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Quantitative Characters Inherit

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Hassaan Munawar
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16 views5 pages

Quantitative Characters Inherit

Assignment

Uploaded by

Hassaan Munawar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Muhammad Nawaz Sharif Agriculture University Multan

Assignment: How quantitative characters inherit


Course: ABG
Code: 401
Registration Number: 2019-UAM-1442
Submitted To: Ma’am Rimsha
Submitted By: Muhammad Hassaan Munawar
Inheritance:
Inheritance is the process by which genetic information is passed on from parent to child. This
is why members of the same family tend to have similar characteristics. We actually have two
genomes? each. We get one copy of our genome from each of our parents.

GENETIC INHERITANCE:
Genetic inheritance is a basic principle of genetics and explains how characteristics are passed
from one generation to the next.

Genetic inheritance occurs due to genetic material, in the form of DNA, being passed from
parents to their offspring. When organisms reproduce, all the information for growth, survival,
and reproduction for the next generation is found in the DNA passed down from the parent
generation.
Much of our understanding of inheritance began with the work of a monk by the name of
Gregor Mendel. His experiments and ‘Laws of Inheritance’ provide the foundations for modern
genetics.
In sexual reproduction, the genetic material of two parents is combined and passed on to one
individual. Although the offspring receives a combination of genetic material from two parents,
certain genes from each parent will dominate the expression of different traits.

Definitions:
Gene – a section of DNA that contains the genetic material for one characteristic
Allele – a particular form of a gene. One allele is received from each parent

Genotype – the combination of the two alleles that are received from an individual’s parents
Phenotype – the physical expression of the gene which is determined by both the genotype and
the environment
Heterozygous – a genotype with two different alleles
Homozygous – a genotype with two of the same alleles

Gene Linkage on Chromosomes:


As per the Mendelian principles of inheritance genes need to be inherited independently of
each other. However, there are far more genes than chromosome pairs. It is found that all of
the genes on a chromosome are physically inherited together as a single linked group. Only
genes that are located on different chromosomes have independent assortment during meiosis.

Crossing-Over and Recombination:


According to the chromosomal theory 25% would resemble one parent, 25%, the second
parent, 25% would have one trait from one parent and one from the other parent – and 25%
would have also have the "other" traits from each parent. Since each chromosome is a diploid,
or occurs in pairs, genes on different chromosomes assort independently during sexual
reproduction, recombining to form new combinations of genes. Genes on the same
chromosome would theoretically never recombine.
However, genes do undergo cross over. During crossover, chromosomes exchange stretches of
DNA, effectively shuffling the gene alleles between the chromosomes. This process of
chromosomal crossover generally occurs during meiosis.
The probability of crossover occurring between two given points on the chromosome is related
to the distance between the points. If the distance is long there is a higher chance of a
crossover. For genes that are closer together, however, the lower probability of crossover
means that the genes demonstrate genetic linkage that means that the alleles for the two
genes tend to be inherited together. The amounts of linkage between a series of genes can be
combined to form a linear linkage map.

Autosomal recessive inheritance:


Most genes have a second working copy and one of them may not be actively functional at all.
When this is inherited it is known as autosomal recessive inheritance. With recessive genes, it is
only if someone inherits two altered copies of the same gene from each of their parents, they
are likely to be expressed.
For example, inheritance of thalassemia and cystic fibrosis occurs in an autosomal recessive
pattern. If both parents carry the faulty gene on one of their alleles they are likely pass on their
defective gene in only 25% of their offspring. The baby of this couple has a 75% chance of not
developing the condition. There are also other inherited characteristics that are inherited in this
way such as blue eyes or red hair.
Autosomal dominant inheritance:
Sometimes the inherited gene is a dominant one. This means if a person carries even one copy
of that gene, he or she is likely to develop the trait. In some dominant conditions, it is possible
to inherit an altered gene without showing any signs of the condition: in other words, the gene
is not fully penetrant. Examples of genetic conditions that are inherited in a dominant way are
Huntington’s disease and Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).
If a parent carries an altered gene for a dominant condition, each of their children has a 50% or
1 in 2 chance of inheriting the altered gene. This is same for all children irrespective of sex of
the child.

X-linked inheritance:
This is seen when an altered gene is located on the X chromosome (one of the sex
chromosomes) rather than on one of the autosomes. Women have two X chromosomes while
men have an X and a Y.
If this gene is a recessive one then a woman who carries an altered copy will either have no
signs of the condition caused by that gene or will have minor signs of the condition. She is said
to be a carrier of that X-linked condition. If a man has an altered gene on his X chromosome,
then he will have the condition as he has only one X chromosome.
According to inheritance patterns if the woman has a boy there is a 50% chance that her son
will have the condition. If she has a girl, there is a 50% (1 in 2) chance that her daughter will
inherit the faulty copy and be a carrier like her mother.If the father is has the faulty gene
inherited from his mother he is likely to pass it on to all (100%) his daughters and they will be
carriers themselves. Because men do not pass on their X chromosome to their sons, none of
their sons will have the same X-linked condition as their father (0%).
Haemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy as well as red-green colour blindness is
inherited this way.

Sources:
1:scidiv.bellevuecollege.edu/.../ChromosomeInheritance211.pdf

2:www.genetics.edu.au/.../Genes-and-Chromosomes-FS1
3:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/harrypottersworld/pdf/prelesson.pdf
4:www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/primer/primer.pdf
5:http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Education/Modules/BasicsPresentation.pdf
6:http://www.angrau.net/StudyMaterial/GPBR/GPBR111.pdf

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