection
23 Fractional-N 3
Reference XTAL1 AUX4
Synthesizer
Oscillator 24 2 Voltage
XTAL2 AUX3
Controlled
25 28 Filtered 5V
WARP SFOUT Oscillator
32 40
PREIN BIAS1
47 39 TX RF
VCP BIAS2
VMULT2 VMULT1 AUX1 Injection
(First Stage of PA)
14 15 48
Voltage Dual
Multiplier R405
5V Transistors
Prescaler In

Figure 2-13. VHF Synthesizer Block Diagram

2.12 Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO)

The VCOB IC (U3801), shown in Figure 2-14 on page 2-18, in conjunction with the LV FracN
synthesizer (U3701) generates RF in both the receive and transmit modes of operation. The TRB
line (U3801, pin 19) determines which oscillator and buffer are enabled. A sample of the RF signal
from the enabled oscillator is routed from U3801, pin 12, through a low pass filter, to the prescaler
input (U3701, pin 32). After frequency comparison in the synthesizer, a resultant control voltage is
received at the VCO. This voltage is a DC voltage typically between 3.5V and 9.5V when the PLL is
locked on frequency.
The RF section of the VCOB IC (U3801) is operated at 4.54 V (VSF), while the control section of the
VCOBIC and LV FracN synthesizer (U3701) is operated at 3.3V. The operation logic is shown in
Table 2-6 on page 2-18.
In the receive mode, U3801, pin 19 is low or grounded. This activates the receive VCO by enabling
the receive oscillator and the receive buffer of U3801. The RF signal at U3801, pin 8 is routed
through a matching network. The resulting LO RF INJECTION signal is applied to the mixer at
T3302.
During the transmit condition, when PTT is pressed, 3.2 volts is applied to U3801, pin 19. This
activates the transmit VCO by enabling the transmit oscillator and the transmit buffer of U3801. The
RF signal at U3801, pin 10 is injected into the input of the PA module (U3501, pin16). This RF signal
is the TX RF INJECTION. Also in transmit mode, the audio signal to be frequency modulated onto
the carrier is received through U3701, pin 41.
2-18 Theory of Operation: Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO)

When a high impedance is applied to U3801, pin19, the VCO is operating in battery saver mode. In
this case, both the receive and transmit oscillators as well as the receive transmit and prescaler
buffer are turned off.

AUX3 (U3701 Pin 2)

TRB_IN
Pin 20 Pin 19
Pin 7
Rx-SW
TX/RX/BS
Pin 13 Switching Network
Tx-SW

Pin 12 Prescaler Out

Presc U3701 Pin 32
(U3701 Pin 28) Pin 3 Vcc-Superfilter
U3801
Steer Line
VCOBIC
Voltage LO RF INJECTION
Pin 4 Collector/RF in
(VCTRL) Pin 8 Matching Low Pass
RX
Pin 5 RX Network Filter
Rx Active
RX RX VCO Bias Pin 14
Tank Circuit Pin 6 (U3701 Pin 28)
VCC Buffers
Pin 16 TX Tx Active Pin 10
Bias TX TX RF Injection
TX TX VCO
Tank Circuit Pin 15
Attenuator
Vsens
Circuit
Pin 18 Pin 2 Pin 1 Pins 9,11,17
Vcc-Logic Rx-I adjust Tx-I adjust

(U3701 Pin 28)

Figure 2-14. VHF VCO Block Diagram

Table 2-6. VCO Control Logic

Desired Mode AUX 4 AUX 3 TRB

Tx Not Used High (@3.2V) High (@3.2V)

Rx Not Used Low Low

Battery Saver Not Used Hi-Z/Float Hi-Z/Float (@1.6V)

(@1.6V)
Theory of Operation: Low Band Transmitter 2-19

2.13 Low Band Transmitter

The low band transmitter consists of the following basic circuits as shown in Figure 2-15.
• Power amplifier (PA).
• Antenna switch/harmonic filter.
• Antenna matching network.
• Power control integrated circuit (PCIC).

Antenna Switch Bias

SPI Bus
PCIC
Antenna
Vcontrol Gate Bias Matching
Network

Power Amplifier (PA)

PA PA Final Antenna Switch/

From VCO Harmonic Filter
Driver Stage

Figure 2-15. Low Band Transmitter Block Diagram

2.13.1 Power Amplifier (PA)

The PA consists of two LDMOS devices:
• PA driver, U101.
• PA final stage, Q100.
The LDMOS driver (U101) provides 2-stage amplification using a supply voltage of 7.3V. The
amplifier is capable of supplying an output power of 0.3W (pins 6 and 7) with an input signal of 2mW
at (pin16). The current drain is typically 120mA while operating in the frequency range of 29.7 -
50 MHz. The power output of this stage is varied by the power control loop which controls the voltage
on pin 1.
The LDMOS PA is capable of supplying an output power of 8W with an input signal of 0.3W. The
current drain is typically 2000 mA while operating in the frequency range of 29.7 - 50 MHz. The final
stage gate is bias by a voltage from PCIC, pin 24. This voltage is the output of a programmable DAC
inside the PCIC and the output is adjustable with the radio tuner.
2-20 Theory of Operation: Low Band Receiver

2.13.2 Antenna Switch

The antenna switch circuit consists of two pin diodes (D100 and D101), a RF network (C147 and
L103), and a DC feed network (L104, C144, and current limiting resistor R101). In the transmit mode,
PCIC (U102) pin 32 goes high supplying current via the feed network to bias the diodes “on”. The
shunt diode (D101) shorts out the receiver port and L103 is connected from the RF path to ground.
L103 and the input capacitance of the lowpass filter form a parallel resonant circuit, effectively
disconnecting the receiver port from the antenna while not loading the transmit path. In the receive
mode, pin 32 goes low and the diodes are off. D100 looks like a high impedance effectively
disconnecting the transmitter from the antenna while L103 and C147 form a series resonant circuit
effectively connect the receiver to the antenna.

2.13.3 Harmonic Filter

The harmonic filter consists of components C103, C106, C103, C107,C110, C111, C114, C115 and
inductors L100, L101, and L102 which are a part of the SH100 assembly. The harmonic filter for
lowband is pole zero design. This feature gives greater attenuation in low frequencies where the
harmonic energy of the transmitter is the greatest and less attenuation in high frequencies where
there is less harmonic energy. The harmonic filter insertion loss is typically less than 0.8 dB.

2.13.4 Antenna Matching Transformer

The antenna matching transformer (T100) matches the antenna impedance with the harmonic filter
to optimize the performance of the transmitter and receiver.

2.13.5 Power Control Integrated Circuit (PCIC)

The transmitter uses the PCIC (U102) to regulate the power output of the radio. To accomplish this,
the voltage across R102 is sensed. This voltage drop is directly proportional to the current drawn in
the final stage of the transmitter. This voltage is compared to a programmable reference inside the
PCIC and the voltage on PCIC pin 4 adjusted. Pin 4 connects to the PA driver IC (U101) pin 1 via
resistor R100 and varies RF output power of the driver. This controls the current drain of the final
stage and sets the output power.

2.13.6 Temperature Cut Back Circuit

Temperature sensor VR101 and associated components are part of a temperature cut back circuit.
This circuit senses the printed circuit board temperature around the transmitter circuits and outputs a
DC voltage to the PCIC. If the DC voltage produced exceeds the set threshold of the PCIC, the
transmitter output power decreases to reduce the transmitter temperature.

2.13.7 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Protection Circuit

The LDMOS PA device (Q100) is very sensitive to static discharge. To protect the device from ESD,
a protection circuit consisting of single high-speed Schottky Diode (D104) is connected from the
Antenna Nut (J102) to ground. This diode effectively shorts ESD energy to ground, but looks like an
open circuit to normal RF energy. The diode turns on when the voltage at the antenna nut exceeds
150V.

2.14 Low Band Receiver

The low band receiver consists of a front end, back end, and automatic gain control circuits. A block
diagram of the receiver is shown in Figure 2-16 on page 2-21. Detailed descriptions of these stages
are contained in the paragraphs that follow.
Theory of Operation: Low Band Receiver 2-21

Antenna
Lowpass Antenna Highpass RF Lowpass Crystal IF
RFJack Filter Switch Filter Amp Filter Mixer Filter Amp

AGC
First LO Processing
from FGU

Recovered Audio
Demodulator
Squelch
IF IC U303
RSSI Synthesizer

17.0 MHz
Reference Clock
SPI Bus Second
LO VCO

Figure 2-16. Low Band Receiver Block Diagram

2.14.1 Receiver Front-End

The RF signal received by the antenna is routed through the transmitter lowpass filter and antenna
switch. These circuits are described in the transmitter section.The signal next passes through a
highpass filter consisting of L501, L502, C538, C533 and C504. This filter serves to reject below
band signals and has a 3 dB corner frequency of 27 MHz.
The output of the highpass filter is connected to an RF amp consisting of Q509 and associated
biasing components. This is a BJT amplifier powered off 5 volts and has 13 dB of gain. The amplifier
drives a lowpass filter consisting of L503, L504 L507, C534, C535, C536, C537 and C515. This filter
is a pole zero design that filters off harmonic components from the RF amp. The 3 dB corner of this
filter is at 56 MHz.
The output of the lowpass filter is connected to the passive double balanced mixer consisting of
components T501, T502, and D501. After mixing with the first local oscillator up-converted to a
109.65 MHz IF signal.
The IF signal coming out of the mixer is transferred to the crystal filter (FL301) through a resistor pad
(R507, R508 and R509) and a diplexer (C516 and L508). Matching to the input of the crystal filter is
provided by L301, L302, C301 and C302. The 3 pole crystal filter provides the necessary selectivity
and intermodulation protection.
2-22 Theory of Operation: Low Band Receiver

2.14.2 Receiver Back-End

The output of crystal filter FL301 is connected to the input of IF amplifier transistor U301.
Components L303 and C348 and R301 form the termination for the crystal filter and the signal is
coupled to one gate of U301 by C303. The IF amplifier is a dual gate MOSFET powered off of the 5
volt supply. The first gate receives the IF signal as indicated previously. The second gate receives a
DC voltage from U302 which serves as an AGC control signal. This signal reduces the gain of the IF
amplifier to prevent overload of the IF IC, U303. The gain can be varied from a maximum of 13 dB to
an attenuation of 55 dB. The output IF signal from U301 is coupled into U303 (pin 3) via C306, R304
and L304 which provides matching for the IF amplifier and U303.
The IF signal applied to pin 3 of U303 is amplified, down-converted, filtered, and demodulated, to
produce recovered audio at pin 27 of U303. This IF IC is electronically programmable, and the
amount of filtering, which is dependent on the radio channel spacing, is controlled by the
microprocessor. Additional filtering, once externally provided by the conventional ceramic filters, is
replaced by internal filters in IF IC U303.
The IF IC uses a type of direct conversion process, whereby the externally generated second LO
frequency is divided by two in U303 so that it is very close to the first IF frequency. The IF IC (U303)
synthesizes the second LO and phase-locks the VCO to track the first IF frequency. The second LO
is designed to oscillate at twice the first IF frequency because of the divide-by-two function in the IF
IC.
In the absence of an IF signal, the VCO searches for a frequency, or its frequency will vary close to
twice the IF frequency. When an IF signal is received, the VCO locks onto the IF signal. The second
LO/VCO is a Colpitts oscillator built around transistor Q301. The VCO has a varactor diode, CR301,
to adjust the VCO frequency. The control signal for the varactor is derived from a loop filter consisting
of components C308, C309, and R310.
The IF IC (U303) also performs several other functions. It provides a received signal-strength
indicator (RSSI) and a squelch output. The RSSI voltage is also used to control the automatic gain
control (AGC) circuit at the back end.
The demodulated signal on pin 27 of U303 is also used for squelch control. The signal is routed to
U404 (ASFIC) where squelch signal shaping and detection takes place. The demodulated audio
signal is also routed to U404 for processing before going to the audio amplifier for amplification.

2.14.3 Automatic Gain Control (AGC)

The automatic gain control circuit provides automatic reduction of gain to prevent overloading of
backend circuits. This is achieved by lowering the voltage on one gate of U301 which will reduce the
drain current in that part and lower its gain.
The Radio Signal Strength Indicator (RSS I) voltage signal for the IF IC (U303) is used to drive the
AGC processing circuitry consisting of R306, R307, R308, R309 C307 and U302. As the received
signal gets stronger, the RSSI line will rise. When the RSSI line passes a certain threshold, the
voltage at the output of U302 will begin to drop. This voltage is connected to one gate of IF amplifier
U301 through resistor R305. As this voltage decreases, it will lower the drain current in U301 and
reduce the gain of the stage. This will limit the power incident on the IF IC, U303.

2.14.4 Frequency Generation Circuit

The frequency generation circuit, shown in Figure 2-17 on page 2-23, is composed of Low Voltage
Fractional-N (LV FracN) synthesizer U205 and discrete RX VCO, TX VCO, and buffers as well as
other supporting circuitry. The synthesizer block diagram illustrates the interconnect and support
circuitry used in the region. Refer to the schematic for the reference designators.
Theory of Operation: Synthesizer 2-23

The synthesizer is powered by regulated 5V and 3.3V. The 5 volt signal to the synthesizer as well as
the rest of the radio is provided by U204. The 3.3 v signal is provided by U200 in the controller. The
5V signal goes to pins 13 and 30 while the 3.3V signal goes to pins 5, 20, 34 and 36 of U201. The
synthesizer in turn generates a superfiltered 4.3V which powers the VCOs and buffers.
In addition to the VCO, the synthesizer also interfaces with the logic and ASFIC circuitry.
Programming for the synthesizer is accomplished through the data, clock and chip select lines (pins
7, 8 and 9) from the microprocessor, U409. A 3.3V dc signal from pin 4 indicates to the
microprocessor that the synthesizer is locked.
Transmit modulation from the ASFIC is supplied to pin10 of U205. Internally the audio is digitized by
the LV FracN IC and applied to the loop divider to provide the low-port modulation. The audio runs
through an internal attenuator for modulation balancing purposes before going out at pin 41 to the
VCO.

Voltage VCP
VSF
Multiplier Switching
Network
Vmult2
Aux2
Rx VCO
Aux3 Circuit
Vmult1 Synthesizer To Mixer
U205 Loop
Filter
17.0 MHz MOD Out Buffer To PA Driver
Ref. Osc. Tx VCO
Prescaler Input Circuit
Amplifier
Modulating
Signal

Figure 2-17. Low Band Frequency Generation Unit Block Diagram

2.15 Synthesizer
The Low Voltage Fractional-N (LV FracN) synthesizer, shown in Figure 2-18 on page 2-24, uses a
17.0 MHz crystal (Y201) to provide a reference for the system. Along with being used in the
LV FracN synthesizer, the 17.0 MHz signal is provided at pin 19 of U205 for use by the ASFIC and
LVZIF.
The LV FracN IC (U205) further divides this by 8 internally to give 2.125 MHz to be used as the
reference frequency in the frequency synthesis. While UHF and VHF can use other references,
(divide by 7 or divide by 7/8), only the divide by 8 function is valid for lowband.
The internal oscillator device in the LV FracN IC together with C236, C237, C242, R219, CR211and
Y201 comprise the reference oscillator. This oscillator is temperature compensated is capable of 2.5
ppm stability over temperatures of -30° to 85°C. There is temperature compensation information that
is unique to each crystal contained on Y201 that is programmed into the radio when built.
The loop filter consists of components C256, C257, C259, R224, R225 and R228. This circuit
provides the necessary dc steering voltage for the VCO and determines the amount of noise and
spur passing through.
To achieve fast locking for the synthesizer, an internal adapt charge pump provides higher current at
pin 45 of U205 to put the synthesizer within lock range. The required frequency is then locked by
normal mode charge pump at pin 43.
2-24 Theory of Operation: Voltage Control Oscillators (VCO)

Both the normal and adapt charge pumps get their supply from the capacitive voltage multiplier
made up of C247, C283, C284, C285, C286, and triple diodes D210 and D211. This circuit provides
13.3V at U205, pin 47.

7 4
DATA (U409 Pin 100) DATA LOCK LOCK (U409 Pin 56)
8 19
CLOCK (U409 Pin 1) CLK FREFOUT FREF (U303 Pin 21 & U404 Pin 34)
9 6,17,22,29,31,33,44
CSX (U409 Pin 2) CEX GND
10 43
MOD IN (U404 Pin 40) MODIN IOUT 2-Pole Steering
13,30 45 Loop Filter Line
+5V (U204 Pin 4) VCC , DC5V IADAPT
5,20,34,36 U205 41 LO RF
(U400 Pin 1) VDD , 3.3V Low Voltage MODOUT Injection
23 Fractional-N 1
Reference XTAL1 AUX2 Switching
Synthesizer
Oscillator 24 2 Network Voltage
XTAL2 AUX3
Controlled
25 28 Filtered 4.3V
WARP SFOUT Oscillators
32 40
PREIN BIAS1
47 39 TX RF
VCP BIAS2
VMULT2 VMULT1 Injection
(First Stage of PA)
14 15
Voltage
Multiplier
Prescaler In

Figure 2-18. Low Band Synthesizer Block Diagram

2.16 Voltage Control Oscillators (VCO)

2.16.1 Receive VCO
The receive VCO is a Colpitts type design and using two active devices in parallel, Q202 and Q204.
The oscillator is powered off of the 4.3 volt super filter supply when the AUX3 line goes low. The
oscillator operates from 139 to 152 MHz for range 1 and 145 to 160 MHz for range 2. The frequency
is tuned by varactor diodes CR201 and CR202.

2.16.2 Transmit VCO

The transmit VCO is a Hartley-type design with active devices Q203. The oscillator is powered off of
the 4.3 volt super filter supply when the AUX2 line goes low. The oscillator operates from 29.7 to 42
MHz for Range 1 and 35 to 50 MHz for Range 2. The frequency is tuned by varactor diodes in U203.
Note that the values of the inductive tap, L208 and L209, and the capacitor C215 which couples the
varactor to the oscillator tank vary between the ranges.

2.16.3 Buffer
Both the receive and transmit VCO are fed to a buffer amplifier Q201. This is a BJT amplifier that
boosts the signal levels to +4 dBm and provides reverse isolation to the oscillators. The amplifier is
powered off the 4.3 volt super filter supply and the feed network is combined with the transmit filter.
Theory of Operation: 800 MHz Transmitter 2-25

2.16.4 Diplexer/Output Filters

The output of the buffer drives a pair of parallel filters forming a diplexer. One filter is a lowpass filter
in the TX pass that passes 29.7 - 50 MHz signals for the transmitter into the power amplifier while
rejecting the receive LO injection signals at 139 - 160 MHz. This filter is comprised of L204, L211,
L212, C230 and C231.
The other filter is a highpass filter which passes 139 - 160 MHz signals for the receive LO into the
mixer while rejecting the transmit injection signals at 29.7 -50 MHz. This filter is comprised of C228,
C229, C235 and L215.

2.16.5 Prescalar Feedback

The prescalar input signal for receive and transmit is tapped off of the outputs of each filter by
resistors R234 and R238. This signal is routed to the buffer amplifier consisting of components
C287, Q288, R287, R288, and R289. The output of this buffer feeds U205, pin 32. After frequency
comparison in the synthesizer, current is transferred in the loop filter and a control voltage is
generated at the output of the loop filter to adjust the frequency of the VCO. This voltage is a DC
voltage between 3.5V and 9.5V when the PLL is locked on frequency.

2.17 800 MHz Transmitter

The 800 MHz transmitter contains four basic circuits as shown in Figure 2-19:
• Power Amplifier (PA)
• Antenna Switch
• Harmonic Filter
• Power Control Integrated Circuit (PCIC).

PCIC
Antenna
Vcontrol Vcontrol Jack

Power Amplifier (PA)

PA PA Final Antenna Switch/

From VCO Harmonic Filter
Driver Stage

Figure 2-19. 800 MHz Transmitter Block Diagram

2.17.1 Power Amplifier

The power amplifier consists of two devices:
• 63J66 driver IC (U101) and
• 85Y73 LDMOS PA (Q101).
The 63J66 driver IC contains a 2 stage amplification with a supply voltage of 7.5V.
2-26 Theory of Operation: 800 MHz Transmitter

This RF driver IC is capable of supplying an output power of 0.3W (pin 13 and 14) with an input
signal of 2.5mW (4dBm) (pin16). The current drain would typically be 200mA while operating in the
frequency range of 806-870 MHz.
The 85Y73 LDMOS PA is capable of supplying an output power of 4.5W with an input signal of 0.3W.
The current drain would typically be 1100mA while operating in the frequency range of 806-870
MHz. The power out can be varied by changing the biasing voltage and the drive level from the driver
IC.

2.17.2 Antenna Switch

The antenna switch circuit consists of two PIN diodes (CR101 and CR102), a pi network (C109,
L103 and C110), and three current limiting resistors (R101, R102, R103). In the transmit mode, B+ at
PCIC (U102) pin32 will go high, applying a B+ bias to the antenna switch circuit to bias the diodes
“on”. The shunt diode (CR102) shorts out the receiver port, and the pi network, which operates as a
quarter wave transmission line, transforms the low impedance of the shunt diode to a high
impedance at the input of the harmonic filter. In the receive mode, the diodes are both off, and
hence, there exists a low attenuation path between the antenna and receiver ports.

2.17.3 Harmonic Filter

The harmonic filter consists of C104, L102, C105, C106,C107, L101 and C109. It has been
optimized for efficiency of the power amplifier. This type of filter has the advantage that it can give a
greater attenuation in the stop-band for a given ripple level. The harmonic filter insertion loss is
typically less than 1.2dB.

2.17.4 Power Control Integrated Circuit (PCIC)

The transmitter uses the Power Control IC (PCIC), U102 to regulate the power output of the radio.
The current to the final stage of the power module is supplied through R104, which provides a
voltage proportional to the current drain. This voltage is then fed back to the Automatic Level
Control (ALC) within the PCIC to regulate the output power of the transmitter.
The PCIC has internal digital to analog converters (DACs) which provide the reference voltage of the
control loop. The reference voltage level is programmable through the SPI line of the PCIC.
There are resistors and integrators within the PCIC, and external capacitors (C126, C130 and C132)
in controlling the transmitter rising and falling time. These are necessary in reducing the power
splatter into adjacent channels.
U103 and its associated components are part of the temperature cut back circuitry. It senses the
printed circuit board temperature around the transmitter circuits and provides a DC voltage to the
PCIC. If the DC voltage produced exceeds the set threshold in the PCIC, the transmitter output
power will be reduced so as to reduce the transmitter temperature.
Theory of Operation: 800 MHz Receiver 2-27

2.18 800 MHz Receiver

The receiver functions are shown in Figure 2-20 and are described in the paragraphs that follow.

Antenna
Pin Diode 3-Pole 3-Pole
Antenna Ceramic RF Ceramic Crystal IF
RFJack Switch Block Filter Amp Block Filter Mixer Filter Amp

AGC
Processing
First LO
from FGU

Recovered Audio
Demodulator
Squelch
U351
RSSI Synthesizer
IF IC

16.8 MHz
Reference Clock
SPI Bus Second
LO VCO

Figure 2-20. 800 MHz Receiver Block Diagram

2.18.1 Receiver Front-End

The RF signal is received by the antenna and applied to a low-pass filter. For 800 MHz, the filter
consists of L101, L102, C104, C105, C106, C107, C109. The filtered RF signal is passed through the
antenna switch. The antenna switch circuit consists of two PIN diodes(CR101 and CR102) and a pi
network (C109, L103 and C110).The signal is then applied to a fixed tuned ceramic bandpass filter,
FL300.
The output of the bandpass filter is coupled to the RF amplifier transistor Q302 via C300. The RF
amplifier provides a gain of approximately 12 dB. After being amplified by the RF amplifier, the RF
signal is further filtered by a second fixed tuned ceramic bandpass filter, FL301.
Both the pre and post-RF amplifier ceramic filters have similar responses. The insertion loss of each
filter across the 851-870 MHz band is typically 1.8dB.
The output of the post-RF amplifier filter is connected to the passive double balanced mixer, U301.
After mixing with the first LO signal from the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) using low side
injection, the RF signal is down-converted to the 109.65 MHz IF signal.
The IF signal coming out of the mixer is transferred to the crystal filter (FL350) through a resistive
pad and a diplexer (C312 and L306). Matching to the input of the crystal filter is provided by
L353,L354, C377, and C378. The crystal filter provides the necessary selectivity and intermodulation
protection.
2-28 Theory of Operation: 800 MHz Receiver

2.18.2 Receiver Back-End

The output of crystal filter FL350 is matched to the input of the dual gate MOSFET IF amplifier
transistor U352 by components L355, R359 and C376. Voltage supply to the IF amplifier is taken
from the receive 5 volts (R5). AGC voltage is applied to the second gate of U352. The IF amplifier
provides a gain of about 11dB. The amplified IF signal is then coupled into U351(pin 3) via L352,
R356 and C365 which provides the matching for the IF amplifier and U351.
The IF signal applied to pin 3 of U351 is amplified, down-converted, filtered, and demodulated, to
produce the recovered audio at pin 27 of U351. This IF IC is electronically programmable, and the
amount of filtering (which is dependent on the radio channel spacing) is controlled by the
microprocessor. Additional filtering, once externally provided by the conventional ceramic filters, is
replaced by internal filters in the IF module (U351).
The IF IC uses a type of direct conversion process, whereby the externally generated second LO
frequency is divided by two in U351 so that it is very close to the first IF frequency. The IF IC (U351)
synthesizes the second LO and phase-locks the VCO to track the first IF frequency. The second LO
is designed to oscillate at twice the first IF frequency because of the divide-by-two function in the IF
IC.
In the absence of an IF signal, the VCO will “search” for a frequency, or its frequency will vary close
to twice the IF frequency. When an IF signal is received, the VCO will lock onto the IF signal. The
second LO/VCO is a Colpitts oscillator built around transistor Q350. The VCO has a varactor diode,
CR350, to adjust the VCO frequency. The control signal for the varactor is derived from a loop filter
consisting of R365, C391, and C392.
The IF IC (U351) also performs several other functions. It provides a received signal-strength
indicator (RSSI) and a squelch output. The RSSI is a dc voltage monitored by the microprocessor,
and used to control the automatic gain control (AGC) circuit in both the front-end and the IF.
The demodulated signal on pin 27 of U351 is also used for squelch control. The signal is routed to
U404 (ASFIC) where squelch signal shaping and detection takes place. The demodulated audio
signal is also routed to U404 for processing before going to the audio amplifier for amplification.

2.18.3 Automatic Gain Control Circuit

The automatic gain control circuit provides automatic gain reduction of both the low noise amplifier in
the receiver front end and the IF amplifier in the receiver backend. This action is necessary to
prevent overloading of the backend IF IC.
The IF automatic gain control circuit provides approximately 50 dB of attenuation range. The signal
strength indicator (RSSI) output of the IF IC produces a voltage that is proportional to the RF level at
the IF input to the IF IC. This voltage is inverted by U350, R351, R353, R352, R354 and C355 and it
determines the RF level at which the backend end AGC is activated as well as the slope of the
voltage at the output of U350 vs. the strength of the incoming RF at the antenna. The inverted output
of U350 is applied to the second gate of the IF amplifier U352 via R355. As the RF signal into the IF
IC increases the following occurs:
• The RSSI voltage increases,
• The output of inverter U350 decreases, and
• The voltage applied to the second gate of the FET is reduced thus reducing the gain of the IF
amplifier.
The output of inverter U350 is also used to control the receiver front end AGC.
The receiver front end automatic gain control circuit provides and additional 20 dB of gain reduction.
The output of the receiver backend inverter U350 is fed into the receiver front end AGC inverter
U302. The components R317, R314, and C318 determine:
Theory of Operation: 800 MHz Receiver 2-29

• The RF level at which the front end AGC is activated, and

• The slope of the voltage at the output of U302 vs. the strength of the incoming RF at the antenna.
As the RF into the antenna increases the following occurs:
• The output voltage of the receiver backend inverter U350 decreases.
• The voltage at the output of the front end inverter U302 increases.
• The result is the forward biasing of pin diode CR301.
As the diode becomes more and more forward biased the following occurs:
• C310 loads the output of the low noise amplifier Q302 thus reducing the gain of the low noise
amplifier.
• R315 and R318 provide a DC path for CR301 and also limit the current through CR301.
The blocking capacitor C317 prevents DC from the AGC stage from appearing at the input of the
filter FL301.

2.18.4 Frequency Generation Circuit

The frequency generation circuit is shown in Figure 2-21. The circuit is composed of the two main
ICs:
• Low Voltage Fractional-N Synthesizer, U201
• VCO/Buffer IC, U250

Voltage
Multiplier Rx
VCP
Dual TRB Out Injection
Transistor To Mixer
Amplifier
Vmult1
Aux3 Rx VCO
Aux4 Circuit VCOBIC
Vmult2 Synthesizer U250
U201 Loop Tx
Filter Out Buffer
16.8 MHz To PA Driver
MOD Out Amplifier
Ref. Osc. Tx VCO
Modulating Circuit
Signal

Figure 2-21. 800 MHz Frequency Generation Unit Block Diagram

Designed in conjunction to maximize compatibility, the two ICs provide many of the functions that
normally would require additional circuitry. The synthesizer block diagram illustrates the interconnect
and support circuitry used in the region. Refer to the relevant schematics for the reference
designators.
The synthesizer is powered by regulated 5V and 3.3V which come from U247 and U248 respectively.
The synthesizer in turn generates a superfiltered 4.5V which powers U250.
2-30 Theory of Operation: Synthesizer

In addition to the VCO, the synthesizer must interface with the logic and ASFIC circuitry.
Programming for the synthesizer is accomplished through the data, clock and chip select lines from
the microprocessor. A 3.3V dc signal from synthesizer lock detect line indicates to the
microprocessor that the synthesizer is locked.
Transmit modulation from the ASFIC is supplied to pin10 of U201. Internally the audio is digitized by
the Low Voltage Fractional-N synthesizer and applied to the loop divider to provide the low-port
modulation. The audio runs through an internal attenuator for modulation balancing purposes before
going out to the VCO.

2.19 Synthesizer
The Low Voltage Fractional-N (LV FracN) synthesizer (U201) shown in Figure 2-22 on page 2-31
uses a 16.8 MHz crystal (FL201) to provide a reference for the system. The LV FracN IC further
divides this to 2.1 MHz, 2.225 MHz, and 2.4 MHz as reference frequencies. Together with C235,
C236, C237, R211 and CR203, they comprise the reference oscillator which is capable of 2.5ppm
stability over temperatures of -30° to 85°C. It also provides 16.8 MHz at pin 19 of U201 to be used by
ASFIC and LVZIF.
Some models are equipped with a packaged 1.5ppm reference oscillator, Y200. On these models
components C235, C236, C237, CR203, FL201, and R211 are not placed. Components C238,
C239, C241, R212, R213, R214 and Y200 are placed instead.
The loop filter which consists of C220, C225, C226, R204, R209 and R210 provides the necessary
dc steering voltage for the VCO and provides filtering of noise and spurs from U201.
In achieving fast locking for the synthesizer, an internal adapt charge pump provides higher current
at pin 45 of U201 to put the synthesizer within the lock range. The required frequency is then locked
by the normal mode charge pump at pin 43.
Both the normal and adapt charge pumps get their supply from the capacitive multiplier which is
made up of D201, D202, C244, C245, C246, C247, R200, R218, C208, C243, R219, and R220. Two
3.3 V square waves (180 degrees out of phase) are applied to R219 and R220. These square waves
switch alternate sets of diodes from D201 and D202, which in turn charge C244, C245, C246, and
C247 in a bucket brigade fashion. The resulting output voltage that is applied to pin 47 of U201 is
typically 12.8V and allows the steering line voltage (VCO control voltage) to reach 11V.
Theory of Operation: Synthesizer 2-31

7 4
DATA (U409 Pin 100) DATA LOCK LOCK (U409 Pin 56)
8 19
CLOCK (U409 Pin 1) CLK FREFOUT FREF (U201 Pin 21 & U404 Pin 34)
9 6,22,23,24
CSX (U409 Pin 2) CEX GND
10 43
MOD IN (U404 Pin 40) MODIN IOUT 2-Pole Steering
13,30 45 Loop Filter Line
+5V (U247 Pin 4) VCC , DC5V IADAPT 11.0V
U251 LO RF
5,20,34,36 41 Injection
(U248 Pin 5) VDD , 3.3V Low Voltage MODOUT
23 Fractional-N 3
Reference XTAL1 AUX4 Dual
Synthesizer
Oscillator 24 2 Transistors Voltage
XTAL2 AUX3
Controlled
25 28 Filtered 5V Oscillator
WARP SFOUT
32 40
PREIN BIAS1
12.8V 47 39 TX RF
VCP BIAS2
Injection
VMULT2 VMULT1 AUX1 (First Stage of PA)
14 15 48
Voltage 3.3Vp-p Dual
Multiplier R405
5V Transistors
3.3Vp-p
Prescaler In

Figure 2-22. 800 MHz Synthesizer Block Diagram

2-32 Theory of Operation: Synthesizer

2.19.1 Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO)

The voltage controlled oscillator block diagram is shown in Figure 2-23.

5V

Level Shifter AUX3 (U201 Pin 2)

Network AUX4 (U201 Pin 3)
TRB_IN
Pin 20 Pin 19
Pin 7
Rx-SW
TX/RX/BS
Pin 13 Switching Network
Tx-SW

Pin 12 Prescaler Out

Presc U201 Pin 32
(U201 Pin 28) Pin 3 Vcc-Superfilter
U250
VSF VCOBIC
Steer Line
Voltage LO RF INJECTION
Pin 4 Collector/RF in
(VCTRL) Pin 8 Injection
RX
Pin 5 RX Rx Active Amplifier
RX RX VCO Bias Pin 14 VSF
Tank Circuit Pin 6 (U201 Pin 28)
VCC Buffers
Pin 16 TX Tx Active Pin 10
Bias TX TX RF Injection
TX TX VCO
Tank Circuit Pin 15 Buffer
Vsens Amplifier
Circuit
Pin 18 Pin 2 Pin 1 Pins 9,11,17
Vcc-Logic Rx-I adjust Tx-I adjust

VSF
(U201 Pin 28)

Figure 2-23. 800 MHz VCO Block Diagram

The VCOBIC (U250) in conjunction with the Low Voltage Fractional-N (LV FracN) synthesizer (U201)
generates RF in both the receive and the transmit modes of operation. The TRB line (U250 pin 19)
determines which oscillator and buffer will be enabled. A sample of the RF signal from the enabled
oscillator is routed from U250 pin 12, through a low pass filter, to the prescaler input (U201 pin 32).
After frequency comparison in the synthesizer, a resultant CONTROL VOLTAGE is received at the
VCO. This voltage is a DC voltage between 2.0V (low frequency) and 11.0V (high frequency) when
the PLL is locked on frequency.
The VCOBIC(U250) is operated at 4.54 V (VSF) and LV FracN synthesizer (U201) at 3.3V. This
difference in operating voltage requires a level shifter consisting of Q200 and Q252 on the TRB line.
The operation logic is shown in Table 2-7.
Table 2-7. Level Shifter Logic

Desired Mode AUX 4 AUX 3 TRB

Tx Low High (@3.2V) High (@4.8V)

Rx High Low Low

Battery Saver Low Low Hi-Z/Float (@2.5V)

Theory of Operation: Trunked Radio Systems 2-33

In the receive mode, U250 pin 19 is low or grounded. This activates the receive VCO by enabling the
receive oscillator and the receive buffer of U250. The RF signal at U250 pin 8 is run through an
injection amplifier, Q304. The resulting RF signal is the LO RF INJECTION and it is applied to the
mixer at U301 (refer to Figure 4-104: 800 MHz Receiver Front End Schematic Diagram on page 4-
144).
During the transmit condition, when PTT is depressed, five volts is applied to U250 pin 19. This
activates the transmit VCO by enabling the transmit oscillator and the transmit buffer of U250. The
RF signal at U250 pin 10 is amplified by Q251 and injected into the input of the PA module (U101
pin1). This RF signal is the TX RF INJECTION. Also in transmit mode, the audio signal to be
frequency modulated onto the carrier is received through the U201 pin 41.
When a high impedance is applied to U250 pin19, the VCO is operating in BATTERY SAVER mode.
In this case, both the receive and transmit oscillators as well as the receive transmit and prescaler
buffer are turned off.

2.20 Trunked Radio Systems

Trunked systems allow a large number of users to share a relatively small number of frequencies or
repeaters without interfering with each other. The airtime of all the repeaters in a trunked system is
pooled, which maximizes the amount of airtime available to any one radio and minimizes channel
congestion. A benefit of trunking is that the user is not required to monitor the system before
transmitting.

2.20.1 Privacy Plus Trunked Systems

Privacy Plus is a proprietary trunking protocol developed by Motorola which allows a large number of
users to share small amounts of frequencies without interfering with each other. The Privacy Plus
configuration consists of shared multiple channel repeaters. The Privacy Plus Trunked system
includes a Central Controller, which directs the users to the open channels. This kind of Trunked
system requires no monitoring of the channel as in conventional systems. The Central Controller
places the user in a queue to wait for a free channel. The Central Controller does the monitoring and
channels selection for the user.

2.20.2 LTR™ Trunked Systems

LTR is a transmission based trunking protocol developed by the E. F. Johnson Company for primarily
single site trunking applications. In transmission trunking, a repeater is used for only the duration of a
single transmission. Once a transmission is completed, that repeater becomes available to other
users.

2.20.3 MPT Trunked Systems

MPT (Ministry of Post and Telecommunications) developed a signalling standard (MPT1327) for
trunked private land mobile radio systems. This standard defines the protocol rules for
communication between a trunking system controller (TSC) and user’s radio units. The protocol
offers a broad range of options which can be implemented in subsets according to user
requirements. Also, there is scope for customization for special requirements, and provision made to
further standardized features to be added to the protocol in the future. The standard defines only the
over-air signalling and imposes only minimum constraints on system design.
2-34 Theory of Operation: Trunked Radio Systems

2.20.4 PassPort™ Trunked Systems

PassPort is an enhanced trunking protocol developed by Trident Microsystems that supports wide
area dispatch networking. A network is formed by linking several trunked sites together to form a
single system. This offers users an extended communication coverage area. Additionally, users with
PassPort can seamlessly roam among all sites within the network. Seamless roaming means that
the radio user does not have to manually change the position on the radio when roaming from site-
to-site.
For models which feature PassPort Trunking operation, the standard keypad board is replaced with
the PassPort Trunking Controller Board (PTCB). This board also provides advanced voice storage
features. Refer to Figure 2-2 on page 2-2 for connector and signal routing from, to and through the
Radio, PTCB and Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) sub-systems.

2.20.4.1 Power Supplies

The radio supplies regulated Vdd of 3.3 VDC. This is used to power the Low Speed Data Filter and
Voice Storage circuits. The radio also supplies Switched Battery Voltage (SWB+). U612 regulates
the SWB+ to 3.3V which is applied to the PTCB microcontroller U601. A filtered voltage (Vdda) of _
Vdd is developed by U603-4 and is used to supply a clean reference bias for the Low Speed Data
filter and Voice Storage circuits. The circuit of Q607 which can limit the voltage applied to the Voice
Storage chip is not used in portable applications and is disabled by 0 Ohm resistor R614.

2.20.4.2 Microcontroller (MCU)

PassPort Trunking operation is managed by the reprogrammable FLASH ROM based
microcontroller (U601). The MCU clock oscillator uses 8 MHz crystal Y601 as a stable resonator.
The PTCB communicates with the main radio microcontroller by attaching to the same Serial
Peripheral (SPI) bus that passes though the PTCB to the LCD on the CLK, DATA, RDY, and MISO
lines. The OPT_EN line is strobed low only for communications with U601.
The MCU includes an on-chip Analog to Digital Converter (ADC). The received and filtered sub-
audible low speed trunking data waveform is applied to one of the ADC inputs. The software in the
MCU decodes and acts upon the trunking data.
The MCU includes a Digital to Analog Converter (DAC). As required, the MCU software generates
appropriate PassPort Low Speed Trunking Data waveforms. These are applied to the Low Speed
Data Filter and then to the radio transmitter modulation point. The amplitude of this waveform and
the resulting transmitted deviation is controlled by software.

2.20.4.3 Low Speed Data Filter

This analog circuitry is a 4 pole, 150 Hz cutoff low pass filter comprised of U603-1, U603-2 and
associated passive components. In receive mode, it removes noise and voice band signals leaving
only the low speed data waveform which is applied to the ADC input of the MCU. U608-4 isolates the
receive signal from the filter in transmit mode. When the radio is transmitting PassPort data, the
MCU DAC low speed data waveform is applied to the input of the filter which removes harmonics
that would interfere with voice and applies the resulting sub-audible data to the radio transmitter
modulation point.

2.20.4.4 Keyboard Circuit

The keyboard consists of a matrix of key switches and resistors as described in section 2.3. U605-2
monitors the column voltage and applies an interrupt signal to the radio microcontroller when any
key is pressed.
Theory of Operation: 900 MHz Transmitter 2-35

2.20.4.5 BackLight Driver and LED’s

The logic level signal from the radio microcontroller is translated via Q611 and applied to Q610 which
uses Switched Battery Voltage (SWB+) to operate the keypad backlight LED’s.

2.20.4.6 Voice Storage

The Voice Storage (VS) can be used to store audio signals coming from the receiver or from the
microphone. Any stored audio signal can be played back over the radio’s speaker or sent out via the
radio’s transmitter.
The PTCB hosts the Voice Storage circuitry. Voice Storage IC U611 provides all the required
functionality and is powered from the regulated 5 volts. The mP controls U611 via SPI bus lines CLK
(U611-8), DATA (U611-10) and MISO (U611-11). To transfer data, the mP first selects the U611 via
line VS CS and U611 pin 9. Then the mP sends data through line DATA and receives data through
line MISO. Pin 2 (RAC) of U611 indicates the end of a message row by a low state for 12.5 ms and
connects to mP pin 65. A low at pin 5 (INT), which is connected to mP pin 55, indicates that the Voice
Storage IC requires service from the mP.
Audio, either from the radio’s receiver or from one of the microphone inputs, emerges from the
ASFIC CMP (U404) at pin 43, through switch U608-1 that is selected by the mP via ASFIC CMP pin
5 (DACR) and then enters the voice storage IC U611 at pin 25. During playback, the stored audio
emerges from U611 at pin 20. To transmit the audio signal, it is fed through resistive divider R657 /
R658, through switch U608-3 and through line EXT MIC. When this path is selected, the audio signal
enters the ASFIC CMP at pin 48 and is processed like normal transmit audio. To play the stored
audio over the radio’s speaker, the audio from U611 pin 20 is buffered by op-amp U605-1, through
switch U608-2 and fed via line FLAT RX SND to ASFIC CMP pin 10 (UIO). In this case, this ASFIC
CMP pin is programmed as input and feeds the audio signal through the normal receiver audio path
to the speaker or handset. Switches U608-2 and U608-3 are controlled by the mP via ASFIC CMP
pin 6 (DACG) and feed the stored audio only to the ASFIC CMP port UIO when it is programmed as
input.

2.21 900 MHz Transmitter

PCIC
Antenna
Vcontrol Vcontrol Jack

Power Amplifier (PA)

PA PA Final Antenna Switch/

From VCO Harmonic Filter
Driver Stage

Figure 2-24. Transmitter Block Diagram

2-36 Theory of Operation: 900 MHz Transmitter

The 900 MHz transmitter shown in Figure 2-24 on page 2-35 contains the following basic circuits:
• Power amplifier
• Antenna switch
• Harmonic filter
• Power control integrated circuit (PCIC).

2.21.1 Power Amplifier

The power amplifier consists of two devices:
• 5185130C65 driver IC (U101) and
• 4813828A09 LDMOS PA (Q101).
The 30C65 driver IC contains a 2 stage amplification with a supply voltage of 7.5V.
This RF driver IC is capable of supplying an output power of 0.3W (pin 6 and 7) with an input signal
of 2.5mW (4dBm) (pin16). The current drain would typically be 200mA while operating in the
frequency range of 896-941 MHz.
The 28A09 LDMOS PA is capable of supplying an output power of 4.5W with an input signal of 0.3W.
The current drain would typically be 1100mA while operating in the frequency range of 896-941
MHz. The power out can be varied by changing the biasing voltage and the drive level from the driver
IC.

2.21.2 Antenna Switch

The antenna switch circuit consists of two PIN diodes (CR101 and CR102), a pi network (C115, L109
and C138), and three current limiting resistors (R102, R103, R106). In the transmit mode, B+ at
PCIC (U102) pin32 will go high, applying a B+ bias to the antenna switch circuit to bias the diodes
“on”. The shunt diode (CR102) shorts out the receiver port, and the pi network, which operates as a
quarter wave transmission line, transforms the low impedance of the shunt diode to a high
impedance at the input of the harmonic filter. In the receive mode, the diodes are both off, and
hence, there exists a low attenuation path between the antenna and receiver ports.

2.21.3 Harmonic Filter

The harmonic filter consists of L104, L105, C114, C115, C124,C125, and C126. It has been
optimized for efficiency of the power amplifier. This type of filter has the advantage that it can give a
greater attenuation in the stop-band for a given ripple level. The harmonic filter insertion loss is
typically 0.9 dB, and less than 1.2 dB.

2.21.4 Power Control Integrated Circuit (PCIC)

The transmitter uses the Power Control IC (PCIC), U102 to regulate the power output of the radio.
The current to the final stage of the power module is supplied through R101, which provides a
voltage proportional to the current drain. This voltage is then fed back to the Automatic Level Control
(ALC) within the PCIC to regulate the output power of the transmitter.
The PCIC has internal digital to analog converters (DACs) which provide the reference voltage of the
control loop. The reference voltage level is programmable through the SPI line of the PCIC.
There are resistors and integrators within the PCIC, and external capacitors (C156, C157, and C158)
in controlling the transmitter rising and falling time. These are necessary in reducing the power
splatter into adjacent channels.
Theory of Operation: 900 MHz Receiver 2-37

U103 and its associated components are part of the temperature cut back circuitry. It senses the
printed circuit board temperature around the transmitter circuits and output a DC voltage to the
PCIC. If the DC voltage produced exceeds the set threshold in the PCIC, the transmitter output
power will be reduced so as to reduce the transmitter temperature.

2.22 900 MHz Receiver

Antenna
Pin Diode 3-Pole 3-Pole
Antenna Ceramic RF Ceramic Crystal IF
RFJack Switch Block Filter Amp Block Filter Mixer Filter Amp

AGC
Processing
First LO
from FGU

Recovered Audio
Demodulator
Squelch
U351
RSSI Synthesizer
IF IC

16.8 MHz
Reference Clock
SPI Bus Second
LO VCO

Figure 2-25. 900 MHz Receiver Block Diagram

2.22.1 Receiver Front-End

The RF signal is received by the antenna and applied to a low-pass filter. For 900 MHz, the filter
consists of L104, L105, C114, C115, C124, C125, and C126. The filtered RF signal is passed
through the antenna switch. The antenna switch circuit consists of two PIN diodes(CR101, and
CR102) and a pi network (C115, L109, and C138). The signal is then applied to a fixed tuned
ceramic bandpass filter, FL300.
The output of the bandpass filter is coupled to the RF amplifier transistor Q302 via C300. The RF
amplifier provides a gain of approximately 14 dB. After being amplified by the RF amplifier, the RF
signal is further filtered by a second fixed tuned ceramic bandpass filter, FL301.
Both the pre and post-RF amplifier ceramic filters have similar responses. The insertion loss of each
filter across the 935-941 MHz band is less than 2 dB.
The output of the post-RF amplifier filter is connected to the passive double balanced mixer, U301,
through matching components C321, and L311. After mixing with the first LO signal from the voltage
controlled oscillator (VCO) using low side injection, the RF signal is down-converted to the
109.65 MHz IF signal.
2-38 Theory of Operation: 900 MHz Receiver

The IF signal coming out of the mixer is transferred to the crystal filter (FL350) through a resistor pad
and a diplexer (C312, and L306). Matching to the input of the crystal filter is provided by L353,L354,
C377, and C378. The crystal filter provides some of the necessary selectivity, and intermodulation
protection.

2.22.2 Receiver Back-End

The output of crystal filter FL350 is matched to the input of the dual gate MOSFET IF amplifier
transistor U352 by components L355, R359, and C376. Voltage supply to the IF amplifier is taken
from the receive 5 volts (R5). AGC voltage is applied to the second gate of U352. The IF amplifier
provides a gain of about 11dB. The amplified IF signal is then coupled into U351(pin 3) via L352,
R356 and C365 which provides the matching for the IF amplifier and U351.
The IF signal applied to pin 3 of U351 is amplified, down-converted, filtered, and demodulated, to
produce the recovered audio at pin 27 of U351. This IF IC is electronically programmable, and the
amount of filtering (which is dependent on the radio channel spacing) is controlled by the
microprocessor. Additional filtering, once externally provided by the conventional ceramic filters, is
replaced by internal filters in the IF module (U351).
The IF IC uses a type of direct conversion process, whereby the externally generated second LO
frequency is divided by two in U351 so that it is very close to the first IF frequency. The IF IC (U351)
synthesizes the second LO and phase-locks the VCO to track the first IF frequency. The second LO
is designed to oscillate at twice the first IF frequency because of the divide-by-two function in the IF
IC.
In the absence of an IF signal, the VCO will “search” for a frequency, or its frequency will vary close
to twice the IF frequency. When an IF signal is received, the VCO will lock onto the IF signal. The
second LO/VCO is a Colpitts oscillator built around transistor Q350. The VCO has a varactor diode,
CR350, to adjust the VCO frequency. The control signal for the varactor is derived from a loop filter
consisting of R365, C391, and C392.
The IF IC (U351) also performs several other functions. It provides a received signal-strength
indicator (RSSI) and a squelch output. The RSSI is a dc voltage monitored by the microprocessor,
and used to control the automatic gain control (AGC) circuit in both the front-end and the IF.
The demodulated signal on pin 27 of U351 is also used for squelch control. The signal is routed to
U851 where a “flutter fighter” process is implemented. The signal leaves U851 via pin F4 and is then
routed to U404 (ASFIC) where squelch signal shaping and detection takes place. The demodulated
audio signal is also routed to U404 for processing before going to the audio amplifier for
amplification.

2.22.3 Hear Clear IC

Hear Clear (HC) IC is typically used for 900 MHz radios. The HC IC comprises three main internal
circuit blocks:
• Compressor,
• Flutter Fighter
• Expander Circuits.
Only the Flutter Fighter section of this IC is used by this radio. The Compressor and the Expander
are included in the ASFIC. There are six enable/control lines on the Hear Clear IC which determine
the ICs mode of operation. The Flutter Fighter Enable line (U851-E3) is controlled by ASFIC DACRX
line (U404-4). The logic control and the IC status is summarized in Table 2-8 on page 2-39.
Theory of Operation: 900 MHz Receiver 2-39

Table 2-8. Hear Clear Logic and IC Status

Name Ref. Des Set By RX1* RX2**

IC Enable U851-C4 SWB+ 1 1

Flutter Fighter Enable U851-E3 DACRX 1 0

LO Clamp Disable U851-A5 SWB+ 1 1

LO Clamp Disable U851-C2 GND 0 0

HCI Disable U851-B6 SWB+ 1 1

LO Clamp Disable U851-D1 GND 0 0

*RX1:receive voice with carrier squelch, PL or DPL (Flutter Fighter can be on or off).
**RX2:refers to receive mode with all other data HST/MDC/DTMF (Flutter Fighter must be off).

2.22.3.1 Receive Path for Radios with Hear Clear

The audio signal enters Hear Clear controller from DEMOD_OUT signal on DISC. The detected
audio “DISC” enters the Hear Clear Flutter Fighter through C857 and C859. C857 connects the
signal to FF IN (U851-E4). C859 is a beginning of a noise sampling circuit consisting of components
– C859, R853, C860, R854, C861, R855 and C862; and Hear Clear Ports Ref, Noise Filter In, and
Noise Filter Out, Noise Hold.
After exiting Hear Clear at the “FF OUT” (U851-F4), the signal enters ASFIC at DISC (U404-2).
Within the ASFIC, the signal passes through a low pass filter and high pass filter limiting the audio
bandwidth to 300 Hz-3 kHz. It then goes through de-emphasis and exits the ASFIC at AUDIO (U404-
41). The audio is then routed to the Audio PA in the same manner as the standard receive audio.
The purpose of the Flutter Fighter is to sample the amount of Noise in the receive audio between 10-
20 kHz using the Noise Filter (U851-B5), Noise Filter Out (U851-C6), and Noise Hold (U851-D5). In
addition, it monitors the rate of change of RSSI (Receive Signal Strength In) (U303-1). The detected
audio DISC enters into the Hear Clear IC at “FF IN” (U851-E4). The circuit then reduces the amount
of popping Noise associated with fading. The improved audio exits the IC at “FF OUT” (U851-F4).

2.22.3.2 Hear Clear Routing of Data/Signaling

While receiving, sub-audible signals PL/DPL go through the Flutter Fighter along with the audio, and
is unaffected by the Flutter Fighter operation. On entering the ASFIC, the sub-audible signaling is
separated from the voice and decoded.
While receiving other signals HST/MDC (not sub-audible), the Flutter Fighter is set to the “pass
through mode”. In this mode, the Flutter Fighter is routed from ”FF IN” to “FF OUT” without any
processing.

2.22.4 Automatic Gain Control Circuit

The automatic gain control circuit provides automatic gain reduction of both the low noise amplifier in
the receiver front end and the IF amplifier in the receiver backend. This action is necessary to
prevent overloading of the backend IF IC.
2-40 Theory of Operation: Frequency Generation Circuitry

The IF automatic gain control circuit provides approximately 50 dB of attenuation range. The signal
strength indicator (RSSI) output of the IF IC produces a voltage that is proportional to the RF level at
the IF input to the IF IC. This voltage is inverted by U350, R351, R353, R352, R354 and C355 and it
determines the RF level at which the backend end AGC is activated as well as the slope of the
voltage at the output of U350 vs. the strength of the incoming RF at the antenna. The inverted output
of U350 is applied to the second gate of the IF amplifier U352 via R355. As the RF signal into the IF
IC increases the following occurs:
• The RSSI voltage increases,
• The output of inverter U350 decreases, and
• The voltage applied to the second gate of the FET is reduced thus reducing the gain of the IF
amplifier.
The output of inverter U350 is also used to control the receiver front end AGC.
The receiver front end automatic gain control circuit provides and additional 20 dB of gain reduction.
The output of the receiver back end inverter U350 is fed into the receiver front end AGC inverter
U302. The components R317, R314, and C318 determine:
• The RF level at which the front end AGC is activated, and
• The slope of the voltage at the output of U302 vs. the strength of the incoming RF at the antenna.
As the RF into the antenna increases the following occurs:
• The output voltage of the receiver back end inverter U350 decreases.
• The voltage at the output of the front end inverter U302 increases.
• The result is the forward biasing of pin diode CR301.
As the diode becomes more and more forward biased the following occurs:
• C310 loads the output of the low noise amplifier Q302 thus reducing the gain of the low noise
amplifier.
• R315 and R318 provide a DC path for CR301 and also limit the current through CR301.
The blocking capacitor C317 prevents DC from the AGC stage from appearing at the input of the
filter FL301.

2.23 Frequency Generation Circuitry

Voltage
Multiplier Rx
VCP
Dual TRB Out Injection
Transistor To Mixer
Amplifier
Vmult1
Aux3 Rx VCO
Aux4 Circuit VCOBIC
Vmult2 Synthesizer U250
U201 Loop Tx
Filter Out Buffer
16.8 MHz To PA Driver
MOD Out Amplifier
Ref. Osc. Tx VCO
Modulating Circuit
Signal

Figure 2-26. Frequency Generation Unit Block Diagram

Theory of Operation: 900 MHz Synthesizer 2-41

The Frequency Generation circuitry is comprised of two main ICs, the Low Voltage Fractional-N
(LV FracN) synthesizer (U201), and the VCO/Buffer IC (U250). Designed in conjunction to maximize
compatibility, the two ICs provide many of the functions that normally would require additional
circuitry. The synthesizer block diagram illustrates the interconnect and support circuitry used in the
region. Refer to the relevant schematics for the reference designators.
The synthesizer is powered by regulated 5V and 3.3V which come from U247 and U248 respectively.
The synthesizer in turn generates a superfiltered 4.5V which powers U250.
In addition to the VCO, the synthesizer must interface with the logic and ASFIC circuitry.
Programming for the synthesizer is accomplished through the data, clock and chip select lines from
the microprocessor. A 3.3V dc signal from synthesizer lock detect line indicates to the
microprocessor that the synthesizer is locked.
Transmit modulation from the ASFIC is supplied to pin10 of U201. Internally the audio is digitized by
the LV FracN IC and applied to the loop divider to provide the low-port modulation. The audio runs
through an internal attenuator for modulation balancing purposes before going out to the VCO.

2.24 900 MHz Synthesizer

The Low Voltage Fractional-N (LV FracN) synthesizer (U201) uses a 16.8 MHz packaged 1.5 ppm
reference oscillator (Y200) to provide a reference for the system. The LV FracN IC further divides the
16.8 MHz to 2.1 MHz, 2.225 MHz, and 2.4 MHz. Y200, together with C238, C239, C241, R212,
R213, and R214 comprise the reference oscillator which is capable of 1.5 ppm stability over
temperatures of -30° to 85°C. It also provides 16.8 MHz at pin 19 of U201 to be used by ASFIC and
LVZIF.
The loop filter which consists of C801, C802, C803, C804, C805, C225, C226, R204, R209, and
R210 provides the necessary dc steering voltage for the VCO and provides filtering of noise and
spurs from U201.
In achieving fast locking for the synthesizer, an internal adapt charge pump provides higher current
at pin 45 of U201 to put the synthesizer within the lock range. The required frequency is then locked
by the normal mode charge pump at pin 43.
2-42 Theory of Operation: 900 MHz Synthesizer

Both the normal and adapt charge pumps get their supply from the capacitive multiplier which is
made up of CR201, CR202, C244, C245, C246, C247, R200, R218, C208, C243, R219, and R220.
Two 3.3 V square waves (180 degrees out of phase) are applied to R219 and R220. These square
waves switch alternate sets of diodes from CR201 and CR202, which in turn charge C244, C245,
C246, and C247 in a bucket brigade fashion. The resulting output voltage that is applied to pin 47 of
U201 is typically 12.8V and allows the steering line voltage (VCO control voltage) to reach 11V.

7 4
DATA (U409 Pin 100) DATA LOCK LOCK (U409 Pin 56)
8 19
CLOCK (U409 Pin 1) CLK FREFOUT FREF (U201 Pin 21 & U404 Pin 34)
9 6,22,23,24
CSX (U409 Pin 2) CEX GND
10 43
MOD IN (U404 Pin 40) MODIN IOUT 2-Pole Steering
13,30 45 Loop Filter Line
+5V (U247 Pin 4) VCC , DC5V IADAPT 11.0V
U251 LO RF
5,20,34,36 41 Injection
(U248 Pin 5) VDD , 3.3V Low Voltage MODOUT
23 Fractional-N 3
Reference XTAL1 AUX4 Dual
Synthesizer
Oscillator 24 2 Transistors Voltage
XTAL2 AUX3
Controlled
25 28 Filtered 5V Oscillator
WARP SFOUT
32 40
PREIN BIAS1
12.8V 47 39 TX RF
VCP BIAS2
Injection
VMULT2 VMULT1 AUX1 (First Stage of PA)
14 15 48
Voltage 3.3Vp-p Dual
Multiplier R405
5V Transistors
3.3Vp-p
Prescaler In

Figure 2-27. Synthesizer Block Diagram

Theory of Operation: 900 MHz Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO) 2-43

2.25 900 MHz Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO)

5V

Level Shifter AUX3 (U201 Pin 2)

Network AUX4 (U201 Pin 3)
TRB_IN
Pin 20 Pin 19
Pin 7
Rx-SW
TX/RX/BS
Pin 13 Switching Network
Tx-SW

Pin 12 Prescaler Out

Presc U201 Pin 32
(U201 Pin 28) Pin 3 Vcc-Superfilter
U250
VSF VCOBIC
Steer Line
Voltage LO RF INJECTION
Pin 4 Collector/RF in
(VCTRL) Pin 8 Injection
RX
Pin 5 RX Rx Active Amplifier
RX RX VCO Bias Pin 14 VSF
Tank Circuit Pin 6 (U201 Pin 28)
VCC Buffers
Pin 16 TX Tx Active Pin 10
Bias TX TX RF Injection
TX TX VCO
Tank Circuit Pin 15 Buffer
Vsens Amplifier
Circuit
Pin 18 Pin 2 Pin 1 Pins 9,11,17
Vcc-Logic Rx-I adjust Tx-I adjust

VSF
(U201 Pin 28)

Figure 2-28. VCO Block Diagram

The VCOBIC (U250) in conjunction with the LV FracN synthesizer (U201) generates RF in both the
receive and the transmit modes of operation. The TRB line (U250 pin 19) determines which oscillator
and buffer will be enabled. A sample of the RF signal from the enabled oscillator is routed from U250
pin 12, through a low pass filter, to the prescaler input (U201 pin 32). After frequency comparison in
the synthesizer, a resultant CONTROL VOLTAGE is received at the VCO. This voltage is a DC
voltage between 2.0V (low frequency) and 11.0V (high frequency) when the PLL is locked on
frequency.
The VCOBIC (U250) is operated at 4.54 V (VSF) and LV FracN synthesizer (U201) at 3.3V. This
difference in operating voltage requires a level shifter consisting of Q200 and Q252 on the TRB line.
The operation logic is shown in Table 2-9.
Table 2-9. Level Shifter Logic

Desired Mode AUX 4 AUX 3 TRB

Tx Low High (@3.2V) High (@4.8V)

Rx High Low Low

Battery Saver Low Low Hi-Z/Float (@2.5V)

2-44 Theory of Operation: 900 MHz Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO)

In the receive mode, U250 pin 19 is low or grounded. This activates the receive VCO by enabling the
receive oscillator and the receive buffer of U250. The RF signal at U250 pin 8 is run through an
injection amplifier, Q304. The resulting RF signal is the LO RF INJECTION and it is applied to the
mixer at U301.
During the transmit condition, when PTT is depressed, five volts is applied to U250 pin 19. This
activates the transmit VCO by enabling the transmit oscillator and the transmit buffer of U250. The
RF signal at U250 pin 10 is amplified by Q251 and injected into the input of the PA module (U101
pin1). This RF signal is the TX RF INJECTION. Also in transmit mode, the audio signal to be
frequency modulated onto the carrier is received through the U201 pin 41.
When a high impedance is applied to U250 pin19, the VCO is operating in BATTERY SAVER mode.
In this case, both the receive and transmit oscillators as well as the receive transmit and prescaler
buffer are turned off.
 3-1

Chapter 3 Maintenance

3.1 Introduction
This chapter of the manual describes:
• Preventive maintenance
• Safe handling of CMOS devices
• Repair procedures and techniques

3.2 Preventive Maintenance

The radios do not require a scheduled preventive maintenance program; however, periodic visual
inspection and cleaning is recommended.

3.3 Inspection
Check that the external surfaces of the radio are clean, and that all external controls and switches
are functional. It is not recommended to inspect the interior electronic circuitry.

3.3.1 Cleaning
The following procedures describe the recommended cleaning agents and the methods to be used
when cleaning the external and internal surfaces of the radio. External surfaces include the front
cover, housing assembly, and battery case. These surfaces should be cleaned whenever a periodic
visual inspection reveals the presence of smudges, grease, and/or grime.
NOTE: Internal surfaces should be cleaned only when the radio is disassembled for servicing or
repair.
The only recommended agent for cleaning the external radio surfaces is a 0.5% solution of a mild
dishwashing detergent in water. The only factory recommended liquid for cleaning the printed circuit
boards and their components is isopropyl alcohol (70% by volume).

CAUTION: The effects of certain chemicals and their vapors can have harmful results on
! certain plastics. Aerosol sprays, tuner cleaners, and other chemicals should be avoided.

1. Cleaning External Plastic Surfaces

The detergent-water solution should be applied sparingly with a stiff, non-metallic, short-
bristled brush to work all loose dirt away from the radio. A soft, absorbent, lintless cloth or
tissue should be used to remove the solution and dry the radio. Make sure that no water
remains entrapped near the connectors, cracks, or crevices.
2. Cleaning Internal Circuit Boards and Components
Isopropyl alcohol may be applied with a stiff, non-metallic, short-bristled brush to dislodge
embedded or caked materials located in hard-to-reach areas. The brush stroke should direct
the dislodged material out and away from the inside of the radio. Make sure that controls or
tunable components are not soaked with alcohol. Do not use high-pressure air to hasten the
drying process since this could cause the liquid to collect in unwanted places. Upon
completion of the cleaning process, use a soft, absorbent, lintless cloth to dry the area. Do
not brush or apply any isopropyl alcohol to the frame, front cover, or back cover.
3-2 Maintenance: Safe Handling of CMOS and LDMOS

NOTE: Always use a fresh supply of alcohol and a clean container to prevent contamination by
dissolved material (from previous usage).

3.4 Safe Handling of CMOS and LDMOS

Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and lateral diffusion metal oxide semiconductor
(LDMOS) devices are used in this family of radios. Their characteristics make them susceptible to
damage by electrostatic or high voltage charges. Damage can be latent, resulting in failures
occurring weeks or months later. Therefore, special precautions must be taken to prevent device
damage during disassembly, troubleshooting, and repair.
Handling precautions are mandatory for the circuits and are especially important in low humidity
conditions. DO NOT attempt to disassemble the radio without first referring to the CMOS CAUTION
paragraph in the Disassembly and Reassembly section of the basic manual (See Chapter 3).

3.5 General Repair Procedures and Techniques

• Parts Replacement and Substitution
When damaged parts are replaced, identical parts should be used. If the identical replacement
component is not locally available, check the parts list for the proper Motorola part number and
order the component from the nearest Motorola Communications parts center listed in the “Piece
Parts” section of this manual (See Chapter 1).
• Rigid Circuit Boards
The family of radios uses bonded, multi-layer, printed circuit boards. Since the inner layers are not
accessible, some special considerations are required when soldering and unsoldering
components. The printed-through holes may interconnect multiple layers of the printed circuit.
Therefore, care should be exercised to avoid pulling the plated circuit out of the hole.

When soldering near the 20-pin and 40-pin connectors:

- Avoid accidentally getting solder in the connector.
- Be careful not to form solder bridges between the connector pins.
- Closely examine your work for shorts due to solder bridges.

• Flexible Circuits
The flexible circuits are made from a different material than the rigid boards and different
techniques must be used when soldering. Excessive prolonged heat on the flexible circuit can
damage the material. Avoid excessive heat and excessive bending.

For parts replacement, use the ST-1087 Temperature-Controlled Solder Station with a 600-700
degree tip, and use small diameter solder such as ST-633. The smaller size solder will melt faster
and require less heat to be applied to the circuit.

To replace a component on a flexible circuit:

1. Grasp the edge of the flexible circuit with seizers (hemostats) near the part to be removed.
2. Pull gently.
3. Apply the tip of the soldering iron to the component connections while pulling with the seizers.
Do not attempt to puddle out components. Prolonged application of heat may damage the
flexible circuit.
Maintenance: General Repair Procedures and Techniques 3-3

• Chip Components
Use either the RLN-4062 Hot-Air Repair Station or the Motorola 0180381B45 Repair Station for
chip component replacement. When using the 0180381B45 Repair Station, select the TJ-65 mini-
thermojet hand piece. On either unit, adjust the temperature control to 700 degrees F. (370
degrees C), and adjust the airflow to a minimum setting. Airflow can vary due to component
density.

To remove a chip component:

1. Use a hot-air hand piece and position the nozzle of the hand piece approximately 1/8” (0.3
cm) above the component to be removed.
2. Begin applying the hot air. Once the solder reflows, remove the component using a pair of
tweezers.
3. Using a solder wick and a soldering iron or a power desoldering station, remove the excess
solder from the pads.

To replace a chip component using a soldering iron:

1. Select the appropriate micro-tipped soldering iron and apply fresh solder to one of the solder
pads.
2. Using a pair of tweezers, position the new chip component in place while heating the fresh
solder.
3. Once solder wicks onto the new component, remove the heat from the solder.
4. Heat the remaining pad with the soldering iron and apply solder until it wicks to the
component. If necessary, touch up the first side. All solder joints should be smooth and shiny.
To replace a chip component using hot air:
1. Use the hot-air hand piece and reflow the solder on the solder pads to smooth it.
2. Apply a drop of solder paste flux to each pad.
3. Using a pair of tweezers, position the new component in place.
4. Position the hot-air hand piece approximately 1/8” (0.3 cm) above the component and begin
applying heat.
5. Once the solder wicks to the component, remove the heat and inspect the repair. All joints
should be smooth and shiny.

• Shields
Removing and replacing shields will be done with the R-1070 station with the temperature control
set to approximately 415°F (215°C) [445°F (230°C) maximum].

To remove the shield:

1. Place the circuit board in the R-1070’s holder.
2. Select the proper heat focus head and attach it to the heater chimney.
3. Add solder paste flux around the base of the shield.
4. Position the shield under the heat-focus head.
5. Lower the vacuum tip and attach it to the shield by turning on the vacuum pump.
6. Lower the focus head until it is approximately 1/8” (0.3 cm) above the shield.
7. Turn on the heater and wait until the shield lifts off the circuit board.
8. Once the shield is off, turn off the heat, grab the part with a pair of tweezers, and turn off the
vacuum pump.
9. Remove the circuit board from the R-1070’s circuit board holder.
3-4 Maintenance: Recommended Test Tools

To replace the shield:

1. Add solder to the shield if necessary, using a micro-tipped soldering iron.
2. Next, rub the soldering iron tip along the edge of the shield to smooth out any excess solder.
Use solder wick and a soldering iron to remove excess solder from the solder pads on the
circuit board.
3. Place the circuit board back in the R1070’s circuit board holder.
4. Place the shield on the circuit board using a pair of tweezers.
5. Position the heat-focus head over the shield and lower it to approximately 1/8” (0.3 cm) above
the shield.
6. Turn on the heater and wait for the solder to reflow.
7. Once complete, turn off the heat, raise the heat-focus head and wait approximately one
minute for the part to cool.
8. Remove the circuit board and inspect the repair. No cleaning should be necessary.

3.6 Recommended Test Tools

Table 3-1 lists the recommended tools used for maintaining this family of radios. These tools are also
available from Motorola.
Table 3-1. Recommended Test Tools

Motorola Part
Description Application
Number

RSX4043 Torx Driver Tighten and remove chassis screws.

6680387A70 T-6 Torx Bit Removable Torx driver bit.

R1453A Digital readout solder station Digitally controlled soldering iron.

0180386A78 Illuminated magnifying glass

with lens attachment.

0180386A82 Anti-static grounding kit Used during all radio assembly and disassembly
6684253C72 Straight prober procedures.
6680384A98 Brush
1010041A86 Solder (RMA type),
63/37, 0.5mm diameter
1 lb. spool
1080303E45 SMD tool kit (included with
R1319A)

R1319A (110V) ChipMaster Surface Mount Removal and assembly of surface-mounted

integrated circuits and shields includes 5 nozzles.

or R1321A(220V) Rework Station

R1364A Digital Heated Tweezer Chip component removal.

System

R1427A Board Preheater Reduces heatsink on multi level boards.

8880309B53 Rework Equipment Catalog Contains application notes, procedures and technical
rework equipment.
Maintenance: Replacing the Circuit Board Fuse 3-5

3.7 Replacing the Circuit Board Fuse

In cases where the radio fails to turn on when power is applied, the circuit board fuse should always
be checked as a probable cause of the failure. The locations of the fuse for both the UHF and VHF
boards are shown in Figure 3-1 on page 3-6. The radio must be disassembled to replace the fuses
as described in the Basic Service Manual (see section 1.3 on page 1-2), then the circuit board
separated from the radio chassis as described in the paragraphs that follow.
Maintenance: Replacing the Circuit Board Fuse

VIEWED FROM SIDE 2

M300 M301 M400
VR200 VR201

C205
SH300

C204
C522 VR442 C523 C281 SH402
C436

C437 SH402 E405 C332 C436 E405

VR441

4 L505 C331 R318 C437

R420
C345
C334

SH322 4
R426

E404
VR506

R420
R343

C334
C359 L330
1

E406 C319 U200 E404

C382

R426
1
26

C333
51

2 C338
E403

S502 26 E406
C330
L331

S502
R463 R414

C358 3 2 C337 51
C357 L307
C277

E403
24 13 CR200
13

Q302

E402

C258
J1
25

R463 R414

Low Band Board

C278

12
U248

C390 R350 C344 C335 25

C279

3 5
B501

FL401

C307
C449 C463 E401

R344 C330
2

C383
C326
R313

E402

L200
3 5
C327

C360 VR203
U301

C346 R311 R415 R309 2 C280

E401
C328 FL401

VR202
U303

R307
UHF Board
U409

C361 R312 C433

Figure 3-1. UHF/VHF/Low Band/800 MHz/900 MHz Circuit Board Fuse Locations
C327 C503 R415

U302
C343 C336 U409
R315

F1
C329

C431
C336
C355

C449 C463
R308
3

C433
1
37

C208 36 1 C326
CR203

C263 R306
CR411
C298
C202

SH202 37 48
C339

C340

C341

L261 C343
C342

C204 C324 3 SH201

C264
C348

C337
C356

C466 C431
C293

L314 C223 R219

C347

R204
R460 C458 C323

CR411
C503
C218 C207

C219
1
76
C206

C341
Q416

C339

C340

C342
R202 25 C459 C466

C320

C325
C435

37 L305

C321
R223 C242
C201

R281 E400 36 25

C236
F501

SH304 R201 R462 37 24

R419 R457 1
C456 R411

C265 R460 76 C458

R461

Q416
8

U201

C435
R233
C231
R231 R232

C453

R224

R225
SH302 R409 R222

L410
CR306 C459
U410
U210
C395

L340 C434 U205

CR303

R462
R432
L303

R457

C257
C

1 E400
R340 C307

C296 3
C258 4

L225
C311 R347

L306

C232

C456 R411
13 L411 8 SH500
S501 L307

R461
R419

C453
R303 C309 R505

L410
CR501
C310 C507 48 13
C234 3

R228

U410
R409
C259
2

CR304
4

C380 C224 4 U211 1 12

R432
C306 CR305
S501 C C
C314

Q509 TP200

C256
C434 L411
VR439

C315

R512

R513
Q301

C312

R239
R306
R307

R329

C318 C255
L304

C506
R473
R424
R413
C419
C420
C421
R328

R504
C479

C298

C299
L305

C448
R400
R445
C317
R304

C313
C321

R472 4 2 R503
R305

C316 C481
C416 C422
SH242 R423 C475 C442 C259 C261
R425
C407

C447

VR448 VR446 VR445

C123 SH403 C504
R244

E101 L502
C244
C241

R473
C538
L251
1

20

SH403
L241

R431
R254
C242

R475 D502
R449

L501 C479

R424
C243 C245

R413
C128 R400

R108
C134
C254 C252

C407 R445

C448
25
CR243 CR242

C533
U241

C130 C250 C246 37

R109

R107
C170

C421
C419
C420
C442
R251 C255

C150 20 11 C133 SH202 R472 C475

C422
R252

R241
L112

R425
C152 R242

R423
C481
H101

L108
C126

C138 C151 C128

CR251
R102

C445 VR445

R232
C222

C225
C408 U404 U420

C131
TP100
R245 10

11

CR204 R475

C447
R431

U207
Q111 CR203

R119

R449
C371 1 C416
C409
C135
C134

VR432
C372

C132
L242

3 10 L109 36 25 VR446

R115
CR241 C146
4 1
9

R331 R330 C410 37 24

R231
L281
17

J101 13 R111

C139

R236

R238
C216
R434
R118 20 11
C281

R332

C411
C450
R111 C295
R112 R110
C132

C135
U102

4 R170 R114 VR448

C125

C129
R101

R172

C214
J102

R113

C215
C451
C172 R436 Q410 C108
Q310 4 L207
R110 C408 U404

VR433
C133 U420

C452

L208
C373 C124 L212 C445

R102
R349 3 C476

C297
3

R234
1

C430

C414
25

C415
R109 Q203
C378
C108

C173

C409
4 R101
C174

R471
R133

C440

VR432
1 10
C105

2 R130 J101

C226
P100

CR105

R116

R117
R132 1 25 8 48 13
R131 R206 1 1 12
C138 C410

C137

L215
M100 C450

C221

R204
4

R103
U203

L209
U102

C230
C126
E100

C451
R434

C411
J102 C141

C452
C405

L204

VR433
3 3 C476

C140
17

C415
VR101

C227

C414
9 4 5 4
L211

C142
C412 R471
1 C127 C231 C430

C117
Q410

C143
2
M101 M202 M401
FL0830475O

Fuse
F1
VIEWED FROM SIDE 1

C852
VR503 C522

C860
SH402
S502 A5 A2

VR507
SH353 E405

C436
L851 B6 B1 C437
4 C383 C394 B501 C861

R420
C381 R350 L505
C379 R852 R854 E404
VR505

R853
1

R426
C380 C350 C859 R855 26 E406
2 C374 51

C851
U851

E403
13 C211 C862 3

R856

R463 R414
C372 25 L350
C355
3 5 C370 C210 E402
R354 2 C857

E401
U351 E6

R353
E1

R851
C373 C367 FL401

900 MHZ Board

U203 C217 F5 F2 R415

U350
C369 U409

C449 C463
R352
C240 C856 C433
C360 1 C358 C853
37 R351

C356
3 SH201

F501
C354 C431

Fuse
C247

C366

C364

C363

C357

CR202
CR201

CR411
C244

U202
C209

C353

C359
C352
L351 C245 C466

C212
C503 C525
C243

R460
R333
R220 C246 1

C208

R218
C202 R219 76 C458

R332
C524

R336
R317
R330

Q416
R200

C435
R334 R329 R331

C216
S501 C203
C201 C214

F501

C242
C459
SH301 C234 R462 R438
C222 E400
C310 L202 R457

C439 R439
8 C221

C308
2

R461
R419

C225
R204

C453
L304 C219 C805

L410
R318 R307 U303 R210

R411
CR301 R335

U410
C218
C223

C317
C305 R209 R409

R432
C302
C C

U302

C456
CR501 C205 C226 C434 L411
R315

C801

C802
C303
FL301 C230 R202

C803

C804
L301

VR502
Q302

R203
4 2 L204

C318
R309
L303 C204 C231
R314 C104
C300
C105 SH403
C301

CR300
C106

R306
R312 C479

L302

R424

R473
C165

R413
R400

C448
R445
R310
C123 SH250

C528

C419
C420
C421
C306 R472 C475

C103

C422
C264 Q252 C442

C407
R257

R425
C481

R423
C280
E101 C259 43 R431 VR445

C102

C292
C262
R475

C447
1 20

R449
C291
C416

C263
SH102

C122
C274 VR446
L260 25
37

R101
R273 C266

R281
C108 U250 C265 20 11 VR448
R280

C126

C267
M101 R262 C287

C260
L259
R261 C408 U404 U420 C445

C159
C107
R264

C268
C133 R282 10 11 C409

L256

VR432
R275 1 10

R121

C253
9 C252 1
17 C158 13

VR101
C125

C290
L254 C410

C137
C261 R263 C450

C160

C405
C157

C136
J101 U102 R253 C284 R251 R255

C451
Q251
L253

C411
R434

L265
C110 C156

VR433
C452
C124 R271 3 C476

C250

C251
C254
L252
C257
R274
R118

R250
1

C415
C286

C414
C155 25 C150 L250 4

C255
R103 C101 C412
U103 C293 R254 C256 C430 Q410
C154 R471
R102
C144 C492
C143 R108 R110 R117
FL0830703O
DWG. NO.
WARIS VHF RF Board
8486062B12D BOT SIDE ZWG0130073
ILLUSTRATOR DATE ENGINEER DATE PROGRAM DISK CHECK
ONE
RK 23/Nov/1998 Illustrator
O.K. AS IS ( )
EDITOR DATE CHECKER DATE CORRECTED
AS O.K. AS MARKED ( )
MARKED
ISS. REVISION RLSE. RLSE.
LETTERING SIZE:
REQUIRES:
B
M502 M501 M400
VIEWED FROM SIDE 2 C523

C522

VR506
VR505
VR507

C436
4 L505 E405
C437

R426
C381 C383 R350

R420
C241
E404

C379
VR441 R214

1
VR442 C380 C350 E406

26
C211
VR503

51
SH402 S502 2
C238

E403
13
C436

25
C374 3

R463 R414
4 2 C437 C372 L350
SH3202 E405 C355 C210
4

R420
L505
C3241 E402

Y200
C3223 C3219 E404 3 5 C370
FL401

B501
R3219 R354

2
C3240 D3761

E401
1

U351
R414 R426
24

VR439

R353

C217
E406

C3242
13 50 C367 U248

C3763
25 12 25 C373

VR506
S502 2 C3236 R3224 R3222 C3227
C369 R415

U350
Y3762 3 E403

C449 C463
U409
R352

C3211
C3237 R3223 C3243

R3222
C3224
E402 C433

R3760
C360

1
37

SH402
R351
3 5 C358

C356
U3220 C3244

R3761
C431

3
SH202

800 MHz Board

B501 2 CR501 R463

FL401
E401

R3221
C354
C3221

C366

C364

C363

C357
C3230 R415 C202 C228 C236

VHF Board
L203

C206

C233

CR411
C3235 R3220 R3763 3 C3751 C229
C3228

C353

C359
C227

C3220

C352
C3735 C433 U409 C463 L351 R208 CR203

C3231
36 1 C466

C3232

C3233

C3234
C503 C525 C527
C232 R206 R211

C3218
48

C249
37 3 C431 R460 C458

1
C242 C237

76
C524

C3238

C3731

C3707

C235
C3226 SH3702 R3703 C3703 D3701
SH353 R210 R221 37 25

Q416
C449

R3762
C3761

CR411

C435
R212 C459
L3221

C3732

F501

R217
C3239

L3701

C225
C3229 C3701 R209 E400

R317
C535 C466 C215 R462

C3762
R216 R419
R3704 C3702

C456 R411
R457

C308
R460 C310 U201

R461
C246

C244
2

C453
F501 24 13 1 C458 L304 R307 R409

L410
1
75 R318 C226

C3709 C3704
CR301 R204
12 100

U410
SH3301 25

Q416

R309 C303 C317

C435
C305 C434

S501
C302

R432
C459

D3702

C
C3755

C
C3323 C3339 C3337 1

C3316

U302
C3322 CR501 13 L411
C3324 C503 R462 D201

C220

C218
R3314
R315 R223
FL301

R3315
CR3302 E400

L301
D3301 R3303 R457

C3301

C3321

L3308
8 C3315 Q302

R3727
C453

C3727
U3701

C240
C3317 R3702 R411 R222
R419

C318
L410
R461 R409 L303 R314
C3708 C162 R200

VR502
C213 C222

U410
R3306

R3307
C3302 C3303 C3305 R3324 R3705 C456 C300 C163
C C C3304 C3705 R432 C301

R310
S501

CR300
1 C434 L411 C164

R306
CR3301 C3336 C3726 C3734

L302

R424

R473
R413
C419

C420
C421
36 48

Q3301
R3301 RT3301 R312 C479

C448
E101
C3325

R445

C422
R3726 SH250

C3733

L3731
R400

C528
L3301 L3303 37

R3319
R3304
C306 R472 C475 C442
4 2 C481
C282 C291

C407
R3320

R425

C447
R423
C160 C161
C3326 R3305

L261
SH301

C419
C420

20
C421
R413
VR445
C3725 C416

C448
SH403

C422
R431

L262
R104 C271

R449
R424 SH102
R445 C479 R475

C279
C278
R400 3 2 1 C273 25 VR446

R261 C265
C276 37

U250
R472
SH3802 R3803 C475 C483

C3805
C407

C153
C152

C266
C136 C135 20 11

R262
C277

C3802
L3519 C481 CR252

R425
C3516 R3519 C3823 C3827 R3830

C107
R3801 C416 C447 VR448

C287
R473 C125
4 Q101 8

C3813
C3508 R3812 R423 C148
C3803

R264 C267
U404 U420

R3807
R3829

CR251
R431 C442 C138 C445

10
R475

C154 C117
CR253

11
C477

R449
C3509 C268

L259
C408

9
C3507 R3804

17
C3801 C447 1

R3826
C3564 C3506 36 25 C484 C132 R255 C255 C409

R3562
C3515 10

Q3561
1 20

Q3801
5 6 7

VR432
24

L256
U3503
37

L3801

C256 R263
C3815 1

U102
R3825
C3566

R3563
C410

R3808
C130 L263 13
20 11 C105 L253
VR448

R108
R102 C155
R3831 C126

R3824 C3821
R3561

C405
C411
R434

C139

C451
C450

C286
L3816

R113
1
R3802
U3801 C408 U404

25

Q251
R3567 R3570 U420 C445
J101 C254

C3804
C3561 C134 R254

C452
32 25 R3832

VR433
C104 3 C476

R101

C158
L3826 C149 R271
1 24 C409

VR432
10 L250 Q410

R251

C415
R3564 1

C414
J3501 H3501 48 R116 R117 R115 C290 R269
C412
C430 4
C410 13

L3809 C3808
10 11 R471
C3562 1 12 C145 C156 U103
R3805 C446

R3806
R3569
4 U3502 R3816 C478

C3811 L3811
C3563 C3806 C3816 R434 C146 C157 SH403
C3818 C450

C3810
J3502 R3818 R3817 R436 C415 C451
R3565

C452
C411

VR433
C3526 C3569 R3566 8 C3812 L3813 C414 3 1 C476 M100 M300 M401
17 L3812 C430

R3811
3 C3565

C3809
9 16 4 5
TP3502 C440
2 R3571
L3523 Q410
C3560 R471
R3573 R3572 C3568

3-6
ZWG0130073-B
Maintenance: Removing and Reinstalling the Circuit Board 3-7

3.8 Removing and Reinstalling the Circuit Board

Both the UHF and VHF circuit boards are removed from the radio chassis in the following manner:
1. Refer to the Basic Service Manual (see Table 1-1, “Related Documents,” on page 1-2) for
radio disassembly, then use a Torx driver and a T-6 bit to remove the four Torx screws shown
in Figure 3-2.
2. Lift the circuit board out of the radio chassis, then remove and discard the thermal pad
located between the circuit board and chassis.
3. After repairs, replace the thermal pad (Motorola P/N 7580556Z01) then reinstall the circuit
board into the radio chassis.
4. Reinstall and tighten the four Torx screws to secure the circuit board to the chassis.
5. Refer to the Basic Service Manual to reassemble the radio.

T-6 Torx screw locations

SH400 R410
E407
C423

E409
E408

R437 PB503 PB502 PB504 PB501

32 17

C505
R418

VR440 C521
VR444

3 SH323 R300
R352 C502
8 21

FL201 C397
B504
B503

R351

R314 RT301
R334

R507
SH321 R321 CR310
R316

FL301
C328 R335 C362 C363 VR501
C325
VR300

U405 TP201 L332

U406

R320

R338
L325
C364

R322
R326
C432

C391

J400 R325 R506

C385
C354
R324

C351 C353 C384

R319

C352
RT300
C324

C323

U247
C294

R345
R346

SH201 Q316 R355

1 C220 L311 Q505
7 22 C349
C235

C291

Q320 C350

Radio
R505
R327

L203 R318 Q315

C426 C425
C217

C260 C512 C513

1 C396 Q502
L202
L201

16 SH303
C322
5

Q210 C333
C228

R310
SH301
C229

R255
3
4

4
R309

chassis
TP302 L310 R317
U407

C331

40 C429 3 R308
C297

R428 R256 C203 R336

R502

T302
R429

C304
C214

CR308

TP401 R348
R478
6
8

L302
Q260

C308 CR302
4

C305

C424
6
C230
R492

CR201

C427 C428
C381

TP402 R408 L232 3 4

T301
C233

C375
C319

C292 TP202 CR503

C212

C511
C514
C210

C320

R435 C213 R302

L309 2
4
3

C238
C303

C257 C211 R501

C443 C444 RT400 R301
R342

VR443
CR301

TP410 C520
C302

SH401
VR447
L401

L301
R447

C301
R448

SH241
C247 C248
C480
C482

Q261
VR449

C473 C251 C273

C289

Q403
SH101
3
4

R248
C120

C472 L282
R446

R260

21
C286

C471
C121
PB505

C253 C115
CR440

R481
R416

1
C285

L160 R103 2
L109

C497 Q405 Q241 C116 SH100

C467
R253

R243

C160 R108 C119

C496 3 Q110 C107
C402
C118
R106
R107

CR102
R104

R120

C495 4
C271

3
C370 C272
R450

L243
L108

C117
L271

C494 C127 R173

4 C403 L253 L104
J403

C493
C103

8
U101
L116

C171
C276

U400
C104
R171
C400

R406

R403

C490 R407 R476 1

3 L102 L101 C140
5 8 L273
R477 C106
R427 3
L115

C491
3
4

R401
C113

9 C102
R339 C386

16
Q417

R402

Q400

L107
C374

C441
L321

R333

20
CR412
R161

C492 R405 CR101

C110
C401

C101
C114

C141
C129 C165

22
L105
C125
C122
CR413

C161 C112 C109

C166
R421

L113

VR450 L114 L106

C169
VR434

C131
L400

C111
TP406 TP415

TP405

Figure 3-2. Circuit Board Removal and Reinstallation

3.9 Power Up Self-Test Error Codes

Turning on the radio starts a self-test routine that checks the RAM, ROM checksum, EEPROM
hardware and EEPROM checksum. If these checks are successful, the radio generates two high-
pitched self-test pass tones. If the self-test is not successful, one low-pitched tone is heard. Radios
with displays are able to display the error codes. The displayed error codes and related corrections
are as follows:
Table 3-2. Power Up Self-Test Error Codes

If the error code Then, there is

To correct the problem ...
displayed is ... a ...

“RAM TST ERROR” RAM test failure. retest the radio by turning it off and turning it on again. If
message reoccurs, replace RAM (U405).

“ROM CS ERROR” wrong ROM checksum. replace ROM (U406).

“EEPRM HW ERROR” codeplug structure reprogram codeplug with correct version and retest radio. If
mismatch or non message reoccurs, replace EEPROM (U407).
existence of
codeplug.

“EEPRM CS ERROR” wrong codeplug reprogram codeplug.

checksum.
3-8 Maintenance: Power Up Self-Test Error Codes

Table 3-2. Power Up Self-Test Error Codes (Continued)

If the error code Then, there is

To correct the problem ...
displayed is ... a ...

No Display improperly connected check connection between main board and display module or
display module or replace with new display module.
damaged display
module.

For LTR Models:

Table 3-3. Power Up Self-Test Error Codes (LTR Models)

Then, there is
If the error code To correct the problem ...
a ...
displayed is ...

ESN BAD defective PTCB return to factory for PTCB replacement.

AppCode Fail defective PTCB reflash PTCB firmware.

firmware

EER: Watchdog firmware failure restart radio

Unprogrammed programming error use CPS to properly program radio and PTCB.

ERROR: NO PTG no primary talk group use CPS to program zone with a Primary Talk Group.

Backdoor --- turn radio off and restart.

Maintenance: UHF Troubleshooting Charts 3-9

3.10 UHF Troubleshooting Charts

MCU Check
PTT

Press PTT. Red

LED does not
light up Before replacing
INT Power Up YES Not able to pro- MCU, check SPI
AUDIO Audio at Alert Tone gram RF Board clock, SPI data,
YES
J403 Audio NO AudioPA OK? ICs and RF IC select
at Pin 2 & (U420)
Pin 3 input NO
PTT U409 NO
Check Pin 53
Audio PA low?
YES
(U420)
Speaker NO Replace
NO YES Check
OK? Speaker
PB504
Check Spk. Flex Audio from Pin 41
Connection ASFIC, U404?
Press PTT YES
Q502-2 YES
NO
High?

No YES NO Check
Check NO U409 EXTAL= Read Radio
Audio at Check Setup
U301 7.3728 MHz? OK?
Pin 2 Q502-2
LV ZIF U404? voltage
YES Reprogram the
YES NO
correct data.
Check YES LED
LED should
ASFIC U404 Q502,R501
EXT light up NO See FGU
OK? U201 Pin 19
PTT Troubleshooting
Radio could 16.8 MHz
not PTT No
externally
Replace
YES
Faulty
Component
J403 NO 7.5V at
NO
OPT_SEL_1 & Check 5V at U247? Pin 3/5 U247? NO Check
OPT_SEL_2 Accessories 3.3V at 4/3.3V at Pin 1 Q400
Pin 8 & 9 U248? U248
low?
YES YES Replace
EXT YES U409 YES Check U247/U248
SPKR Pin 52, 6
NO MCU
J403 Pin 9 low? low?
Pin 8 high? U409 Reset NO Check any short to
Pin 94 SWB+,
Check NO Vdda or Vddd
See FGU High?
Accessories
YES Troubleshoot-
ing chart
YES

MCU is OK
ASFIC U404 NO Check
Pin 14 & 15 U404
high?

YES
Check
U420 Audio PA

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Controller

3-10 Maintenance: UHF Troubleshooting Charts

START

Bad SINAD
Bad 20dB Quieting
No Recovered Audio

Audio at Yes
pin 27 Check Controller
of U301?

No
Induce or inject 1st IF into
XTAL Filter
IF Freq: 45.1 MHz A

Check Q320 bias cir-

Yes cuitry for faults
B Audio heard?

Rotate Freq. Knob

No

Check 2nd LO Control

Voltage at C363
No
Activity on
U301 sel pin?

Yes
B VCO locked?
Check controller
Yes

No
Before replacing U301, check 2nd VCO
16.8 MHz Q320. Check VCO O/P level, C351,
No C352
Check FGU check at
pin 22
U301?

Yes

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Receiver (Sheet 1 of 2)

Maintenance: UHF Troubleshooting Charts 3-11

Inject RF into J101

Trace IF signal
Yes from L311 to Q302 collector
IF Signal Yes
Q302. Check for OK?
at L311?
bad XTAL filter IF signal
present?
Before replacing
No U301, check
U301 voltages;
Yes 1st LO O/P No No trace IF signal
RF Signal path
OK? Check FGU
at T301?
Locked?
Check T301, T302, CR306,
No
R308, R309, R310
Yes
Yes
RF Signal Check filter between C310
at C310? & T301 Check for 2.6 Yes
A
VDC
No

No
Yes
RF Signal
Check RF amp (Q301)
at C307?
Stage

No or Yes
Is R5 present? A
weak RF
Check filter between C301
Yes & C307; program filter to
RF Signal schematic test freq and
at C301? check varactor voltages No
Check Q210, U201
No (pin 48) voltages and
U247
Check harmonic filter L101 & L102 and
antenna switch CR101, CR102, L104 Are varactor Yes
voltages OK? Check varactor filter

No

Check U404 voltage. U404

can be selected by MCU
before replacing U404

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Receiver (Sheet 2 of 2)

3-12 Maintenance: UHF Troubleshooting Charts

START

No Power

Is There B+ No
Bias for Ant Check Q111
switch
Yes

Yes No Low
Is Control Voltage Check PCIC
Is Current
High or Low
OK?
High
Check Drive to
Module

1. Check Pin Diodes

2. Check Harmonic Filter

Is Drive No
OK? Troubleshoot
Inspect/Repair Tx. Out- VCO
put Network Yes

Inspect PA Network/Check
Power Out of U101 at Cap
C160
No
Is Power
OK?

Yes Is Power
Yes OK?
Done No
Done
Replace U101

Is Power
Yes OK?

Done No

Replace Q101

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Transmitter

Maintenance: UHF Troubleshooting Charts 3-13

3.3V at U201 NO Check U248,

Start L201 & L202
pins 5, 20, 34
& 36

Visual YES
Check CR201, Correct NO
check of the
U210, U211, C258, Problem Board OK?
C259 & C228

YES
YES
Is
5V NO Is U201 Pin Is 16.8MHz NO 16.8MHz
at pin 6 of Replace
47 Signal at signal at
CR201 U201
U201 Pin 19? U201 pin YES
YES
23?
NO NO +5V at U201
YES Pin’s
NO
13 & 30?
Check
L202 Check Q260,
Q261 & R260 YES Check FL201, C206,
Check 5V
Regulator C207, C208, CR203
& R204

Are signals NO
Is U241 Pin 19 NO
at Pin’s 14 & Are Waveforms NO
<0.7 VDC in RX &
15 of U201? at Pins 14 & 15
>4.3 VDC in TX?
triangular?
YES
YES
YES
U201 pin 2 at YES
NO Do Pins 7,8 & 9
>3V in Tx and
of U201 toggle
<0.7V in Rx
when channel is
changed?

Check programming
NO lines between U409
NO Is there a short YES
Is U201 Pin NO and U201 Pins 7,8 & 9
Replace U201 between Pin 47 and
18 Pins 14 & 15 of
U201?

YES NO
Is information
YES from mP U409
Remove
correct?
Shorts
Check uP U409
Troubleshooting
Chart YES

NO If L261, C263 & C264

Is RF level at
are OK, then see VCO
U201 Pin 32
troubleshooting chart Replace U201
>-30 dBm?

YES

Replace or
Are R231,R232, NO resolder
R233,C231,C232, necessary
& C233 OK? components

YES

Replace U201

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Synthesizer

3-14 Maintenance: UHF Troubleshooting Charts

START

Change
U241
No

Yes
Yes Change No LO?
L253 O/C? A
L253

No
Yes

No Pin 10 Yes No
TRB = 5V? Tx Carrier?
>1V?

Yes
No
VCO OK
Check R245 for dry
joint or faulty
AUX 3 Check
High? R260

No
Check U201
Pin 2 for 3.2V
Change
L243
A
Yes

V ctrl 0V or
Yes
Yes 13V? L243 Open
Pin 19 =0V Circuit?
No No
Check for faulty parts or dry Change
No joints of L271, L273, C370, U241
C386, R339 & L320
AUX 4
High?
No
Change
U201
Yes
Change
Q261

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for VCO

Maintenance: VHF Troubleshooting Charts 3-15

3.11 VHF Troubleshooting Charts

MCU Check
PTT

Press PTT. Red

LED does not
light up Before replacing
INT Power Up YES Not able to pro- MCU, check SPI
AUDIO Audio at Alert Tone gram RF Board
NO YES clock, SPI data,
J403 Audio AudioPA OK? ICs and RF IC select
at Pin 2 & (U420)
Pin 3 input NO
PTT U409 NO
Check Pin 53
Audio PA low?
YES
(U420)
Speaker NO Replace
NO YES Check
OK? Speaker
PB504
Check Spk. Flex Audio from Pin 41
Connection ASFIC, U404?
Press PTT YES
Q502-2 YES
NO
High?

No YES NO Check
Check NO U409 EXTAL= Read Radio
Audio at Check Setup
U3220 7.3728 MHz? OK?
Pin 2 Q502-2
LV ZIF U404? voltage
YES Reprogram the
YES NO
correct data.
Check YES LED
LED should
ASFIC U404 Q502,R501
EXT light up NO See FGU
OK? U3701 Pin 19
PTT Troubleshooting
Radio could 16.8 MHz
not PTT No
externally
Replace
Faulty YES
Component
J403 NO 7.5V at
NO
OPT_SEL_1 & Check 5V at U3711? Pin 3/5 U3711? NO Check
OPT_SEL_2 Accessories 3.3V at U3201? 7.5V at Pin 1 Q400
Pin 8 & 9 U3201
low?
YES YES Replace
EXT YES U409 YES Check U3711/U3201
SPKR Pin 52, 6
NO MCU
J403 Pin 9 low? low?
Pin 8 high? U409 Reset NO Check any short to
Pin 94 High? SWB+,
Check NO Vdda or Vddd
See FGU
Accessories
YES Troubleshoot-
ing chart
YES

MCU is OK
ASFIC U404 NO Check
Pin 14 & 15 U404
high?

YES
Check
U420 Audio PA

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Controller

3-16 Maintenance: VHF Troubleshooting Charts

START

Bad SINAD
Bad 20dB Quieting
No Recovered Audio

Audio at Yes
Check Controller
pin 27 of
U3220?

No
Induce or inject 1st IF into
XTAL Filter
IF Freq: 45.1 MHz A

Check Q3270 bias

Yes circuitry for faults.
B Audio heard?

Rotate Freq. Knob

No

Check 2nd LO Control

Voltage at C3279
No Activity on
U3220 sel pin?

Yes
B VCO locked?
Check controller.
Yes

No

Before replacing U3220, check 2nd VCO

Q3270. Check VCO O/P level, C3272,
No 16.8 MHz
C3273
Check FGU check at pin 21
U3220?

Yes

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Receiver (Sheet 1 of 2)

Maintenance: VHF Troubleshooting Charts 3-17

Inject RF into J3501

Trace IF signal from

Yes C3200 to Q3200. Q3200
IF Signal at collector OK? Yes
Check for bad XTAL
C3200? IF signal
filter.
present?
Before replacing
No U3220, check
U3220 voltages;
Yes 1st LO O/P No No trace IF signal
RF Signal at OK? Check FGU path
T3301? Locked?
Check T3301, T3302,
No CR3301, R3321, R3322,
Yes R3323
Yes
Check filter between C3313
RF Signal at Yes
& T3301 Check for 2.9
R3313? A
VDC

No
No
Yes
RF Signal at Check RF amp (Q3302)
C3306? Stage.

No or Yes
Is R5 present? A
weak RF
Check filter between
Yes C3302 & C3306; program
filter to schematic test freq
RF Signal at
and check varactor No
C3302?
voltages
Check Q3721, U3701
No (pin 48) voltages and
U247
Check harmonic filter L3531 & L3532, C3532
and ant. switches D3521, D3551, L3551, Are varactor Yes
R3551, C3551, C3552, L3552 voltages OK? Check varactor filter

No

Check U404 voltage and if

U404 can be selected
by MCU before
replacing U404

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Receiver (Sheet 2 of 2)

3-18 Maintenance: VHF Troubleshooting Charts

START

No Power

Is there No
B+ Bias for Check Q3561
Ant switch
Yes

Yes No Low
Is Current Is Control Voltage Check PCIC
OK? High or Low

High
Check Drive to
Module

1. Check Pin Diodes

2. Check Harmonic Filter

Is Drive No
OK?
Troubleshoot
Inspect/Repair Tx VCO
Output Network Yes

Inspect PA Network/Check
Power Out of U3501 at Cap
C3512
No
Is Power
OK?

Is Power
Yes OK?
Yes
Done No
Done
Replace U3501

Is Power
OK?
Yes
Done No

Replace Q3501

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Transmitter

Maintenance: VHF Troubleshooting Charts 3-19

3.3V at U3701 NO Check U3201,

Start L3731
pins 5, 20, 34
& 36

Visual YES
Check D3701, Correct NO
check of the
D3702, U3701, Problem Board OK?
C3701 - C3707

YES
YES
Is
5V NO Is 16.8MHz NO 16.8MHz
at pin 6 of Is U3701 Pin 47 Replace
AT = 13 VDC Signal at signal at
D3701 U3701
U3701 Pin U3701 pin YES
+5V at YES
23?
NO NO U3701
YES Pin’s NO
13 & 30?
Check
Check Q260,
L3701, YES
Q261 & R260 Check 5V Check Y3761,
R3701
Regulator C3761, C3762,
C3763, D3761 &
R3761

Are signals NO
Is U3701 Pin 19 NO
at Pin’s 14 & Are Waveforms NO
<0.7 VDC in RX &
15 of U3701? at Pins 14 & 15
>4.3 VDC in TX?
triangular?
YES
YES
YES
U3701 pin 2 at YES
NO Do Pins 7,8 & 9
>3V in Tx and
of U3701 toggle
<0.7V in Rx
when channel is
changed?

Check programming
NO lines between U409
Is U3701 NO Is there a short YES
NO and U3701 Pins 7,8 & 9
Pin 18 at Replace between Pin 47 and
4.54 VDC? U3701 Pins 14 & 15 of
U3701?

YES NO
Is information
YES from mP U409
Remove
correct?
Shorts
Check uP U409
Troubleshooting
Chart YES

NO If R3727, C3726 & C3727

Is RF level at
are OK, then see VCO
U3701 Pin 32
troubleshooting chart Replace
>-30 dBm?
U3701

YES

Are C3721, Replace or

C3722,C3723, NO resolder
R3721, R3722, necessary
R3723 OK? components

YES

Replace
U3701

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Synthesizer

3-20 Maintenance: VHF Troubleshooting Charts

START
Change
U3801

No

L3831, Yes Yes

L3832, Change L3831,
L3832 No LO? A
L3833 O/C?

No
Yes

No Pin 10 Yes No
TRB = 3.2V? Tx Carrier?
>1V?

Yes
No
VCO OK
Check R3811, L3811
for dry joint or faulty
Yes
AUX 3 Check
High? R3829

No
Change
Check U3701 L3821,
Pin 2 for 3.2V L3822,
L3823,L243
A
Yes

V ctrl 0V or
Yes
Yes 13V?
Pin 19 =0V L3821, L3822,
No L3823 Open No
Circuit?
Check for faulty parts or dry
No joints of L3812 C3806, R3806, Change
R3802 & L3801 U3801
AUX 3
Low?
No
Change
U3701
Yes
Change
U3801

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for VCO

Maintenance: Low Band Troubleshooting Charts 3-21

3.12 Low Band Troubleshooting Charts

MCU Check
PTT

Press PTT. Red

LED does not
light up Power Up Before replacing
INT YES Not able to pro- MCU, check SPI
AUDIO Alert Tone gram RF Board
NO Audio at YES clock, SPI data,
OK? ICs
J403 Audio AudioPA and RF IC select
at Pin 2 & (U420)
Pin 3 input NO
PTT U409 NO
Check Pin 53
Audio PA low?
YES
(U420)
Speaker NO Replace
NO YES Check
OK? Speaker
PB504
Check Spk. Flex Audio from Pin 41
Connection ASFIC, U404?
Press PTT YES
CR502-2 YES
NO
High?

No YES NO Check
Check NO U409 EXTAL= Read Radio
Audio at Check Setup
U303 7.3728 MHz? OK?
Pin 2 CR502-2
LV ZIF U404? voltage

NO YES Reprogram the

YES correct data.
Check YES LED,
LED should
ASFIC U404 CR502,R501
EXT light up NO See FGU
OK? U205 Pin 19
PTT Troubleshooting
Radio could 17.0 MHz
not PTT No
externally
Replace
YES
Faulty
Component
J403 NO 7.5V at
NO 5V at U204? NO Check
OPT_SEL_1 & Check Pin 5 U204?
OPT_SEL_2 Accessories 3.3V at U400? 7.5V at Pin 8 Q400
Pin 8 & 9 U400
low?
YES YES Replace
EXT YES U409 YES Check U204/U400
SPKR NO Pin 52, 6 MCU
J403 Pin 9 low? low?
NO Check any short
Pin 8 high? U409 Reset Pin to SWB+,
Check NO 94 High? Vdda or Vddd
See FGU
Accessories
YES Troubleshoot-
ing chart
YES

MCU is OK
ASFIC U404 NO Check
Pin 14 & 15 U404
high?

YES
Check
U420 Audio PA

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Controller

3-22 Maintenance: Low Band Troubleshooting Charts

START

Bad SINAD
Bad 20dB Quieting
No Recovered Audio

Yes
Audio at pin 27 Check Controller
of U303?

No
Spray of inject 1st IF into
XTAL Filter
IF Freq: 109.65 MHz A

Check Q301 bias cir-

Yes cuitry for faults.
B Audio heard?

Rotate Freq. Knob

No

Check 2nd LO Control

Voltage at C308
No Activity on
U303 sel pin?

Yes
B VCO locked?
Check controller.
Yes

No
Before replacing U303, check 2nd VCO
Q301. Check VCO O/P level, C315,
No 17.0 MHz C316
Check FGU check at pin 22
U303?

Yes

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Receiver (Sheet 1 of 2)

Maintenance: Low Band Troubleshooting Charts 3-23

Inject RF into J101

Trace IF signal
Yes from L301 to
IF Signal at U301 drain OK? Yes
U301. Check for
L301? IF signal
bad XTAL filter
present?

No Before replacing
U303, check U303
voltages; trace IF
Yes No No
1st LO O/P signal path
RF Signal at 310OK? Check FGU
T501? Locked?
Check T501, T502, D501,
No R507, R508,
Yes R509,C516,L508
Yes
RF Signal Check filter between Q509&
at collector T301 Biasing on Yes
Q509? A
U301 OK?

No
No
Yes
RF Signal at Check RF amp (Q509)
Troubleshoot
C504? Stage
biasing, AGC
circuits and U301
No or
weak RF

Yes Check filter between C147

RF Signal at & C504
C147?

No
Check transmit harmonic filter, antenna switch
and J101

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Receiver (Sheet 2 of 2)

3-24 Maintenance: Low Band Troubleshooting Charts

START

No Power

Yes No No
Is control voltage at
Is Current ~ Check PCIC
U101 Pin 1 > 5
2 A?
VDC
Yes
Check input to
U101, Pin 16
1. Check Pin Diodes
2. Check Harmonic Filter
3. Check PA Bias

Is voltage No Troubleshoot
> 1 Vpp? VCO

Inspect/Repair Tx. Out-

put Network Yes

Check level
U101, Pin 6

No
Is Power
OK? Yes No
Check components Is level Check components
around Q100 >5 Vpp? around U101
Yes

Done
No No Replace
Is Power Replace Is Power
U101
OK? Q101 OK?

Yes Yes

Done Done

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Transmitter

Maintenance: Low Band Troubleshooting Charts 3-25

3.3V at U205 NO Check U200

Start and L225
pins 5, 20, 34
& 36

YES
NO Visual
Correct
check of the
Problem
Board OK?

YES

Is
NO
Check C247, C249, Is 17.0 MHz NO 17.0MHz
Is U205 Pin Replace
C283, C284, C285, Signal at signal at
47 > 12V U205
C286, D210, D211, U205 Pin 19? U201 pin YES
YES
R285, and R286 23?
NO +5V at U205
YES Pin’s YES
13 & 30? NO

Check 5V Check Y201,CR211,

Regulator C236,C237,C242,
R219

YES Signals NO
at Pin 14 and
In receive, is
15 of U205?
Pin 1 < 0.7 V and Pin 2 NO
> 3 Vplus in transmit is
Pin 1 > 3 V and Pin 2 <
0.7 V?

NO Do Pins 7,8 & 9

of U205 toggle
YES when channel is
changed?

Check programming
lines between U409
NO YES
Is U205, pin and U205 Pins 7,8 & 9
Replace U205
18 at 4.54
VDC?

NO
Is information
YES from mP U409
correct?

Check uP U409
Troubleshooting
Chart YES

NO If R234, R238 & C297

Is RF level at
are OK, then see VCO
U205 Pin 32
troubleshooting chart Replace U205
>-30 dBm?

YES

Replace or
Are loop filter parts NO
R224,R225,R227,R resolder
necessary
228,R229,C256,C2
components
57,C259 and C260
OK?

YES

Replace U201

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Synthesizer

3-26 Maintenance: Low Band Troubleshooting Charts

No TX LO or No sig- No RX LO or No sig-
nal at U205 Pin 32 in nal at U205 Pin 32 in
TX RX

Check signal at Check signal at

collector of Q201 collector of Q201

Check L204, L211, L212, Yes Level >

Level > Yes L215, C221, C228, C229, +10 dBm?
+2 dBm C230,C231, C235,C297,
R204, R234, R238

No No
Check signal at
Check signal at drain of Q202 and
drain of Q203 Q204

Yes Replace Q201 Yes

Level > Level >
-3 dBm? +7 dBm?

No No

Check C215, C216, Check DC voltage

L207, L208, L209, across R203
U203

Problem No No Level >

Replace Q203 Replace Q202
fixed? 500 mV?
and Q204

Yes Yes
Done
Check C200, C202, C203,
C222, C223, L201, L203,
TR201, CR202

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for VCO

Maintenance: 800 MHz Troubleshooting Charts 3-27

3.13 800 MHz Troubleshooting Charts

MCU Check
PTT

Press PTT. Red

INT LED does not light
up Power Up YES Before replacing MCU,
AUDIO Audio at Alert Tone
Not able to pro-
NO Audio PA (U420) YES gram RF Board check SPI clock, SPI
J403 Audio at OK?
input ICs data, and RF IC select
Pin 2 & Pin 3
(U447)

PTT U409 Pin NO

YES NO
53
Check low?
Audio PA
(U420)
Speaker NO Replace Speaker
NO YES Check
OK?
PB504
Check Spk. Flex Audio from Pin 41
Connection ASFIC, U404?
Press PTT YES
Q502-2 High? YES
NO

No YES
U409 EXTAL=
NO Check Setup
Check U351 NO Audio at Read Radio OK?
Check 7.3728 MHz?
LV ZIF Pin 2 Q502-2 volt-
U404? age

YES Reprogram the

YES NO
correct data.

Check ASFIC YES LED

LED should Q502,R501
U404 light up
EXT OK? NO See FGU
U201 Pin 19
PTT Troubleshooting
16.8 MHz
Radio could
not PTT No
externally
Replace Faulty
Component YES

J403 7.5V at
NO NO NO Check Q400
OPT_SEL_1 & Check 5V at U247? Pin 3/5 U247?
OPT_SEL_2 Accessories 3.3V at U248? 4/3.3V at Pin 1
Pin 8 & 9 U248
low?

YES YES Replace

EXT YES U409 YES Check MCU U247/U248
SPKR Pin 52, 6 low?
NO
J403 Pin 9 low?
Pin 8 high? U409 Reset NO Check any short to
Pin 94 High? SWB+,
Check Vdda or Vddd
Accessories
NO See FGU
Troubleshooting
YES chart
YES

MCU is OK
NO Check
ASFIC U404 Pin 14 U404
& 15 high?

YES
Check
U420 Audio PA

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Controller

3-28 Maintenance: 800 MHz Troubleshooting Charts

START

Bad SINAD
Bad 20dB Quieting
No Recovered Audio

Audio at Yes
pin 27 of Check Controller
U351?

No

Spray or inject 1st IF into XTAL

Filter
IF Freq: 109.65 MHz A

Check Q350 bias cir-

Yes cuitry for faults
B Audio heard?

Rotate Freq. Knob

No

Check 2nd LO Control

Voltage at R365
No Activity
on U351
pin 19?

Yes
B VCO locked?
Check controller
Yes

No

Before replacing U351, check

2nd VCO Q350. Check VCO O/P
No 16.8 MHz level, C385, C387
Check FGU check at pin
21 of U351?

Yes

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Receiver (Sheet 1 of 2)

Maintenance: 800 MHz Troubleshooting Charts 3-29

Inject RF into J101

Trace IF signal from Is the level of the

Yes L353 to U352.
IF Signal at IF signal of the
Yes
L353? Check for bad XTAL output of U352 as
filter. indicated?

Before replacing
No
U351, check U351
voltages; trace IF
signal path.
No
RF Signal at Yes No
1st LO O/P
pin 8 of U301? OK? Check FGU
Locked?

Check U301, R320,

R321, R322
Yes
No
Is the biasing of Yes
Yes U352 OK? A
RF Signal at Replace filter
C317? FL301

No
No or
weak RF

Are the Is R5 present? Yes Replace

Yes Yes
AGC voltages U352.
RF Signal at Check RF amp
without RF as
CR300? (Q302) Stage.
indicated?

No or No
weak RF
No Check Q210, U201
Yes (pin 48) voltages
Check U302,
RF Signal at Replace and U247
U350, and CR301
the input of FL300.
FL300?

No

Check harmonic filter L101 &

L102 CR101, CR102, and
CR300

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Receiver (Sheet 2 of 2)

3-30 Maintenance: 800 MHz Troubleshooting Charts

START

Low Power No Power out or Low No Power

Power

Is overall radio
No current between Yes
0.8 and 1.3 A
when transmit-
ting?

No Is the fuse No
Replace F501 Is there a
F501 OK? Check L101, L102, C101, short circuit
CR101 for open circuit after C113?

Yes
Yes
Is the voltage
at pin 4 of No
Replace Find and remove
U102 U102 short circuit from
between 2V
antenna switch or
and 5.6V?
harmonic filter

Yes
Is the voltage
No
Replace at R105 and
Q101 C116 between
1.8V and
2.2V? Is the voltage
at pin 32 of No
U102 between
6V and 9V?
Yes

Yes

No Is the voltage
Replace at pins 6, 5, 8, 9 of
U101 U101 between 5.5V Is the
and 7.5V? voltage at pin 24
of U102 between No
2V and 5V for High
Power, 0V for
Yes
Low Power?

Troubleshoot VCO
Yes

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Transmitter

Maintenance: 800 MHz Troubleshooting Charts 3-31

3.3V at U201 NO Check U248

Start & L202
pins 5, 20, 34
& 36

Visual YES
Check D201, D202, Correct NO
check of the
C244, C245, C246 & Problem Board OK?
C247.

YES
YES
Is
5V NO Is U201 Pin 47 Is 16.8MHz NO 16.8MHz
at pin 6 of Replace
AT = 13 VDC Signal at signal at
D201 U201
U201 Pin 19? U201 pin YES
YES
+5V at U201 23?
NO NO
Pin’s
YES 13 & 30? NO
YES
Check
L200
Check 5V Check FL201, C235,
Regulator C237, C236, CR203
& R211.
Are the
waveforms NO
at Pin’s 14
&15 of U201 NO
Are Waveforms
rectangular? at Pins 14 & 15
triangular?
YES
YES
Do Pins
NO 7,8 & 9 of U201
toggle when
channel is
changed?

Check programming
lines between U409
NO Is there a short YES
Is U201 Pin 28 NO and U201 Pins 7,8 & 9
Replace U201 between Pin 47 and
at 4.6 VDC?
Pins 14 & 15 of
U201?

YES NO
Is information
YES
Remove from µP U409
Shorts correct?

Check uP U409
Troubleshooting
Chart YES

Is RF level at NO If L203, C227 & C228

U201 Pin 32 are OK, then see VCO
as indicated? troubleshooting chart Replace U201

YES

Are C226, R209, Replace or

R210, L204, C231, NO resolder
C220, C225, C218, defective
R216, and R217 components
OK?

YES

Replace U201

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Synthesizer

3-32 Maintenance: 800 MHz Troubleshooting Charts

START

VCO is OK.
Yes Is Tx signal Yes Is LO signal No
present at the PA present at the
driver IC, U101? mixer IC U301?

No No
Resolder or Is resonator IC
replace U205. U205 soldered
OK?
No
Is resonator Resolder or
IC U206 sol- replace U206.
dered OK?
Yes

Is the 4.6V No
Yes Check the 4.6V
VSF voltage biasing circuitry
present at pins and pin 28 of U201.
3, 18, & 14 of
Check the 4.6V No Is the 4.6V U250?
biasing circuitry VSF voltage
and pin 28 of U201. present at pins
3, 18, & 14 of Yes
U250? Troubleshoot the
Synthesizer.

Troubleshoot the
Yes No
Synthesizer.
Is TRB pin 19
No of U250 low?
Is pin 3
No
Is TRB pin 19 (AUX4) of
of U250 high? U250 low?
Is pin 2 No
(AUX3) of Yes
U201 high?
Yes
Yes
No Is the 1.9V Check Q252 and
Yes Replace U250. present at Q200.
R265 as indi-
Check Q252 and Is the 1.9V No cated?
Q200. present at Replace U250.
R266 as indi- Replace U250.
cated?
Yes
Replace U250. No

Yes
No
Is the steering Yes Is the PRESC
line voltage RF level at
VCTRL 0V or C227 as indi-
Is the PRESC Yes Is the steering 13V? cated?
RF level at line voltage
C227 as indi- VCTRL 0V or
cated? 13V? Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Is the LO RF Replace U250.
level at C253
about 0dBm?
No Is the Tx RF
Replace U250.
level at C254
about 0dBm?
Yes

Yes
Yes
Are the bias
Rx VCO OK.
voltages of
Q304 as indi-
Yes No cated?
Are the bias Check Q251 and its
Tx VCO OK.
voltages of bias circuitry.
Q251 as indi-
cated? No

Check Q304 and its

bias circuitry.
Troubleshooting Flow Chart for VCO
Maintenance: PassPort Trunking Troubleshooting Chart 3-33

3.14 PassPort Trunking Troubleshooting Chart

Start

Check Radio Operation on a

Non PassPort Zone with a
Conventional Personality without
the Option Board Enabled

No
OK?

Yes

Check Radio PassPort

Programming using CPS

Check Switched Battery

and Vdd from Radio on PTCB

No
OK?

Yes

Check Radio PassPort

Programming using CPS
Yes

Rx
No
Demod on
J601-6

Yes

No Tx Mod
Install and Reprogram a on Yes
new PassPort Trunking Repair Radio
J601-10?
Controller Board
3-34 Maintenance: Keypad Troubleshooting Chart

3.15 Keypad Troubleshooting Chart

OFF ON
Disconnect and Display End
reconnect 18-pin flex

IF STILL
START OFF

OFF ON
Disconnect and Keypad
reconnect 40-pin flex LED
Maintenance: 900 MHz Troubleshooting Charts 3-35

3.16 900 MHz Troubleshooting Charts

PTT

Press PTT. Red

LED does not light
INT up.
AUDIO Audio at
NO Audio PA (U420) YES
J403 Audio at
Pin 2 & Pin 3. input
(C447).

PTT U409 NO
YES Pin 53
Check low?
Audio PA
(U420).

NO YES Check
PB504.
Check Spk. Flex Audio from Pin 41
Connection. ASFIC, U404?
Press PTT YES
Q502-2 High?
NO

No
YES Audio at Check
Pin 2 Q502-2
U404? voltage.

YES
YES
Check ASFIC YES LED
Audio from Pin F4, LED should Q502,R501
U404. light up.
HC, U851? EXT OK?
PTT
Radio could
NO not PTT No
externally.
Replace Faulty
Component.
NO Audio at
Pin E4
U851? J403
OPT_SEL_1 &
NO
Check
OPT_SEL_2 Accessories.
YES Pin 8 & 9
low?

Check HC
U851. YES U409 YES
EXT Check MCU.
Pin 52, 6
SPKR NO low?
J403 Pin 9 low?
Pin 8 high?
Check U351
LV ZIF. Check
Accessories
NO See FGU
Troubleshooting
YES chart.

NO Check
ASFIC U404 Pin U404.
14 & 15 high?

YES
Check
U420 Audio PA.

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Controller (Sheet 1 of 2)

3-36 Maintenance: 900 MHz Troubleshooting Charts

MCU Check.

Before replacing MCU,

Power Up YES Not able to pro- check SPI clock, SPI
Alert Tone gram RF Board data, and RF IC
OK? ICs. select.

NO

Speaker NO Replace Speaker.

OK?

YES

YES NO Check
U409 EXTAL= Read Radio OK?
7.3728 MHz? Setup.

YES Reprogram the

NO
correct data.

U201 Pin 19
NO See FGU
16.8 MHz. Troubleshooting.

YES

NO 7.5V at NO Check Q400.

5V at U202? Pin 3/5 U202?
3.3V at U203? 4/3.3V at Pin 1
U203.

YES YES Replace

U202/U203.

NO Check any short to

U409 Reset SWB+,
Pin 94 High? Vdda or Vddd.

YES

MCU is OK.

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Controller (Sheet 2 of 2)

Maintenance: 900 MHz Troubleshooting Charts 3-37

START

Bad SINAD.
Bad 20dB Quieting.
No Recovered Audio

Audio at Yes
pin 27 of Check Controller.
U351?

No

Spray or inject 1st IF into XTAL

Filter.
IF Freq: 109.65 MHz A

Check Q350 bias cir-

Yes cuitry for faults
B Audio heard?

Rotate Freq. Knob

No

Check 2nd LO Control

Voltage at R365
No Activity
on U351
pin 19?

Yes
B VCO locked?
Check controller
Yes

No

Before replacing U351, check

2nd VCO Q350. Check VCO O/P
No 16.8 MHz level, C385, C387
Check FGU check at pin
21 of U351?

Yes

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Receiver (Sheet 1 of 2)

3-38 Maintenance: 900 MHz Troubleshooting Charts

Inject RF into J101

Trace IF signal from

Yes Is the level of the
IF Signal at L353 to U352.
IF signal of the Yes
L353? Check for bad XTAL
filter output of U352 as
indicated?
Before replacing
No
U351, check U351
voltages; trace IF
signal path
No
Yes No
1st LO O/P
RF Signal at
OK? Check FGU
pin 8 of U301?
Locked?

Check U301, R320,

Yes R321, R322.
No
Is the biasing of Yes
Yes U352 OK? A
RF Signal at Replace filter
C317? FL301

No
No or
weak RF

Are the Is R5 present? Yes Replace

Yes Yes
AGC voltages U352
RF Signal at Check RF amp
without RF as
CR300? (Q302) Stage.
indicated?

No or No
weak RF
No Check Q210, U201
Yes (pin 48) voltages
Check U302,
RF Signal at Replace and U247
U350, and CR301
the input of FL300
FL300?

No

Check harmonic filter L101 &

L102 CR101, CR102, and
CR300

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Receiver (Sheet 2 of 2)

Maintenance: 900 MHz Troubleshooting Charts 3-39

START

Low Power No Power out or Low No Power

Power.

Check C163, Is overall

Yes
C127, and Replace No radio current
Yes
C142 for open parts. between 0.8 and
circuit. 1.3 A when
transmitting?

No No Is the fuse
Replace No Is there a
F501 OK? Check L104, L105, C120, short circuit
F501.
CR101 for open circuit. after C113?

Yes
Yes

Is the No
voltage at pin 4 of Replace Find and remove
U102 between 2V U102. short circuit from
and 5.6V? antenna switch or
harmonic filter.

Yes
Is the voltage
No at R105 and
Replace
C116 between
Q101
1.8V and
2.2V? Is the voltage
at pin 32 of No
U102 between
6V and 9V?
Yes

Yes

Is the voltage at
Replace No
pins 6, 5, 8, 9 of
U101. U101 between
Is the
5.5V and 7.5V?
voltage at pin 24
of U102 between No
2V and 5V for High
Power, 0V for
Yes
Low Power?

Troubleshoot VCO
Yes

Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Transmitter

3-40 Maintenance: 900 MHz Troubleshooting Charts

START

3.3V at U201 NO Check U24

Start L202.
pins 5, 20, 34
VCO is OK.
Yes Is Tx signal Yes Is LO signal No & 36.
present at the PA present at the
driver IC, U101? mixer IC U301?

Visual YES
Check D201, D202, Correct NO
check of the
C244, C245, C246 & Problem. Board OK?
C247. No No
Resolder or Is resonator
replace U205. FL201 soldered
YES
YES OK?
No Is
5V NO Is resonator Resolder or
Is U201 Pin 47 Is 16.8MHz NO 16.8MHz
at pin 6 of FL202 replace U206. Replace
AT = 13 VDC Signal at signal at
D201. soldered U201.
U201 Pin 19? U201 pin YES
OK? YES Yes
+5V at U201 23?
NO NO
Pin’s
YES 13 & 30? NO
YES Is the 4.6V No
Check Yes VSF voltage
Check the 4.6V
L200. biasing circuitry
present at pins
and pin 28 of U201.
Is Check 5V 3, 18, & 14 ofCheck Y201, C235,
Regulator. U250? C237, C236, CR203
Check the 4.6V No the 4.6V VSF & R211.
biasing circuitry voltage present Are the
and pin 28 of U201. at pins 3, 18, & waveforms
14 of U250? NO Yes
at Pin’s 14 Troubleshoot the
&15 of U201 NO Synthesizer.
Are Waveforms
rectangular? at Pins 14 & 15
Troubleshoot the
Yes triangular? No
Synthesizer.
YES

No YESIs TRB pin 19

of U250 low? Is pin 3
NoDo
NO Pins 7,8 & 9(AUX4) of
Is TRB pin 19 U250 low?
of U201 toggle
of U250 high?
Is pin 2 No when channel is
(AUX3) of Yes changed?
U201 high?
Check programming Yes
Yes lines between U409
NO Is there a short YES
Is U201 Pin 28 Replace U201. NO No
and U201 Pins
Is the 7,8 & 9.
1.9V Check Q252 and
Yes at 4.6 VDC?
between Pin 47 Replace
and U250. present at Q200.
Pins 14 & 15 of R265as indi-
Check Q252 and Is the 1.9V No U201? cated?
Q200. present at Replace U250.
YES Is
R266 as indi- NO Replace U250.
information
cated?
YES Yes from µP U409
Remove
Replace U250. correct? No
Shorts.
Yes Check uP U409
No Troubleshooting
Is the steering
Chart. Yes YES
Is the PRESC
If L203, C227 & C228 line voltage RF level at
Is RF level at NO VCTRL 0V or
are OK, then see VCO C227 as indi-
U201 Pin 32
Is the PRESC Yes Is the steering 13V?
as indicated?
troubleshooting chart. Replace U201 cated?
RF level at line voltage
C227 as indi- VCTRL 0V or
cated? 13V? Yes
No
YES No
Yes
No
Is the LO RF Replace U250.
Are level at C253
C226, R209, about 0dBm?
R210, L204, C231,No Is the Tx RF
NO
Replace or
Replace U250. level at C254 resolder
C801, C802, C803,
C804, C805, C225, about 0dBm? defective
C218, R216, and components. Yes
R217 OK?

Yes
Yes
YES Are the bias
Rx VCO OK.
voltages of
Replace U201. Yes Q304 as indi-
Are the bias No cated?
Tx VCO OK. Check Q251 and its
voltages of
bias circuitry.
Q251 as indi-
cated? No

Check Q304 and its

bias circuitry.
Troubleshooting Flow Chart for VCO Troubleshooting Flow Chart for Synthesizer